...It will serve as background information in regards to the main argument of the paper, as to why Occupy Toronto was an example as to why the law is unfair and not in favour of the lower classes. Chambliss, William. "Elites and the creation of criminal law." Sociological readings in the conflict perspective. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1973. 430-444. Print. This is a course material source and a foundation of the essay, as it will exemplify as to how vagrancy laws support the interests of the elites and how the upper class played a hand in the law-making process during its first appearance in England. Ribton-Turner, Charles James. A history of vagrants and vagrancy, and beggars and begging. London: Chapman and Hall, 1887. Print. This is an outside source that will go into depth as to how vagrancy laws came into being and as a response to the vagrants in England. One notable section describes King Henry I’s solution to limiting how vagrants could roam, in which...
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...Are the media the “terrorists’ best friends”? (Laqueur, 1976) This essay will propose that the media coverage of acts of terror occurs for the main purpose of reporting on the news, it heightens the public’s awareness of such incidents and aids in counterterrorism, thus having a detrimental effect on the terrorists and their cause. Laqueur’s statement that the media are the terrorists’ best friends implies that their coverage of terrorism aids the terrorists. We will examine and disprove the hypotheses that coverage of terrorism in the media, and the publicity and attention terrorists gain through media reporting of their acts of terror are beneficial to their cause. For the purposes of this essay media will be used as a “…generic term meaning all the methods or channels of information and entertainment” (P.Wilkinson, 1997:51) and as found within majority of the theories and concepts discussed, the term terrorism, and therefore terrorist, is used to describe violence carried out in the name of a political, ideological or racial cause by a person who wishes to influence the government and, or, intimidate the public. (www.mi5.gov.uk) Terrorism is a psychological weapon (P.Wilkinson, 1997:54), which is dependent upon communication of its threat. The easiest way terrorists can disseminate their messages of threat is through the manipulation of the media. When using the media, the terrorists’ have four core objectives; communicate propaganda; mobilise support from the public...
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...relatively modern forms of communication, reaching large audiences, originated only in the past five hundred years. The importance of sharing information and even more – deciding what to share and what to withhold – was understood from the moment people learned to write. As Tom Clancy put it: ‘Information, knowledge, is power. If you can control information, you can control people’ and that is why since the beginning of times that precious knowledge was divided only between the chosen few: from high priests of the ancient civilizations to the nobility and servants of God in the middle ages; from the dictators like Stalin and Hitler to modern moguls like Rupert Murdoch. In our times mass media became a super-power: it has a colossal impact on society as a whole and its political, economic, cultural constituents, therefore it must be governed and regulated aiming to ensure a freedom to communicate, diversity and universal provision as well as secure communicative and cultural ends chosen by the people for themselves (McQuail, 2010). The obligatory argument that always emerges when discussing necessity of universal media regulation practices is the violation of freedom of speech. ‘Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.’ (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Article 19)....
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...collection of a defendant’s DNA upon arrests under the Fourth Amendment, the Minister of Justice, Peter MacKay indicated in an interview with the Globe and Mail that he and his Ministry are considering a similar model for Canada. This paper examines the possibility of a similar legislative framework in Canada and argues that although collection of DNA upon arrests was found justified under the Fourth Amendment, it does not necessarily mean that it will be found justified under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. While s.8 of the Charter seems to give similar protection as the Fourth Amendment, they have very different requirements for judicial authorization, reasonableness and standard of “probable cause”. Scrutinizing those different requirements and standards, this paper holds that the process of DNA collection is highly intrusive and would be a serious violation of s.8 of the Charter as it could reveal an excessive amount of private information about an individual over which he/she has a strong reasonable expectation of privacy. Furthermore, it will deprive people from their right to be presumed innocent, which is protected under s.11 (d) and significantly impact socially marginalized groups. Finally, this paper conducts an analysis of the violations under s.1 of the Charter and indicates that none of the violations can be justified in a free and democratic society. INTRODUCTION: In a recent judgment, the Supreme Court of the United States approved...
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...PAPER 28 THE HISTORY OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT FROM THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT DAY READING LIST: 2012-13 C. A. Bayly cab1002@cam.ac.uk 1 The History of The Indian Subcontinent From The Late Eighteenth Century To The Present Day A fifth of the world's population lives in the Indian subcontinent. While today the region’s place in the global world order is widely recognised, this is in fact only the most recent chapter in a longer history. This paper offers an understanding of the part played by the Indian subcontinent role and its people in the making of the modern world. From the decline of the great empire of the Mughals and the rise of British hegemony, to the rise of nationalism, the coming of independence and partition, the consolidation of new nation states despite regional wars and conflicts, and the emergence of India as the largest democracy in the world, this paper is a comprehensive and analytical survey of the subcontinent's modern history. The dynamic and complex relationships between changing forms of political power and religious identities, economic transformations, and social and cultural change are studied in the period from 1757 to 2007. In normal circumstances students will be given 6 supervisions in groups of 1 or 2. Key themes and brief overview: The paper begins by examining the rise of British power in the context of economic developments indigenous to southern Asia; it analyses the role played by Indian polities and social groups...
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...hostility ad its effect on the innocent, the use of deception and its consequences, and the effects of faulty decision making. They can study how the characters function within the drama and how Shakespeare uses language to develop plot, characters, and themes. The most able students can develop skills involved in literary criticism by delving into the play’s comic and tragic elements and its classically tragic themes: the role of fate and fortune, the inevitable nature of tragedy, and the isolation of the tragic hero. This teacher’s guide will be divided into several parts: (1) a brief literary overview, including a synopsis and commentary on the play; (2) suggestions for teaching the play, including activities, discussion questions, and essay topics to be used before, during, and...
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...special article caste in the 21st century: From system to elements A M Shah The argument that while caste as a system is more or less dead, individual castes are flourishing is widely accepted. However, the notion of “caste as a system” is derived mainly from studies of the rural rather than the urban community. In this article, individual caste is seen in the context of both rural and urban communities and its several aspects, particularly the rule of endogamy as its defining criterion, are analysed at some length and some implications of the analysis are pointed out. n 1955, M N Srinivas presented a paper, ‘Castes: Can They Exist in the India of Tomorrow?’, at a national seminar on “Casteism and Removal of Untouchabilty” in Delhi, attended, among others, by such distinguished persons as S Radhakrishnan, Jagjivan Ram, Govind Ballabh Pant, V K R V Rao, Kaka Kalelkar and Irawati Karve. The paper was published in the seminar report as well as in the Economic Weekly (1955). After a lifetime of scholarship on caste, in 1999, the last year of his life, Srinivas delivered a lecture under different titles in Bangalore, Delhi and Kolkata, on the passing away of caste as a system. It was published posthumously in 2003 in the Economic and Political Weekly under the title, ‘An Obituary on Caste as a System’. Srinivas expanded this title into a sentence, “While caste as a system is dead, individual castes are flourishing” (ibid: 459). He made this statement almost at the end of...
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...intended to stimulate the way an audience perceives a work, to evoke emotion or to create a statement. However, others, particularly graphic designers, tend to focus on the decorative powers of text. Regardless of the artist’s intentions, the appearance of text within art can shift our appreciation of their sound and meaning. Artists that explore text in art include: Barbara Kruger, Yukinori Yanagi, Katarzyna Kozyra, Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu, Shirin Neshat, Miriam Stannage, Colin McCahon and Jenny Watson. Artists such as Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu and Shirin Neshat explore the cultural implications of language in art and the importance of language to identity through the inclusion of text that reflect a postmodern concern with the way we receive information in our contemporary society. Jenny Holzer is an American conceptual artist who belongs to the feminist branch of artists that emerged during the 1980’s. Originally an abstract painter and printmaker, Holzer became heavily interested in conceptual art and began creating works using text. The...
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...In order to develop your analytical skills and a capacity for independent learning, you are required to write an essay of 2,000 words (excluding references) on one of the following topics. ______________________________________________________________________________ Option 1: What kind of organizational culture would you like to belong to? Your answer should include discussions of theory and examples covered in weeks 1-5 of this module. INTRODUCTION Organizational culture is defined and constrained the ethics and performances that contribute to the psychological environment and distinctive community of an organization. An article represented to consider the importance of culture in attaining extra ordinary of organizational effectiveness according to a noted publication In Search of Excellence by Peters and Waterman (1982). This procreated many consequent publications on how to cope organizational culture (Deal & Kennedy 1982). Organizations prospects, proficiencies, viewpoint, and the ethics that clamp it together and is conveyed in its self-perception, communication with the external world, inner workings, and forthcoming opportunities comprises an organizational culture. Organizational culture is comprised on common behaviors, customs, opinions and written and unwritten guidelines that have been created in excess period and are deliberated effective. Organizational culture is also termed as corporate culture; it is presented to the degree to which lack of...
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...Volume 6 Number 2 (2012): 73-84 http://www.infactispax.org/journal/ Editorial Essay The Importance of Philosophy for Education in a Democratic Society Dale T. Snauwaert The University of Toledo Dale.snauwaert@utoledo.edu This essay explores the importance of philosophy for the study and practice of education in a democratic society. It will be argued that at its core education is a normative enterprise, in that it is driven by fundamental social values as well as the imperatives of social justice. These values and imperatives powerfully shape every dimension of educational theory, policy, and practice. From this perspective, education requires a normative frame of reference. Democracy, understood as not only a political system but more fundamentally as a way of life grounded in specific values and principles, provides a powerful point of reference. At the heart of democracy is the value of liberty, understood as self-determination. Self-determination requires that there should be careful reflection upon and rational deliberation concerning social values and, in turn, the imperatives of justice that inform the purposes and practices of education. It will be argued that philosophy constitutes a mode of inquiry and a discipline that enriches the capacity for reflection and rational deliberation, and hence it is essential for both democracy and the study and practice of education in a democratic society. Education as a Normative Enterprise There are a number...
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...9/11: A Day Remembered Forever It was a clear Tuesday morning; September 11, 2001, nineteen Islamic terrorists from Saudi Arabia and other Arab nations boarded four fully fueled American airliners. These airliners were set to depart to cities in California. Little did the staff for each of the planes or the people boarding them know that plans had changed. Within the space of an hour, al Qaeda wreaked more direct damage on the United States than the Soviet Union had done throughout the entire cold war, a tragedy seen by more people than any other event in history. (Bergen, 2006) Many questions were garnered after September 11, 2001. What caused this horrific attack and who’s to blame for it? Was this attack forecasted, could we have seen it coming and prevented it? What do we do now and how do we prevent it from happening again? People in America were terrified but at the same time came together in the face of tyranny. On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda boarded and hijacked four American airliners and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. At 8:45 a.m. an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a huge, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110-story skyscraper, immediately killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. As the evacuation of...
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...make thing equal with school funding. He removed the poll tax along with raising the minimum wage. He made great improvements during his one term as governor, but was not supported by the conservative business community. 2) Discuss the political career of Winthrop Rockefeller. Winthrop Rockefeller was first appointed in 1954 as director of the Arkansas Industrial Development Commission. After his fall out with Faubus and the Little Rock crisis Rockefeller decided to begin building his campaign for governor. His first run in 1964 was unsuccessful, but he was able to secure the governor seat in 1966 and held it for two terms. Rockefeller was able to gain large support from the black voters after the Voting Right Act of 1965. The Freedom of Information Act passed during his time is office was a large success that we still benefit from today. 3) Discuss how Pryor and Bumpers changed Arkansas government? Dale Bumpers and David Pryor were progressive and made great strides in moving Arkansas forward during the 1960s and 70s. Bumpers was able to push some of Rockefellers changes through and increased education funding and increase teachers’ salaries. Pryor like Bumpers was met with some limits to how progressive the state was willing to be, but in the end both men were able to benefit the state. Pryor appointed many black and women to positions previously held my men. Although Pryor was unable to pass the Arkansas Plan he was able to...
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... 1 Introduction 2 Aspect Of Care 3 The DNACPR Policy 4 Ethics 7 Patients Consent 9 Withholding Information 14 Informed Choice 17 Forcing Information Upon Patients 20 The Nurses Role 22 Conclusion 25 References 26 Appendix 27 Glossary of terms CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. DNACPR: Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. NMC: Nursing & Midwifery Council. GMC: General Medical Council. BMA: British Medical Association. GP: General Practitioner Introduction The Aim of this module is to encourage me to enhance my personal and professional skills, to increase the efficacy of patient care and interaction. Also to make me more aware of the legal, professional and ethical implications of practice. The module allowed me to further develop my knowledge of these topics: Ethics & Accountability, Legal Aspects of Practice, finally Accountability & Professional Practice. I was then asked to submit an essay of 4500 words based on the following: “Critically analyse an aspect of care from your practice setting that encompasses the ethical, professional & legal role of the nurse. Issues of accountability should be incorporated into this essay”. Aspect of care The aspect of care I have chosen to include in my essay is the “Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR)” Adult Policy 2010 (please see Appendix 1). I decided to choose this topic...
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...United Kingdom is something that has been debated across the political spectrum for some years and, with the enactment of the Fixed-Term Parliaments Act 2011, is no longer something which is merely debated, but a political and constitutional reality. The Act came into force with little consultation, research, or advice to or by the Government; it was exceptionally hurried legislation. This means that there is little written on the wider constitutional effects of the Act, and it is exactly that which this essay will try to examine. To analyse the Act’s significance I have looked at the position prior to the Act and what the Act changed, before moving on to examining and critically assessing the plethora of arguments that both sides put forward. A fuller copy of this paper is available upon request. 1 The Position Before the Act and how the Act has Changed it: The changing of election timing in the United Kingdom is something that is not often tampered with. The Meeting of Parliament Act 1694 provided that a general election for Parliament must be held (at most) every three years. The Septennial Act 1715 changed this to a maximum of seven years. Finally the Parliament Act 1911 amended this to provide for a five-year maximum term before a general election must be called. Before the Fixed-Term Parliaments Act 2011 the power to dissolve Parliament was retained by the Crown, under the royal prerogative. The royal prerogative ‘comprises residual powers, and functions...
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...Principles of Penal Law) Criminal Law Paper – II (Specific Offences) Law of Contract Special Contract Constitutional History of India Use of Law Journals and Legal Software LECTURES 4 OTHERS 1 TOTAL 5 CREDITS (SEM)29 5 CORE COURSE 102 CORE COURSE 103 CORE COURSE 104 CORE COURSE 105 FOUNDATION 106 F SOFT SKILL 107 K 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 5 5 5 2 2 1 Semester – I Monsoon Semester CORE COURSE 101 : LAW OF TORT INCLUDING MV ACCIDENT AND CONSUMER PROTECTION LAWS Objectives of the course : With rapid industrialization, tort action came to used against manufacturers and industrial unit for products injurious to human beings. Presently the emphasis is on extending the principles not only to acts, which are harmful, but also to failure to comply with standards that are continuously changing due to advancement in science and technology. Product liability is now assuming a new dimension in developed economics. In modern era of consumer concern of goods and services, the law of torts has an added significance with this forage into the emerging law of consumer protection. It operates in disputes relating to the quality of goods supplied and services rendered and in those areas relating to damage suffered by consumers. The law relating to consumer protection, lying scattered in myriad provisions of various legislation and judicial decisions in India, so connected with the human...
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