...statistics; men are more likely to commit crime than women. Statistics say that four out of five convicted offenders in England and Wales are male. However this may not be the case as there are multiple sociological explanations of gender differences that can support each gender committing more crime. The Liberation Thesis (Freda Alder 1975) looks at the link between changing women’s position and patterns in crime. The thesis argues that as society has become less patriarchal and women becoming more equal to men, that women have been given a greater opportunity to commit crime. Therefore it is concluded that as women become more liberated from patriarchy their crimes will become more serious and ‘male-like’. The reason for this is because women have started to adopt ‘male roles’ in society; for example higher positions in the workplace, therefore they are given a greater opportunity to commit crimes such as white collar crimes rather than female linked crimes such as shoplifting. Official statistics support the liberation thesis as the pattern in female crime has shifted highlighting the rise in female participation in crimes previously regarded as male crimes; armed robbery. However when official statistics have been analysed it has become apparent that female crime rates began rising in 1950 way before the women’s liberation movement. The Chivalry Thesis is mentioned in item B as a sociological explanation for the gender differences in crime, and takes an entirely different approach...
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...political landscapes and is one of the few commonly recognized moral visions throughout the globe. This widely accepted notion provides a useful framework to support transnational activism to challenge injustices encompassed in civil, political, economic, and social spheres that affect lives worldwide. Using this backdrop, the global movement for women rights strives to enhance the human rights discourse by redressing gender vulnerabilities. Even though there are still continuing political struggles in making central the concerns of gender abuse, it has achieved considerable rethinking of the human rights doctrine as formerly understood....
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...Imagine a society where “woman will either be the friend or slave of man, ” resulting in a separation of genders (34). During the 18th Century in Europe, there were many cultural and social differences between men and women. In her book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft confronts the many norms of the time period that was a large intellectual and cultural movement. This period of Enlightenment spread throughout Europe quickly, especially through literacy. With people such as Wollstonecraft, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the cultures of then and now are capable of tracking the norms by understanding through reason and ultimately thinking for oneself (McChesney 02/02/2015). By using logic and reason, the evaluation of the social and cultural norms during the Enlightenment are evident. Wollstonecraft primarily identifies that there is a large difference of respect upon women...
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...created its stereotypes of what is considered masculine and feminine traits. Most women tend to be feminine as they wear makeup, dresses, miniskirts, and are soft spoken. On the other hand, men are seen as dominant, and in athletic apparel, or casual clothing. But not every female nor male fits these stereotypes. I have changed the aspect of myself from the perceived philosophies of dressing in femininity. I have created a gender argument producing an identity that does not precisely match my so called gender. I argue that cross dressing on a woman does not define a woman’s gender nor sexuality. With what is considered male clothing, I am still a woman. My intentions are to show the relationship between gender and sex and how gender and sex is socially constructed. To address the nature of identity through feminist ideas and how it is represented. I offer to show that one's...
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...Gender psychology is a multi-faceted concept consisting of many unique definitions, and descriptions for each subject. The section that I chose to cover under this broad topic is gender binaries and norms and while it is zooming in to a specific part of gender psychology, gender binaries is still a very broad subject. The matter of gender binaries contains multiple aspects that are important to recognize in order to begin to understand not only the significance of gender psychology but the ambiguity of our society’s beliefs on the subject. To begin, we should note that gender and sex are completely different realms. Many believe that gender, sex, sexuality, sexual orientation and sexual identity are interchangeable. It is important to educate...
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...term of “gender” was widely used in the academic literature and public discussion to differentiate the gender identity and biological sex. By definition, the term “biological sex”represents the true meaning of an individual sex status. Gender, on the other hand, has multiple interpretations between men, women and what comes in beetween through social development and “nurture” of cultural adoption. Money and Erhardt (1972) suggest that biological gender is what a person perceives or assumes to expose and reveal that “he” or “she” has the sexual status of being male or female. Gender is more than that. It has more complexity that represents way of thinking, ideas, styles, patterns, habits, and many other aspects beyond biological sex status. One notion argues that gender in an essence is natural, stable and something given by God, which means that gender cannot be changed. Most scholars would perceive such theory as Gender Classification by Nature. Other argue that gender is a result of modification and influence of the shape of social institution that constructs and develops its profile on an individual. Thus, gender is based on social-view perception instead of being given and determined biologically. Gender also is recongnised as being derived from Nurture (Nurture Theory). This essays attempts to discuss the application of the above mentioned theories and ideas related to the writer’s social environment and cultural background in Indonesia, where gender is considered...
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...What is the Difference Between ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’? To start this essay I will clearly state definitions of ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’ respectively. ‘Sex’ is described as ‘the biological properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles.’(Princeton University – 2010). Whereas gender is listed as ‘the state of being male or female, typically with reference to social or cultural differences rather than biological.’(Michigan University – 2010). In this essay I will explore and investigate both sex and gender, whilst identifying the differences between the two. I will start by elaborating on the given definitions. Sex is defined on the Princeton University website as ‘biological’. This is a word that has recurred in many other definitions that I have researched for the word ‘sex’. This would suggest that sex is able to be categorized in a straight forward manner. However, there are several high profile cases in the media, when the issue of ‘sex’ has come into question. Perhaps most recently is the case of South African athlete, Caster Semanya. Semanya won the 800m race during the African Junior Championship, with the fastest time of the year. This lead to some spectators questioning her sex. When looking at the athlete she has an incredibly muscular and angular frame, and this coupled with her record breaking run made the International Athletic Association ask for a sex test. This case brought the issue of ‘sex’ into much disrepute. Now, we are...
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...Socialization Humans are social creatures by nature; they have a need or requirement to socialize with others. According to the Cambridge University Press, the definition of socialize, for the purposes of people or animals, “is to train them to behave in a way that others in the group think is suitable”. This definition of the word socialize, leads into another, which is that of socialization. Socialization is a definitive part of every human’s life. Socialization is defined as “The life long process of social interaction through which: we become a consistent and recognizable person, and acquire the physical mental and social skills needed for survival in society.” In our crazy society, social ties are pretty far down on our “to do” lists, but connection to others is turning out to be more important than we thought. Studies indicate that “social capital” is one of the biggest predictors for health, happiness, and longevity. The problem: we often do not recognize the importance of social connection. Our culture values hard work, success, and wealth, so it’s no surprise some of us do not set aside enough time for social ties when we think security lies in material things rather than other people. The human infant comes into the world as a biological organism with animal needs. He is gradually molded into a social being and he learns social ways of acting and feeling, without this process of molding, the society could not continue itself, nor could culture exist, nor could the...
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...observing rule compliance between men and women. It examines the gender difference in compliance and/or conversion with people placing their rubbish in provided bins within a food court environment, as hypothesised women were more likely to be compliant with disposing their rubbish. Social influence is vital to gage individual’s behaviour. There is long-standing evidence in social psychology that people strive for consistency within their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour (Festinger, 1957). Therefore to uphold this level of consistency individuals must comply with the group or majorities attitudes, beliefs and behaviours. It is an important force keeping groups together and facilitating communication (Bond & Smith, 1996). Disposing of rubbish in a bin is a pro-environmental behaviour which can be categorised as a positive social norm. Social norms are defined as ‘rules and standards that are understood by members of a group, that guide and/or constrain social behaviour without the force of law’ (Cialdini & Trost, 1998). Adhering to these social rules is described in terms of conformity or adversely conversion. Various social norms can alter an individual’s response to a specific situation depending on their environment and individual gains from doing so. For example to judge whether a person will dispose of their rubbish one must account for their personal norms and perceived social norms within the culture. Cialdini et al., (1991) developed the norm focus theory stating...
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...How can we explain conformity? Draw on at least two examples Scott and Marshall (2005) explain conformity with people’s attempts on complying with other’s norms and rules in order to fulfill their expectations. But is it really that simple? Conformity is one of these terms in sociology that have too much different tones and shades, and thus requires deep examination. This essay looks at in detail at a number of classical studies on the subject of conformity as well as it analyzes a particular type of conformity, i.e. gender conformity. Examples and case studies given from both academic experiments and everyday life help this essay in arguing that conformity is a complex process happening to all of us most of the time even without our knowledge. Moreover, this essay provides information about why people actually conform. Every person is an individual. However, every person belongs to a group. The nationality of a person, their sex, their age, the colour of their skin, and even their hobbies are all different kinds of groups to which this person belongs to. Group membership helps building a type of social identity, while applying its norms and rules upon the individual (Brown 2000). Moreover, even in cases in which a clear hierarchy and roles are absent because of the instant development of the group, social influence remains existent. Social influence definition given by Allport (1968) is as it follows, ‘an attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and...
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...The third aspect of multicultural counseling I am going to look at is on the issues of gender differences The group members presenting this topic defined gender as what is culturally assumed as femininity and masculininity. According to Deustch (2007). Gender refers to social attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female and the relationship between men and women, boys and girls which are learnt through socialization. Boys and girls are socialized differently. Gender socialization refers to norms, behaviuor and attitudes considered appropriate for given sex by society. Boys learn to be boys and girls to be girls. For example, girls are expected to play with dolls and boys with toy cars. Girls are praised for being neat while boys are encouraged to think independently and be active and speak up. Boys learn to manipulate their social and physical environment through physical strength while girls present themselves as objects to be viewed. Howell (1981) cited by McLeod (1998) points out that the basic assumption of feminists is that the great majority of cultures women are systematically oppressed and exploited. MacKinnon(1982) also cited by MacLeod(1998) noted that the female gender stereotype is the gender socialization process through which women internalized themselves as sexual beings that exists for men.. Due to gender socialization the group found themselves facing workplace discrimination such as acceptance for typical male for manual labour while...
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...be at a loss for a word”. It is commonly believed that women talk more than men. Moreover, some researchers argue that there is a significant difference in a way how men and women communicate. One group of scientists insists that differences in men’s and women’s speech prove a controversial idea that “Women's American English” exists. On the contrary, others assert that the reason why males and females tend to use certain words and phrases is caused by social factors. They believe that society has different expectations from men and women relating to their social statuses, family roles and job preferences which may influence women's linguistic behaviour. The difference in communication styles of males and females doesn't prove the existence of women's language; on the opposite, it shows that women have found the most convenient way to express themselves in the mainly male-dominant society. The entire literature review will investigate how social norms and expectations have influenced women's speech and whether there is discrimination on the basis of gender in speech. It will be organized using a thematic style of presentation. First of all, it will be shown whether there are differences in usage of linguistic forms, such as vocabulary, syntax and tone, between males and females. And then, the concept of report and rapport talk in women's and men's speech will be examined. There is no reason to deny that men and women tend to use somewhat different linguistic forms. However...
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...Situating the subject: gender and entrepreneurship in international contexts Fidelma Ashe University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK, and Gender and entrepreneurship 185 Lorna Treanor Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a perspective to further the understanding of gender entrepreneurship. This paper considers the situatedness of the gendered entrepreneur within diverse international contexts marked by different constitutions of gender identities and networks of power, both within the context of contributions within this special issue but also more broadly within the field of gender and entrepreneurship research. Design/methodology/approach – The authors adopt a feminist perspective and analyse the different framings of identity within gender and entrepreneurship literature and their contributions to our understandings of the concepts of both power and gendered identities. Findings – The paper finds that power and identity are configured in different contexts in ways that open arenas for future analysis. Originality/value – The paper highlights the importance of considering masculinities within gender and entrepreneurship research offering support for further analyses of entrepreneurial masculinities by examining two studies that expose entrepreneurial masculinities as shifting subjectivities influenced by men’s social power, but also by interactions between men and women and broader cultural contexts...
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...designed by the researcher to determine how likeable, respectable, and sociable the candidate was. Participants also completed the Homosexuality Attitude Scale. Data analysis from this study yielded significant results. Using a 2 X2 ANOVA, results concluded that women were more accepting overall in both conditions, when compared with males. Results also concluded that male participants were more accepting of the short hair male versus the homosexual male with long hair. A correlation between the likeable questionnaire and the Homosexual Attitude Scale was also conducted. Results yielded a negative correlation between assessments. Applications of the findings and future research suggestions are discussed. Keywords: Homosexuality, Hair length, Acceptance, Male Hair Length as an Acceptance Factor of a Homosexual male in College Students Sex and gender are terms that are often used interchangeably. Sex deals with the anatomical make up of an individual; and gender being the norms associated with males and females. Society often responds negatively to individuals who do not associate with their gender norms. Some gender norm terms associated with males include aggression, masculinity and competiveness. Some female norms include submission and femininity....
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...post-modern feminist, developed an account of gender and femininity that revolutionized the ways in which gender is thought about. Butler was an instrumental figure in the attempt to change the way gender was thought about in a post-modern society. For Butler, men and women are not born with conditions of femininity and masculinity that are often assumed of males and females. Instead, she argues that men and women are socialized and actually learn to perform acts associated with being a woman, or being a man. Her key premise asserts that “gender identity is performed” and thus, performances of masculinity and femininity are not natural to those born with the genitalia of men or women (Seidman, 2013, p. 215). Butler also argued...
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