...“I am a successful woman. I am well educated and also a good mother. I fulfill all criteria for a good woman, but my man and my nation do not like successful women like me.” (Health-genderviolence.org) This is a gender discrimination case based on Lubia’s real life story and she is also a victim of gender-based violence. From the very beginning, women played an important role in man society. Likewise, they have dedicated themselves to the development of man’s history but they are still suffering from gender inequality. People today have a mindset of gender equality and there are also many breakthroughs of feminist movement. However, women are still treated unequally in many places today in terms of social, education and economy. In today’s...
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...Gender Equality Gender equality is how men and women should be treated equally and not be discriminated by their gender, though this does not mean that women and men are the same, but that they are equally valuable and should be treated just like that. This is the intention of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which attempts to create equality in law and in social environments, including democratic activities and obtaining equal pay for equal work. Although this subject has been going on for years this is actually a never-ending story in which no one ever agrees on what is right for each gender. Equal pay for equal work is one of the many fields where gender equality is not often present. Most of the time women get paid less than men for doing the exact same work. This is one of the reasons why most of the poor people are women, around 70% of the women who live in extreme poverty survive on less than US$1 a day. Even so, when applying for a job it is more likely that an attractive woman will get a call back from an employer than a man. The University of Messina made a study in which researchers sent more than 1100 fake CVs to more than 1500 advertised job openings, in all of the CVs they kept identical skills and qualifications but changed the names, genders and pictures of the candidates. They grabbed pictures from the web and edited them so the original person wouldn't be recognizable and then 100 students at the university judged...
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...What is meant by the term Family? (2) Family is a group of people related by kinship ties such as blood, marriage/civil partnership or adoption. Explain how sociologists may understand childhood as a socially constructed concept (4) The social construction of childhood means that it is not natural as it is a concept with various meanings in different societies. An interactionist known as Aries (1962) suggested that childhood today is a new social invention as during industrialisation children were seen as ‘miniature adults’ as they performed the same work as their parents. Whereas since the 20th century an emergence of a child-centred society is now present. Parents view children as sentimental as they now occupy a central place in the emotional life of home. The state has also contributed to the child-centred society by introducing safe guarding policies as Wells (2009) notes the government of childhood is organised around saving children from internal and external threats. However, not all societies in the world have a concept of childhood which does show that childhood is socially constructed. Suggest three ways in which the form of the typical family has been affected by demographic factors (6) Due to changes in fertility rate the average age of woman giving birth over 30 years old has increased – The use of reliable birth control has enabled woman to have power over reproduction, as well as this the educational opportunities has increased for females which woman...
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...last thirty decades society society’s thoughts on gender have changed significantly on the surface. With the last two feminist waves dating back to the sixties and extending up until the nineties, protests have seen women’s rights, and in accordance, roles in society change dramatically. (Roth, 2004) They fought to distance themselves from the oppressing male ideals that women were only seen as “wives, mothers or maids,” to instead also be seen as “lovers, friends and comrades.” (Roth, 2004:82) In current society, “women generally don’t find themselves having to choose just one role for themselves. A woman can be wife, mother, entrepreneur, professional, career-minded, and any number of other things all at the same time…” (Amos, 2010) The man’s role in society has also changed vastly in the past thirty years from sole-earner to primary-earner in most cases, as well as fathers who are more involved in raising the family and assisting in domestic chores. Even with these shifts traditional gender roles are just below the surface. Ms. Wingo, with whom I chose to compare the change of gender roles, grew up being taught that women had to date and marry a man, and that he would take care of her. That was the role of the woman; find and marry a man who will take care of her financially while she looked after the home and raised the children. There was no allowance for wanting a life of her own, or to allow for a partner of the same gender. It was against social culture at the time for...
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...nanceGender and rural microfinance: Reaching and empowering women Guide for practitioners Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty This paper was prepared by Linda Mayoux and Maria Hartl. Linda Mayoux is an international consultant on gender issues in economic development including microfinance. She is currently global consultant for Oxfam Novib’s Women’s Empowerment, Mainstreaming and Networking (WEMAN) programme. Mayoux prepared this paper in collaboration with Maria Hartl, Technical Adviser for Gender and Social Equity in IFAD’s Technical Advisory Division. Annina Lubbock, Senior Technical Adviser for Gender and Poverty Targeting, Michael Hamp, Senior Technical Adviser for Rural Finance. Ambra Gallina, Gender and Poverty Targeting Consultant, also contributed. The following people reviewed the content: Maria Pagura (Rural Finance Officer, Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Carola Saba (Development Manager, Women’s World Banking) and Margaret Miller (Senior Microfinance Specialist, Consultative Group to Assist the Poor – CGAP). The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any...
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...In today’s society, people are not afraid to voice out their own opinions to the world, as alarming or controversial they may be. Jennifer Lawrence decided to voice out her own frustrations at the sexist industry she’s working in and took her stance on Hollywood’s gender pay gap issue. Her essay about the topic went viral as soon as she released it and media outlets were all over it. Most were quick to jump on equal pay bandwagon, applauding her efforts in giving a voice to the issue whereas only a few opinion pieces took a stance against the popular opinion and discussed what was wrong with the points Lawrence had made. The two opinion pieces I will be comparing both present a different angle and point of view on the gender gap essay and...
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...Topic 3 Introduction 4 Gender Equality in Workplace 5 Conclusion: 11 References List: 12 Topic Gender equality in the workplace is still a major issue of concern in many countries, including Australia. What is it that makes this such an apparently impossible issue to resolve? Critically examine the implications, of this gender inequality, for efficient and effective work and management practices in companies today. Introduction Gender inequality issue originates from Christian ideology, which advocates traditional thought of “male superiority to female”. In the workplace, gender inequality causes unequal treatment between male and female employees, such as women are typically more difficult to get promotions than male; they do the same work as male but get paid less than men, they even suffer from other issues such as sexual harassment. Sexual harassment exists in most countries including Australia. As long as the society couldn’t reach to gender equality, people’s human rights will be threatened whether people in the workplace, or anywhere else. This essay introduces the histories and background of gender equality, and further examines the gender equality improvement in Australia, as well as the effects of this issue in the workplace. Moreover, there also several suggestions for companies on gender equality promotion and related policies making. Gender Equality in Workplace Grown (2003, p.2) claims that the term ‘Gender Equality’ narrates the measureable equal...
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...secondary education, particularly in the high-income countries. As a result, in many countries across the world younger women are increasingly better educated than young men in OECD countries. In reading skills, for example, men lag behind girls at the end of compulsory education to the equivalent of a year’s schooling, on average, and are far less likely to spend time reading for pleasure. Men are ahead in mathematics but the gender gap is small compared to reading. But yet the women are still less likely to choose scientific and technological fields of study, and even when they do, they are less likely to take up a career in these fields – a concern given skills shortages in the workplace, the generally more promising career and earnings prospects in these fields, and the likelihood of positive spillovers from more skilled workers in these fields to innovation and growth. Such decisions are taken very early in life in OECD countries, so one answer should be to focus more work on gender stereotyping and attitude changing at a young age. Gender stereotyping frequently takes place in subtle ways at home, in schools and in society. If primary teachers are mainly women, and secondary teachers, particularly in the sciences, are predominantly men, what...
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...MOHAMAD ARIEFF SHAMIDA BIN SAMSUL KAMIL 14.5 (b) Evaluate the view that conjugal relationships are based on equality in modern industrial societies. In this answer, I am going to discuss about the conjugal relationship in modern industrial societies. This means I will assess the claim that conjugal relationships are based on equality in modern industrial societies. I plan to structure my answer from housework and childcare, power and money management. The hours worked between husband and wife become more equal by the increased participation by women in the labour market have led to more equality in modern family life.’ This view is highly supported by many sociologists like Young and Willmott who suggest that the family is becoming more symmetrical and therefore, is in fact becoming more egalitarian via a ‘march of progress.’ They suggest that the family is gradually improving in terms of equality as there has been a trend away from segregated conjugal roles and more of a shift towards joint ones. This they argue is due to major social changes in that women are more financially dependant with employment opportunities and so there is less of a need to rely on extended kin. This is further explained by Gershuny who suggests that because women have these employment opportunities, they are more likely to do less domestic work. This is shown by the item as it suggests that ‘men were making more of an effort to do housework when their wives were in full-time employment.’ By this...
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...in question the trickle down theories of development by contesting that modernization had identical impact on men and women.[4] The Women in Development movement (WID) gained momentum in the 1970s, driven by the resurgence of women's movement in northern countries, whereby liberal feminists were striving for equal rights and labour opportunities in the United States.[5] Liberal feminism, postulating that women's disadvantages in society may be eliminated by breaking down stereotyped customary expectations of women by offering better education to women and introducing equal opportunity programmes,[6] had a notable influence on the formulation of the WID approaches, whereby little attention was given to men and to power relations between genders.[5] The translation of the 1970s feminist movements and their repeated calls for employment opportunities in the development agenda meant that particular attention was given to the productive labour of women, leaving aside reproductive concerns and social welfare.[5] Yet this focus was part of the approach pushed forward by advocates of the WID movement, reacting to the general policy environment maintained by early colonial authorities and post-war development authorities, wherein inadequate reference to the work undertook by women as producers was made, as they were almost solely identified as their roles as wives and mothers.[5] The WID's opposition to this “welfare approach” was in part motivated by the work of Danish economist Ester...
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...Topic Gender equality in Guyana – Measures taken over the last two decades to promote the interest of females. From ancient times, the empowerment of women was perceived as a taboo by numerous cultures. In those cultures the subject of women being entitled to live in dignity and total freedom was prohibited. As such, there were violence against women, economic and political discrimination and other forms of inequalities that were deemed acceptable. “Gender equality refers to a situation where both men and women have equal rights and opportunities at all times and where this concept is recognized and respected by all members of society” (Woman Powah, 2007)During the eighteenth century, a considerable amount of recognition was given to the ‘rights of women’, since, the empowerment of these individuals were seem as crucial for contributing to the health of productivity of whole families and communities which would consequently give rise to improved new generation. In Europe during the eighteenth century, gender equality gained political social and philosophical attention when Olympe de Gouges published the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizens, modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Guyana has recognized the importance of gender equality, and as such, in 1976 there was a presentation in parliament of a state paper on Equality for Women and in 1990 there was the Equal Rights Act. Since the establishment of the Equal Rights Act,...
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...Is the British family a patriarchal institution? A patriarchy family is a social system in which the male has the most authority in the family. There are many different arguments for and against the question, “is the British family a patriarchal institution?” The key topics for this discussion include: the division of domestic labour; the impact of paid work; the decision making and the control of the family finances; the “triple shift”; and domestic violence. All of these points have arguments supporting and opposing the question in hand and different sociological perspectives will have very different views on all of these matters. Feminists, for example, will most likely agree with the question and will try to prove that the British family is a patriarchal institute, whereas functionalists would argue that the members of the family all of separate roles and purposes in order to fulfil society’s needs, therefore being more likely to oppose the feminist view. Domestic labour is work performed in the home, e.g. cooking, cleaning, and childcare. Some functionalists, such as Parsons, view that traditional division of labour in a family reflects the biological differences men and women. He also believes that everybody benefits from this as society's needs are met due to the roles being complimentary of each other; the male’s traditional roles of being the “breadwinners” and the women's “expressive” role help everyone involved in the family and society. The “march of progress”...
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...Ever since the beginning of time, Men have always been perceived as superior to men and society nowadays continues to treat women even in the workplace, The glass ceiling however is mostly used to describe the limitations imposed on qualified women in the workplace. Woman who is graduated from bachelor degree has less chance to apply the work due to the gender. It has conducted me the question about gender inequality at workplace is still in the society. B.The purpose of this paper is to show that women nowadays are afforded more opportunities than in the past and the role of women in the workplace. 1. Society has changed over time but a glass ceiling is still, The glass ceiling symbolises a variety of obstacles. C. There are 3 main...
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...The concept of gender has become a debatable issue in the contemporary society and an important dimension in the design and analysis of social and economic development policies. These development concerns have brought about gender issues at the forefront of national and international agenda. During the 1990's, the gender issue continued to follow the historical trend by being one of the most popular themes of debates. The Human Development Report, (1995) posits that the number of women is greater than or equal to that of men, in today's society, yet females are still considered as a minority segment of the population. As a measure to redress gender inequalities, approaches by feminist movements, such as Women in Development (WID), were crafted but not much was achieved. Later, it was Women and Development (WAD) and lastly Gender and Development (GAD). It seems deep-rooted gender inequality still exists globally, despite substantial national and international measures that have been taken towards gender equality. This essay deliberates on the assertion that, “Gender equality is debatable: what is undebatable is the attempt to make it universally applicable.” The writer agrees to a greater extent that gender equality is a controversial issue basing on the multiplicity of societies that it is applied to. The fact that there is no universal culture, universal religion or universal ideology makes the whole issue arguable, ence, the need to degenderise gender. Definition...
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...Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda Prepared by Dr. Sarah Bradshaw, Principal Lecturer, Middlesex University with Dr. Joshua Castellino and Ms. Bineta Diop, Co-Chairs of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network Thematic Group on the “Challenges of Social Inclusion: Gender, Inequalities and Human Rights” 20 May 2013 1 1. Introduction This short paper aims to highlight the important role women have and can play in economic development. It addresses three questions: what is the evidence base to support investing in women? What are the current constraints on realising the full potential of women in the process of economic development? What are the priority areas of intervention necessary to unblock these constraints? It is focussed on women and on economic development, rather than on the wider issue of gender and development. However, before looking at the evidence base, constraints, and interventions, it will provide a brief context of the evolution of thinking around women and development.1 1. The Evolution of ‘Women in Development’ to ‘Gender and Development’ In the 1970s, research on African farmers noted that, far from being gender neutral, development was gender blind and could harm women. Out of this realization emerged the Women in Development (WID) approach, which constructed the problem of development as...
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