...One of the most amazing discoveries of the twenty-first century was the isolation of graphene. Graphene is a thin layer of pure carbon; it is a single, tightly packed layer of carbon atoms that are bonded together in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice.1 If we stack these thin layers upon each other it forms graphite, which is found in every pencil lead. When isolated, graphene exhibits remarkable properties that can be used to help improve the performance and efficiency of current materials and substances. Graphene was first studied theoretically in the 1940s. During this time, scientists felt that it was physically impossible for a 2D material to exist, so they did not pursue any form of mechanical exfoliation. Decades later, interested sparked and researchers began trying to peel apart the layers of graphite to isolate graphene. Scientists tried various techniques, but they never got to a single layer. Eventually, they were able to isolate graphene on top of another material, but not on its own. In 2003 a physics professor and his PhD student achieved the impossible; they were the first to isolate a single layer of graphene. Andre Geim, who won the 2000 Noble Prize for levitating a live frog over a magnetic field,2 asked a new PhD student to see how thin he could make a piece of graphite. That student Kostya Novoselov, was only able to produce a sample around 1,000 layers thick, but set in motion a side project for Geim that would turn into the scientific find of the century...
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...1 The analysis of Graphene material Alinur Mirassov, Azat Yerkinova, Gaukhar Balbayeva Madi Aldabergenov, Takhmina Torgayeva Abstract: Recently, graphene has attracted the interest of significant number of scientists and physicians due to its exceptional properties (e.g., large surface area, thermal and chemical stability, high conductivity). This new member of the carbon family has potential to revolutionize the current applications (some of them are described in the essay) as well as creating new set of applications. In this paper, we review the background of the novel material, its comprehensive atomic structure and properties that has fascinated the scientific community since its discovery. We also cover the synthesis of the material, including different effective methods that was investigated from the year of discovery until the present day. Finally, we discuss possible challenges and future perspectives in this rapidly enhancing scientific area. Key words: Graphene; Graphene-based material; 2-dimensional (2D); monolayer; Carbon nanotubes; Dirac level; fullerene; nanostructure; graphene synthesis; graphene applications. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Aldabergenov, M., Balbayeva, G., Mirassov, A., Yerkinova, A. & Torgayeva, T. (2013) ‘The analysis of Graphene Material’, Astana: Nazarbayev University. 1 Introduction With the time movement and generation flow, the science and engineering achievements expands and widens by...
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...The Uses of The Nanotechnology Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene. This report will be about the scientific research and development, Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene. I will be covering the advances it could create, as well as the hurdles it will be experiencing during its research of both. While Carbon Nanotubes are soon to be obsolete to Graphene, it presents a foundation for the development and inspiration of Graphene. First I will start with carbon nanotubes. The way carbon nanotubes are produced is through multiple growth methods. One of them is Arc Discharge, which is done by running a 100 amp current through the carbon soot of graphite electrodes. It produces 30% of the weight into both single and multi-walled nanotubes with lengths of up to 50 micrometers with structural defects. Another method is Chemical Vapor Deposition, which uses a substrate that contains metal particles, commonly nickel, cobalt, iron, or a combination. The substrate is heated to approximately 700°C, and then they bleed two gases into the reactor: a process gas like ammonia, nitrogen, or hydrogen, and a carbon-containing gas like acetylene, ethylene, ethanol or methane. Once that, and a couple other, more complex processes are performed, the carbon-containing gas is broken down, and the carbon is transported to the edges of the particle and the substrate, where it forms the nanotubes. The mechanism is still being studied, and others are also being performed as well as other methods of production. The...
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...Super Material We are on the brink of a new era in material science and technological development, much like the world was in 1862 with the advent of polymers. No one can truly know what the lasting effect of a new product will have on the world, but graphene has the potential to propel us further into the 21st century with astounding technological might. Much like the introduction of plastic and rubber, graphene will play a role in how we live our lives. Shaping the way we work, eat, live, and play. However, in order to understand how this wonder material will change lives, we must understand what it is, define its potential uses, and overcome the significant hurdles in cheap and efficient production. Graphene can best be described as a one atom thick layer of graphite. It was first discovered in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester. It is a 2-D crystalline allotrope of carbon, the world’s first 2-D material in fact. An allotrope is just a different arrangement of carbon, like diamond for example. Due to its sp2-hexagonal arrangement, graphene exhibits special properties. Most forms of carbon exist in a sp3 arrangement, (like graphite in the image above). What this means is that graphene can exist in a 2D state. Due to this configuration electrons are free to move across the whole compound with relative ease. Endowing it with remarkably high electron mobility. This ability allows any current to easily make its way through the molecule;...
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...Magnetotransport in Modulated Graphene by Rubina Nasir Submitted to the Department of Physics on 25 June 2012, in partial ful…llment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract Recent experimental as well as theoretical works have shown that it is possible to create periodic, electric as well as magnetic, potentials in graphene. The e¤ects of these potentials on charge carriers in graphene leads to novel physical e¤ects with important consequences for transport. Whereas a strong periodic potential can lead to new Dirac points in the band structure of graphene, a weak periodic potential along with a perpendicular magnetic …eld B introduces a new length scale, period of modulation, in the system in addition to the cyclotron diameter at the Fermi energy. Commensurability of these two length scales leads to new observable physical e¤ects. These e¤ects were observed earlier in transport studies in conventional 2DEG systems realized in semiconductor heterostructures. Our aim is to study these e¤ects in a graphene monolayer in order to highlight the similarities and di¤erences in the two systems, conventional 2DEG and graphene. Therefore, in this thesis we have carried out a detailed investigation of the electrical magnetotransport properties of a one-dimensional weakly modulated graphene monolayer. It is found that the periodic modulation broadens the sharp Landau Levels into bands and they start oscillating with B. The electronic conduction in this system...
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... i) Electrodes that connect power supplies to liquids that conduct electricity. Due to the fact that graphite is a prime conductor of electricity it is used to make electrodes. Graphite is a prime conductor of electricity as the structure and the movements of electrons have the ability to move from one end of the sheet to the other. The moving of the electrons can transfer heat across the molecule. ii) A powder that can be used to polish gemstones. Diamond powder can be used to polish gemstones. This is because diamond has an extremely strong structural formation, where the atoms are arranged in a manner when they have the inability to maneuver. With the strong atom arrangement of this allotrope it allows diamond to be an ideal tool to scrape away dirt particles of gemstones, leaving the remaining surface smooth and with the absence of any rough areas. b) Would you expect graphite and/or diamond to dissolve in water? Why/why not? I would expect both graphite and diamond to be insoluble to water. This would be due to the reason that the attractions between the solvent molecules and the atoms of carbon will never be strong enough to overrun the strength of the covalent bonds in both diamond and graphite. c) Graphite is used for the ‘lead’ in pencils. Explain how graphite’s structure makes if feel slippery and rub off paper. Graphite is held together through the use of strong hexagonal shaped layers, however in between these layers there is a...
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...MANUFACTURING CHALLENGES AND REMEDIES OF NANO SiC PARTICULATES FROM QUARTS BY MECHANICAL ABERRATION METHOD R. Selvam1, S. Ravi2, 1 Research scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bharath University, Chennai, India. 2 Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sriram College of Engineering, Chennai, India. Abstract Among the various non-oxide ceramics, silicon carbide (SiC) is the leader. The attractive properties, such as good specific strength and Young’s modulus as a function of the temperature, the specific stiffness, relatively low weight, corrosion and erosion resistance and easy availability in complex engineering shapes, have made SiC an attractive alternative to the hard metal compositions. These products are applied for high strength, high temperature and electronic devices. In addition SiC particles are used for abrasion and cutting applications in manufacturing. In view of this, high-energy planetary ball milling (Model: Retsch, PM 100, Germany) is used to produce the particles. This machine has a stainless steel chamber using tungsten carbide and zirconia balls of 10 mm Φ and 3 mm Φ ball sizes respectively are used to mill the micro size to nano size particles. In connection with the production of SiC particles, address the challenges and find the solution to overcome. Also the particle structure, physical and mechanical properties are discussed in connection with the influence of size distribution in manufacturing to ensure the quality of product...
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... 6 The secular equation 8 Conclusion 9 Chapter II Graphene 11 Formulation 11 π energy band of graphene 15 σ energy bands of graphene 17 Conclusion 18 Chapter III Silicene 19 Tight Binding Hamiltonian of silicene without SOC 20 Constructing orthogonal basis 21 1st order SOC inclusion 24 Conclusion 26 Chapter IV Edge state of Group IV elements 27 Formulation 27 Graphene edge 29 Silicene edge 32 Conclusion 42 References 43 Appendix 44 List of Figures 44 Acknowledgement I hereby would like to express my appreciation and respect to my supervisor Dr. Wang Yao. Although I am not a talented student, Dr. Yao provided me timely support and insight in the field of physics. It is my fortune to take part in this final year project under his guidance. Moreover, I would like to thank Dr. GuiBin Liu and Mr. We Yue for their support and comments. Introduction Motivation One of the most intriguing phenomena in physics is the edge effect in 2-D systems. With the emergence of 2-D monolayer materials, the study of edge states in such material is of fundamental interest as well as practical interest. A well known example of such material is graphene, the discovery of which has lead to a Nobel Prize 2 years ago. It remains a mystery...
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...Xiayi Liu Silas Beane PHYS 495 March 6, 2018 Graphene and its applications Abstract Graphene is usually deemed as the “miracle material” because of its unique structure and wonderful properties. Since its successful isolation in 2004, graphene has triggered research interest globally because of the possibilities of developing groundbreaking applications based on this miracle material. In this paper, I will give an Introduction Graphene is a relatively new material to us. Although graphene has always existed in the world as a thin layer that forms graphite, it was not successfully isolated until the year 2004 [1] [10]. The Nobel prize laureates Andre K. Geim and Konstantin S. Novoselov successfully separated graphene from graphite in October...
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...MIS TERM PAPER on Split Cycle Engine and Graphene: the future of Automobiles Vinod Gupta School of Management IIT Kharagpur Submitted in partial fulfilment of Management Information Systems Course (BM61014) to Dr. Prithwis Mukherjee at VGSOM, IIT Kharagpur Submitted by : Mayank Mohan 10BM60048 Page | 0 CONTENTS TOPIC Page No ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION TO SPLIT CYCLE TECHNOLOGY BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SPLIT CYCLE ENGINE OTHER SPLIT CYCLE TECHNOLOGY: TOUR ENGINE GRAPHENE : THE MATERIAL FOR THE FUTURE AUTOMOBILES FUTURE OF AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN INDIA HURDLES TO SPLIT CYCLE TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES 1 2 3 8 9 10 13 15 16 Page | 1 ABSTRACT Split Cycle Engine and Graphene : the future of Automobiles The Split-Cycle Engine functions by dividing (or splitting) the four strokes of the Otto cycle over a paired combination of one compression cylinder and one power cylinder. Gas is compressed in the compression cylinder and transferred to the power cylinder through a gas passage. Graphene is a 2-dimensional network of carbon atoms. These carbon atoms are bound within the plane by strong bonds into a honeycomb array comprised of six-membered rings. This paper describes that how combining these two may lead to a sustainable future by tackling problems like low mileage and low efficiency of automobile engines leading to low consumption of fossil fuels . Page | 2 Introduction to Split Cycle Technology The Split-Cycle Engine was originally...
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...Advanced materials. Global industry analysis. The material science has evolved over the centuries and rapidly grown during last hundred years. Today we are talking about advanced material industry as a top point of material science evolution. The science of advanced materials enters to all spheres of human being from clothing and household items to the space industry. Also this industry widely presented in following spheres: bioscience, electronics, medical and healthcare, construction, automobile, power and alternative energy, manufacturing, sport, telecommunication and many others. Indeed industry of advanced materials will be one of the biggest drivers of the world economy growth in current century. “Materials” is matter of everything physical like glass, ceramics, polymer, metal alloys. And “Advanced materials” are materials with higher performance characteristics “such as toughness, hardness, durability and elasticity, ability to memories shape or sense changes in the environment and respond.” Advanced materials can be implanted into usual items we are using in everyday life. This is something we have never thought about like apparel which people are wearing could become more insulated when you feel cold or touch screen computer which you can wrap and fold with very high performance and less energy use. Market for advanced materials is unlimited because each “traditional material” in every item can be improved and switched to advanced material use...
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...Hardy Neel Arthur Webster University Chemistry Final Project – THE MARKET ASPECT OF ITO Summary : * Introduction * Advantages/disadvantages * Where can we found those materials? * How is the market of ITO? * Indium supply/Demand * Common uses * Who are the companies? * Prices * Alternatives * Conclusion * Sources Introduction Indium tin oxide is one of the most widely used transparent conducting oxides because of its two chief properties, its electrical conductivity and optical transparency, as well as the ease with which it can be deposited as a thin film. There’re multiplies utilization of ITO in our world. Probably without knowing, everyone uses this technology every day. In this essay i will focus more on the market of ITO. In this essay, my research will be based on: Who are the producers, what are their prices, Where ITO is used and for other Alternatives. Let’s start mainly by seeing what ITO is and what are the advantages and disadvantages of this material. Advantages of ITO Physical properties | Melting point | 1800–2200 K (1526-1926 °C) (2800–3500 °F) | Density | 7120–7160 kg/m3 at 293 K | Color (in powder form) | Pale yellow to greenish yellow, depending on SnO2 concentration | * Consistency and reproducibility * Ability to produce large displays * Mature technology * Optically Transparent * Electrically conductive * Can be chemically etched Disadvantages of...
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...companies, while innovating in the space, are also involved in other businesses. Smaller, pure-play companies that are not currently at the forefront of the sector may emerge. For those investors seeking a pure-play, there are some options: Arotech Corp (ARTX) develops and distributes lithium and zinc-air batteries and counts the U.S. military among its customers. PolyPore Inc. (PPO) produces highly specialized lithium polymer batteries mainly for industrial and medical uses. Ener1 (OTCMKTS:HEVVQ) is an alternative energy company that has a majority-owned joint venture with Delphi Automotive (DLPH) to create battery solutions for electric vehicles. Haydale Graphene Industries PLC (LON:HAYD) is a UK company leveraging nanotechnology and the material graphene to produce, among other things, graphene-based batteries. Applied Graphene Materials (OTCMKTS:APGMF) is also conducting research for such applications. For those seeking an indirect exposure, the three largest lithium ore producers are Chilean company Sociedad Quimica y Minera (SQM), FMC Corp. (FMC), and Rockwood (ROC). There is also a lithium-stock ETF that trades under the ticker symbol LIT. (For more, see: Investing in the Next Megatrend: Lithium.) The Bottom Line Batteries for electrical power have always been important in the modern era. However, with the advent of mobile computing and electric cars, their importance will only continue to grow. Right now, for example, battery power packs account for more than half of the...
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...has the ability to create many allotropes because of its valence. This means that carbon has a high rate of combining power with other different atoms when it is in the process of forming chemical compounds or molecules. The most common allotropes are Diamond and Graphite. The different allotropes of carbon tend to shows different properties and have a different application in different fields. Diamond is a common allotrope of carbon that exhibits hardness and has a high ability to disperse light. Diamond is the hardest discovered mineral and industries find it useful in cutting and drilling of other elements. It is also used to manufacture jewelry. Graphite is another common allotrope of carbon. Graphite is formed in a single layer by graphene that consists of carbon atoms and it is arranged in a single plane. Graphite is a good electric conductor. Graphite is known as the most stable form of carbon under the rating of standard conditions. This paper will describe the chemical and physical compounds and their industrial application in different fields. Discussion Allotropy refers to a property of a particular chemical element that exists in more than one different form when it is found in nature. There are different forms of carbon that exists and this paper will discuss the common allotropes and their application in different fields. The first allotrope of carbon is a diamond. The diagram above shows the comparison between diamond and graphite. Diamond The chemical structure...
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...technology. It was a partial redesign of traditional 2-D planar (flat) transistor architecture, to a design that supported power transmission on three planes (3-Dimensions), increasing power output and speed, while decreasing power usage by device processes. Transistor size was reduced again in June 2014 when Intel announced a collaboration with Cadence Design Systems, Inc. to create 14 nm transistors, further improving design specs, and maintaining adherence to Moore’s Law. There has been wide speculation that further reduction of transistor architecture could be difficult unless new materials and requisite manufacturing methods are used in their redesign. Silicon-germanium (SiGe), gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium-gallium-arsenide, and graphene have been suggested as possible alternatives for some currently used materials; Intel already employs hafnium in place of silicon for some applications. Current industry discussion of using nanotube technology, however, suggests more immediate potential for...
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