...Alexander Fleming From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Alexander Fleming (disambiguation). Sir Alexander Fleming FRSE, FRS, FRCS(Eng) | | Born | 6 August 1881 Lochfield, Ayrshire, Scotland | Died | 11 March 1955 (aged 73) London, England | Nationality | Scottish | Fields | Bacteriology, immunology | Alma mater | Royal Polytechnic Institution St Mary's Hospital Medical School Imperial College London | Known for | Discovery of penicillin | Notable awards | * FRS (1943)[1] * Nobel Prize (1945) * Knight Bachelor (1944) | Signature | Sir Alexander Fleming, FRSE, FRS,[1] FRCS(Eng) (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist and botanist. He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Contents * 1 Early life and education * 2 Research * 2.1 Work before penicillin * 2.2 Accidental discovery * 2.3 Purification and stabilisation * 2.4 Antibiotics * 3 Myths * 4 Personal life * 5 Death * 6 Honours, awards and achievements * 7 See also * 8 Bibliography * 9 References * 10 External links Early life and education Fleming was born on 6 August 1881...
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...Penicillin is an anti-biotic that was discovered by Dr. Alexander Fleming. Penicillin has helped save millions of lives and was a major advancement in the field of medicine and science. Penicillin played a major role in World War II and helped save the lives of soldiers. Penicillin was the first anti-biotic discovered. Penicillin was a remedy for bacteria. This was a new idea because before Penicillin there was no cure for bacteria and you often died of infections and bacteria. The discovery of Penicillin was not done on purpose. Dr. Alexander Fleming came back from vacation and discovered Penicillium Notatum. This discovery would lead to the anti-biotic, Penicillin. Dr. Alexander Fleming was not the only person who worked on the study of Penicillium...
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...Discovery Paper On Penicillin Tracey Ann Elledge University of Phoenix, Las Vegas NV Creative Minds and Critical Thinking PHL 458 Cornell Horn, M.A.; M.A. December 01, 2009 Scientific Discovery Paper Penicillin is an antibiotic that destroys bacteria by destroying the cell wall of the microorganism. It does this by inactivating an enzyme necessary for the cross linking of bacterial cell walls. The enzyme is known as the Tran peptidase. It accepts the penicillin as a substrate, it the alkanolates a nucleophilic oxygen of the enzyme, rendering it inactive. Cell wall construction stops and the bacteria soon die. The antibiotic nature of the penicillin so due to the strain lactam ring, on opening the ring strain is relieved this makes penicillin more reactive than ordinary amides. Before penicillin a simple pinprick or tiny cut could have been lethal. There are so many people easily catching infections that would rage out of control. Children died regularly from scarlet fever, from infections of the bones, throat, stomach or, brain. Many of us would not be here today had it not been for the discovery of penicillin. In 1928, Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery from an already discarded, contaminated Petri dish. The mold that had contaminated the experiment turned out to contain powerful antibiotic, penicillin. However, though Fleming was credited with the discovery, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the miracle drug for...
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...TITLE: ANTIBIOTICS : ARE THEY REALLY MAGIC BULLETS? The human body is exposed to substances that have the potential to cause harm on a daily basis. The body protects itself against these substances in several ways. Our natural defences give the body an opportunity to fight off invading microbes that may cause disease. The first line of defence is non-specific and aims to stop microbes from entering the body. The skin and mucous membranes act as a physical barrier preventing penetration by more harmful microbes which could lead to infection (1). The normal body flora on the surfaces of the body, reduce the area available for pathogens to attach to, as well as acting as a competitor for suitable nutrients. The body also produces several antimicrobial substances that kill or break down bacteria. A specific example of a physical barrier is when the blood produces a clot to seal the wound to prevent microbes from entering when the skin has been cut. The second line of defence is also non-specific and involves the process of phagocytosis. A type of white blood cell, called phagocytes, send out pseudopodia to attack the pathogens. Digestive enzymes are then released which break down the harmful microbes (1). Conversely, specific immunity is when resistance is given to a particular foreign agent such as a virus or bacteria, known as antigens. These antigens work to attack the pathogen by causing specific cells to replicate and produce proteins to provide protection...
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...TITLE: ANTIBIOTICS : ARE THEY REALLY MAGIC BULLETS? The human body is exposed to substances that have the potential to cause harm on a daily basis. The body protects itself against these substances in several ways. Our natural defences give the body an opportunity to fight off invading microbes that may cause disease. The first line of defence is non-specific and aims to stop microbes from entering the body. The skin and mucous membranes act as a physical barrier preventing penetration by more harmful microbes which could lead to infection (1). The normal body flora on the surfaces of the body, reduce the area available for pathogens to attach to, as well as acting as a competitor for suitable nutrients. The body also produces several antimicrobial substances that kill or break down bacteria. A specific example of a physical barrier is when the blood produces a clot to seal the wound to prevent microbes from entering when the skin has been cut. The second line of defence is also non-specific and involves the process of phagocytosis. A type of white blood cell, called phagocytes, send out pseudopodia to attack the pathogens. Digestive enzymes are then released which break down the harmful microbes (1). Conversely, specific immunity is when resistance is given to a particular foreign agent such as a virus or bacteria, known as antigens. These antigens work to attack the pathogen by causing specific cells to replicate and produce proteins to provide protection...
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...Phoenix Museum of Health Care, I would like to propose some tributes that helped shape the health care industry. First, I would like to start with penicillin; on how it has changed the way we use and viewed medicine. Second, I would like to use military combat and its part into healthcare. Third, nurses; their work ethic alone has shaped the hospital environment. Fourth, medical imaging, that technology alone has moved health care to what is now modern day. Lastly, insurance and how it has changed over the past century. Penicillin, known to be founded by Alexander Fleming around 1929. His findings where that of a significant proportion. Penicillin became a firm foundation for medicine after WWI, being that it was able to heal just about every bacterial disease that we have encountered thus far. Not only has penicillin became the leading foundation for further antibiotics but it also led to more research into the world of medicine. Penicillin itself has saved roughly 200 million people in its course of finding. That my friends, you can say a reason it is a huge tribute to modern day health care. It also had an impact on the military portion of health care and how it helped shaped the way combat doctors and surgeons were able to perform the procedures necessary to save the lives of those who gave theirs. Now, probably thinking, "how did military combat change health care?" I would say this, it was not so much military conflict changed healthcare, but health care changed battle....
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...11 Lessons on Change Management: Azim Premji It’s not the strongest nor most intelligent of the species that survive; it is the one most adaptable to CHANGE” – Charles Darwin 11 Lessons on Change Management: Azim Premji download :www.gowrikumar.com/insp/pdfs/Azim_Premji_on_Change1.pdf “While change and uncertainty have always been a part of life, what has been shocking over the last year has been both the quantum and suddenness of change. For many people who were cruising along on placid waters, the wind was knocked out of their sails. The entire logic of doing business was turned on its head. Not only business, but also every aspect of human life has been impacted by the change. What lies ahead is even more dynamic and uncertain. I would like to use this opportunity to share with you some of our own guiding principles of staying afloat in a changing world. This is based on our experience in Wipro. Hope you find them useful. First, be alert for the first signs of change. Change descends on every one equally; it is just that some realize it faster. Some changes are sudden but many others are gradual. While sudden changes get attention because they are dramatic, it is the gradual changes that are ignored till it is too late. You must have all heard of story of the frog in boiling water. If the Temperature of the water is suddenly increased, the frog realizes it and jumps out of the water. But if the temperature is very slowly increased, one degree at a time, the frog...
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...Shaw and Philip Drinker, forces a patient's lungs to inhale and exhale through changes in pressure. The machine encloses the entire body except the head and kept completely air tight. Drinker and Shaw, both medical students at Harvard, used vacuum cleaners to experiment with the changes in pressure that are involved with the Negative Pressure Ventilator. (Sandhyarani, 2013)("History of the Iron Lung or Respirator", 2015). Penicillin, the first effective antibiotic ever, added another advancement to the medical industry in 1928. Sir Alexander Fleming found penicillin mold on his workbench when he came home from a trip to Scotland. He discovered that the mold prevented the growth of a bacteria. After his discovery, he worked non-stop to find a way to use this bacteria killing mold to mankind's benefit. Fleming said, “When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. But I guess that was exactly what I did.”("The Real Story Behind Penicillin", 2015)(Sandhyarani, 2013). Sam Foster, founder of the Foster Grant Company, introduced sunglasses as eye protectants in 1929. Foster stood on beaches and sold the glasses to people, telling them that they would protect their eyes...
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...used to describe humanity from a religious or scientific point of view. The Bible tells of how God created Adam and Eve and that they were the first humans on Earth. The Bible basically states that God created humans and that humans are simply a product of God. At least, that’s the religious aspect of humanity. Then there is science which explains how humans evolved from ape-like creatures which was all part of evolution that was caused by the “Big Bang” 13.7 billion years ago. Whatever the case may be, the Bible or the “Big Bang”, there are still many concepts that can be used to define humans. Being born from your human mother does not mean you are in fact human. One concept cannot explain humanity because being human is more complex than just one simple notion. I believe the three most important concepts that define what it means to be human are knowledge, ethics, and history. Knowledge is an essential characteristic of the human race because it is the reason why humanity is advanced as it is today. Intelligence has played a vital role in the survival of humans since the beginning of time. Without knowledge discoveries, that have helped to shape the world, would not have been possible. Even simple discoveries made during the caveman era, such as the wheel, would not have been possible. Then there are discoveries such as electricity, made by Michael Faraday, and Penicillin which...
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...high expectations and a perfect incubation. A scant six month later, Audrey died. Her parents wanted it to be a quiet affair, but it was not. The death of Audrey sent shock waves through the community. How can such a tragedy happen? In case you did not get to know or love Audrey, she was not human. She was a much-hyped breed of gadget called the Internet Appliance. A sleek looking thingamajig with a touch sensitive screen that wanted to adorn your kitchen counter. It is basically a stunted computer. It can surf the web, do basic Email, get stock quotes, check up on the weather, and some limited word processing all for a lot of money ($500 to get started, $22 per month henceforth). Alex was going on a vacation, to take time off from his job of growing bacterial cultures in little Petri dishes. He was studying the effects of mucus on Staph cultures in a somewhat grungy laboratory in London. He forgot to wash up his last batch before he went off, and when he came back two weeks later, he saw an amazing sight. A mold was all over the dish, but all the bacteria were dead. To cut a long story short, Alex, or rather Dr. Alexander Fleming, found the mother of all disease fighting drugs, Penicillin. Blown in by dust on his Staph cultures. Many years later, Dr. Fleming was touring a new sparkling medical laboratory in the US. The place was very impressive and well equipped and scrupulously clean. After the tour his host made the remark “If you worked here, think of what you...
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...significant developments in the evolution of health care in the United States. Prepare a proposal of the five main developments you would include. Be specific and draw from your readings or other research to demonstrate your understanding of newfound concepts, theories, and vocabulary. Include evidence-based information and your personal analysis describing why these exhibits should be included and how they shaped the current health care system in the United States. Descriptions and analysis must use complete sentences. Format your proposal consistent with APA guidelines. Part 1: Health Care Hall of Fame Museum Proposal |Development |Description |Analysis (How does the development affect the current U.S. health care system?) | |EXAMPLE |Even though the connection between filth and disease was made in the 1850s,|Once the link between germs and disease had been scientifically established, | | |the wider medical community still did not understand the cause of |hospitals in America became a place for people to come to recover. Before the | | |infectious diseases until much later. Germ theory was hypothesized in the |1920s, hospitals were little more than almshouses for the poor who were sick; they| | |19th century in Europe; however, it was not until...
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...prominent inventions were invented in just one era. People were motivated to transform art, science, music and literature. Jazz became popular because it was different, it brought people together, and the music spread throughout the country and later the world. The earliest style of jazz is called ragtime which started in the late 1800s in New Orleans. Ragtime has a core ingredient of jazz which is syncopation (an emphasis on the offbeats of the music). Ragtime later evolved into dixieland in the early 1900s. Dixieland involves not only syncopation, but also improvisation. Dixieland musicians mainly played trumpet, bass, clarinet, drums, tuba and piano. Later, dixieland music evolved into big bands that played swing. In order to make a living musicians needed to travel and tour. Thus, as African Americans came north for jobs, the music followed and flourished. One of the most influential musicians of the time was Louis Armstrong. Although jazz was not taken seriously in its early stages, and was played in bars and brothels, Louis Armstrong brought...
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...98.6 °F since this is the temperature at which its usual is known to be at regular body temperature. It also grows in beer as well as its growth in dairy products and can be transmitted consumption of milk (sciencedirect.com). The bacterium also colonizes the human mouth, mucosae, oropharynx and upper respiratory tract. Although once regarded as non-pathogenic, it is now considered an opportunistic pathogen, especially in patients with a compromised immune system. It is also responsible for an infection that can be originating from a hospital.In hospitals, the bacteria can be transmitted by hospital staff who may have failed to wash their hands properly by going from one patient to another. It was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming before he discovered Penicillin in 1928...
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...That Make Up Every Great Leader BI INTELLIGENCE (HTTPS://INTELLIGENCE.BUSINESSINSIDER.COM) (http://www.businessinsider.com/how(http://www.businessinsider.com/most(http://www.businessinsider.com/a(http://www.businessinsider.com/most(http://www.businessinsider.com/4firms-hide-bad-news-2013overrated-jobs-in-2013guide-to-proper-commaunderrated-jobs-in-2013traits-that-make-up-every9) careercast-2013-9) use-2013-9) careercast-2013-9) great-leader-2013-9) LOGIN REGISTER (HTTPS://WWW.BUSINESSINSIDER.COM/REGISTER?FIRST=INDEX&REDIRECT=/THESE-10-INVENTIONS-WERE-MADE-BY-MISTAKE-2010-11?OP=1) EVENTS (/EVENTS) (//WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/BUSINESSINSIDER) (//PLUS.GOOGLE.COM/+BUSINESSINSIDER/POSTS) (//TWITTER.COM/BUSINESSINSIDER) (//WWW.LINKEDIN.COM/TODAY/BUSINESSINSIDER.COM) (/) Tech (/sai) Finance (/clusterstock) Politics (/politics) Search Strategy (/warroom) Life (/thelife) Entertainment (/thewire) All (/) 15 Life-Changing Inventions That Were Created By Mistake (http://oascentral.businessinsider.com/RealMedia/ads/click_lx.ads/businessinsider/warroom/slideshow/530267705/x02/default/empty.gif/62424a4f6a6c4935466f734142437347?x) ALYSON KRUEGER (HTTP://WWW.BUSINESSINSIDER.COM/AUTHOR/ALYSON-KRUEGER) NOV. 16, 2010, 10:01 AM 324,576 (HTTP://WWW.BUSINESSINSIDER.COM/THESE-10-INVENTIONSWERE-MADE-BY-MISTAKE-2010-11#COMMENTS) 3 RECOMMENDED FOR YOU (HTTP://WWW.BUSINESSINSIDER.COM/THESE-10-INVENTIONS23 Startling Side-By-Side Comparisons Of How Apple's...
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...THE EARLY YEARS OF MICROBIOLOGY Anton van Leewenhoek first to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed Is spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) of microbial life possible? Francesco Redi set out in 1668 to demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat. Proved flies had to lay eggs for larvae to appear (2 experiments) John Needham found that even after he heated nutrient fluids (chicken broth and corn broth) before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms. Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from fluids. Lazzaro Spallanzani suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solution after they were boiled. Showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth Rudolf Virchow challenged the case of spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis, the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells. Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter- on solid, in liquids, and in the air. (proved that spontaneous generation was false) He demonstrated conclusively that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments (aseptic techniques – techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms...
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