...could be positive for society. -Necessary to generate social change – innovation only arises when old ideas are challenged. -Helps to clarify the boundaries of acceptable behaviour following social reactions to deviance eg drugs. -Creates social integration as it bonds society together against criminals eg 9/11 and 7/7. 2. C+D is dysfunctional Durkheim believed that crime and deviance also acts as a threat to society. This is because the norms and values that ‘unite’ society are being challenged, thus threatening consensus, social order and stability. 3. Cause of C+D Durkheim believed that C+D occurred as a result of anomie (normlessness). He believed that this could occur during periods of rapid social change eg revolutions when people become unsure of what society’s norms and values are. 4. Social order and social control Durkheim believed that there’s an agreement/consensus over norms and values, resulting in social order and stable societies. He believed that this was due to social control, a positive thing, creating social cohesion. He believed social control was achieved by agencies who socialise individuals into norms and values by integrating them into school, instilling core norms and values. Religion binds people together during times of happiness and sadness, and regulates behaviour. Parsons argued that sickness may be deviant as it can de-stabilise society. He thus sees the medical profession as performing important social control, minimising...
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...including race and ethnicity is evident. However, the question of how to properly categorize, measure, and report some of these parameters has been in the center of discussion for some time. In accordance with the Affordable Care Act, The department of Health and Human Services (HHS) came up with the new data standards for the collection of race, ethnicity, sex, primary language, and disability status. It is required by law that these standards be used in all the national population health surveys (Dorsey, 2011). The new standards have been in use since November 2011, and their stated purpose is to “understand the causes of health disparities, design effective responses, and evaluate progress in decreasing health disparities” (Dorsey, 2011). With the deepening social disparities and the effect they have on the nation’s health, it is essential to have a well-established system of documentation. It is also important for the researchers to select and appropriately measure all the indicators relevant for their study. HHS’s new data standards include fourteen racial and five ethnic categories, with the option to include more than one category within each group. When used as proxy for more accurate SES indicators such as education or income, race/ethnicity do not give the realistic picture of the population of interest. However, both race and ethnicity are important indicators of health disparities and need to be carefully measured and taken into consideration. Ideally, after transparently...
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...Sociology may want to be a science due to modernity and the rise of technology. Scientists may be interested in how individual’s actions are influenced by the rise of technology and the secularisation of religion. Thus they may conclude that the only way in which they can be studied is through observations and experiments, such as lab experiments; which take place in controlled factors with controlled factors, as Popper suggests, science involves the hypothetico-deductive method to test through research. Also positivists argue that it should be a science when studying social facts. Arguably, Sociology wouldn’t want to be seen as a science, as the association with science connotes that we are dealing with emotionless electrons and atoms, as opposed to people with feelings and emotions. Thus some would disagree with the idea that objectivity that is associated with studying people within society, which science influences, as we are people and we cannot disconnect ourselves from society. For example, it is not simple to disconnect yourself when studying a rape or murder case. Positivism is the view that logic, methods and procedures of natural science can be applied to the study of society with little modification, and that human behaviour is a response to external forces. They believe by keeping a modernist traditional approach to sociology, it was seen as a means to solving social problems, improving the quality of human lives and making it relatively easier to understand and prove...
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...Social Learning Theory- Akers • Learning can come from direct interaction with the environment of from observing consequences for others in addition to intimate groups • Incorporates operant conditioning • Explains onset, persistence and desistence of delinquency • 4 Main Tenets: • Individuals differentially associate with delinquents • Definitions favorable to delinquency are learned • Imitation of others delinquent behavior • Differential reinforcements of behavior • Know similarities and differences between Sutherland and Akers • Know how peer delinquency is assessed and issues with some measures • Perceptual measures vs. network and dyad studies • Social norms theory and related terms: • Social norms • Actual norms • Perceived norms • Misperception • Social Structure and Social Learning Model • 4 higher level variables • Relation to SL CONTROL PERSPECTIVE Early Control Theories • Reiss • Nye • Reckless • Sykes and Matza • Know the idea and the 5 techniques of neutralization • Drift theory Social Bonding Theory- Hirschi • Core propositions and assumptions • Four elements make up the bond to society • Attachment • Commitment • Belief • Involvement • Understand propositions about peers • Understand relationship to other theories The General Theory of Crime- Gottfredson and Hirschi • Low self-control • What is it? • How is it formed? • How is it measured...
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...30076 28 July 2013 The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock One’s social class in society and what society thinks of one has a huge impact on one’s self esteem. One is not ranked only by their money and possessions but one is also ranked by what they wear and how they present themselves (Association for Psychological Science). All of this affects the way people interact with each other and how they treat each other based on their social class (Association for Psychological Science). People from different classes have different views of life and the world around them; because of different environments they were raised and educated in. According to X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia, the authors of a literature book, T.S. Elliot, the author of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, grew up of a middle class family that was well educated. Elliot went on to achieve a higher education and soon became a well-known poet, he had a high social ranking in society. In 1915 Elliot’s poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, was published in a magazine (Kennedy). The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is about a man who is very self-conscious about his appearance and worries what other people think of him. Prufrock has such a low self-esteem he is unable to approach women of a high class, because he thinks he is not good enough for them. Throughout the poem Prufrock explains and vividly describes the emotions he feels about himself and the social world around him. In T.S. Elliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred...
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...Task 1 As social workers we live and work in very large complex and ever changing society therefore it may be very important as a social worker to know what social class her client, family or community belongs to, as this gives the social worker insight into how to intervene. Social class can be defined in a number of ways but the one that’s widely adapted by social workers is that social class is a large group of people whose economic circumstances, usually measured by their incomes, wealth and occupation, are broadly similar. There are three major social classes in the United Kingdom which include; the working class, middle class and the upper class. Socialists emphasize that social class is essentially an economic concept and they determine individual’s class on the basis of wealth income and occupation. However it is also important to say that there are other factors to consider when determining a person’s social class such as; their family social background, standard of living, home ownership, leisure pursuits, circle of friends and social connections and education. Broadly speaking most of the factors listed above are closely connected with one’s wealth, income and occupation. One may define Identity as who or what a person or thing is. Identity also helps to define who a person is; it is a self representation of a person’s interests, relationships and leisure activities. On the other hand belonging can mean to feel a sense of welcome and acceptance to someone or some...
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...Internal and external influences affecting the Consumer’s Decision Making Process. A number of factors affect the consumers buying behavior. Some of these are internal and others because of external influences. A few of these internal and external factors influencing the consumer’s buying behavior while deciding to buy a You C-1000 Vitamin C. Decision making is a process dependent on many factors which vary from person to person and also from region to region. Consumers are living in a society which follows its own culture and values. Personal preferences again change with age, lifestyle, income, and psychological factors. Internal aspect 1. Perception Perception is how a consumer processes information consciously or subconsciously. The perception about the brand and also about him has an influence on the buying decision. When consumer see You C-1000 advertisement, they can get the information, that product is for better life and healthy body. Brand of You C-1000 vitamin also can influence the decision making of costumer, the brand means, there are many vitamin c in that drink. Also the slogan “Healthy Inside, Fresh Outside” 2. A consumer’s knowledge and experiences A consumer’s knowledge and experiences have an impact on the decision making process to You C1000 vitamin. An educated person is aware of benefit available in the drink and chooses the brand and model in accordance with his needs. Various previous information obtained by a person who will influence...
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...period of Jane Eyre and Mr. Rochester in Victorian England, social classes were determined by how much money people had. In order to elevate to a higher status in society, one needed to accrue more wealth. If one was penniless, they were despised and treated as unintelligent and incapable. For this reason, it was frowned upon when two people from different classes fell in love. In the novel Jane Eyre, Jane and Mr. Rochester experienced great duress because they had to hide their love for one another. Society did not allow for this couple to have an open relationship because they were from different classes. Jane was poor and Mr. Rochester was extremely wealthy. Many would argue that Jane fell for Edward Rochester for his money. However, there are important incidents in the story that proves that money was irrelevant to Jane. For instance, Jane Eyre decides to leave Edward Rochester on their wedding day and return to poverty because Edward was dishonest with her. If Jane were only after Edward’s money, Edward’s dishonesty would not have deterred her opportunity to climb the social ladder. The story of Jane Eyre explains that money is not important. Jane Eyre does not undermine this argument because Jane values a person’s character instead of his money. In Victorian England, intermingling between social classes was not allowed. For example, if a wealthy person, such as Rochester, were to talk to someone of a lower class, they were expected to control the conversation and keep it...
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...There are many deviance theories that can be apply to the criminal justice system. Theories examine how individuals engage in crime. Deviance is any behavior that does not conform to the normal norms of a society and behavior is unacceptable to culture. Deviance is measured by society’s reaction to the violation of their social order is defined by a culture as deviant. Deviance is a label used to maintain the power, control, and position of a powerful individual or group. People deviate from social norms while some conform because of their raising and social pressures (Hayes, T.A. (2010). Labeling theory focus on individuals who society has judged to be criminal and thus label them as such. This theory looks at how a criminal, interacts with their society. Labeling theory was quite popular in the 1960s and early 1970s. Howard Becker (1963), states that criminal behavior changes throughout time. Becker says that personal motives and the influence by society have nothing to do with criminal behavior. Specific attention is giving to those that have been label a criminal and society react and operate with them. Once a person has the label of’ criminal, it becomes a constant status, even if they are mother or father criminal is the one that sticks with them. Becker states that individuals with this label begin to be associated with the word criminal (Becker, H. (1963)). The media is one of the key contributors of stereotyped characters. They can make anything appear to be true thus...
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...SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND ITS EFFECTS: THE ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE IN OUR SOCIETY Submitted By: Tabor, Ben Jayson Raymundo, John Joseph R. Bautista, Sean Karl T. Gregorio, Prince Jairus J. Medenilla, Mark Johann L. Submitter To; Prof. Don Emmanuel Nolasco II. INTRODUCTION Rule #1 - “Life is not fair, get used to it!” –Rules of Life by Bill Gates We always see differences in our lives in different ways. Let’s accept the fact that some people are gorgeous and handsome while others look like Frankenstein. Some are rich because of fate and some are poor with no food on their plate because not everywhere is blessed by a golden spoon on their mouth. Most likely, people with a higher status in life always get the privilege to be educated, healthy lifestyle and threated well by the society. Why this kind of inequality occurs in our society? Social inequality within a society is an issue in which its existence has never been erased throughout the history of the world. Classified as a dynamic trend to which it keeps on changing while the time goes by. The human condition has so far been a fundamentally unequal one. Indeed, all known societies have been characterized by inequalities of some kind, although of course the extent and type of inequality has been quite variable. Social inequality like racial inequality, gender inequality and other types keeps on sprouting like a mushroom growing anywhere most like in the dark places and these can have effects that have the power to influence...
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...Social Inequality What is social inequality? What are the sources of social inequality? For me, social inequality cannot be described in one sentence. Factors such as race, wealth, class, gender, age, among others all play roles into why people can sometimes be treated unfairly. However before I introspectively reflect on social inequality, there is one theory that suggests where today’s society is heading for me. Karl Marx is known as a prominent economic and political influence that lived during the 19th century. Marx’s theory of stratification is very applicable to where society, especially in the United States, is heading today. According to Marx, society would become divided into two classes, the dominant capitalist or the working class. Essentially the capitalists consist of the owners of production within a country while the working class consists of the laborers. This represents uneven distribution of wealth and resources, which creates a system of stratification. According to Professor Domhoff of the University of California, the top 20% of the workforce owned 89% of all privately held wealth in the United States as of 2010. There is already a large gap between social classes and will only continue to get worse if we continue down the same path as a nation. Whether through higher taxes on the wealthy or tax breaks on the working class, the gap needs to be closed. Money is king of today’s society whether people want to admit it or not. For me I think the uneven...
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...importance of shared norms and values as the basis of social order, it would appear that deviance is a threat to order and should therefore be seen as a threat to society. Yet a functionalist analysis of deviance begins with society as a whole. It looks for the source of deviance in the nature of society rather than in the individual. They argue that social control mechanisms such as the police and the courts are necessary to keep deviance in check and to protect social order, as well as deviance being a necessary part of all societies and that it performs positive functions for social systems that even contribute to the maintenance and well being of society. They believe crime and deviance should be limited in order it to benefit all. Functionalists believe crime and deviance have positive functions such as crime and deviance acting like a warning device, some acts warn of problems that exist in the system. As a result, action can be taken to address the problem for example a child may skip school due to problems at home. As a result of the truancy the larger problems of abuse or cultural and material deprivation may be addressed and greater problems avoided. Crime and deviance could help society progress: today’s deviants are tomorrow’s innovators as people who challenge existing norms and values help to create better ways of living. For example Emily Pankhurst and the suffragettes helped create a more liberated society and votes for women. Employment is provided by the criminal...
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...largely in the value to policy-makers of having at least a rough idea to the extent and shape of the problem which the criminal justice system was intended to tackle. Police statistics of recorded crime seemed adequate as a measure of police workload, but because of unreported and unrecorded crime – deficient as an index of crime. The British Crime Survey illustrates that the public do not necessarily report crimes that they have been victims of, for example in 2008 only 42% of crimes were reported by victims. Victims may not report crimes to the police as they may be too insignificant and believe that the police force either would or could not do anything to help them. As a result, the underreporting of crime lowers the overview amount of measured crime. Statistics are also seen as socially constructed through the invisibility of white collar crime and the use of cybercrime. Official crime statistics often underestimate white collar crime and cybercrime as these crimes commonly go unreported or are proved...
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...Assess functionalist views of the role of education (20 marks) There are multiple views in society of the education system. The first view is functionalist – they believe that the education system is positive. The second view is Marxism – they believe that education in negative. The final perspective is feminism and they believe that again education is a negative thing. Functionalists such as Durkheim believe that the education system is positive because it gives us a shared sense of belonging, he also believes that due to history in education we are all bonded together because we all share the same past. Moreover, he also said that education gives us social solidarity because we’re all functioning together in society due to education giving us specialised skills for the workforce and later life. Additionally, functionalists such as Parsons believe that education is vital because it’s a bridge from the family to society. He also believes that there is equality of opportunity in society and in education this means there is a meritocracy and social mobility. Moreover, he said that education encourages individual achievement and this achievement is measured by role allocation and setting. This means that those who do well in school (those in the top sets) will be pushed to go for the highest jobs. He also said that education develops a value consensus in society this means that society has a shared set of norms and values. Davis and Moore examined role allocation. They believe...
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...middle class I learned that “fairness” is earning something that you worked for, not having something handed to you. Society is founded on the wants and needs of the people, but mostly the wants. The society in this hypothetical world that author John Rawls imagines can easily be defined as a communist and utilitarian society. In the Theory of Justice, John Rawls theoretically explains a society that would be ideal for the majority of the population. According to him, the theory of justice will only be adapted by society if it “guarantees the right of each person to have the most extensive basic liberty compatible with the liberty...
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