...There are no sources in the current document.The purpose of this essay is to explain the role of cytokines in depression. Over the last few decades there have been many controversial hypotheses put forward to explain the observation of depressive symptoms in people, who have a physical injury or are under psychological stress (Schiepers, et al., 2008). Research shows that most controversy was over how the messages from the immune system were interpreted or translated into being a signal to the central nervous system (CNS). While most research agreed that there was a correlation in data between cytokines and depressive symptoms, they did not believe this indicated a causal link (Anisman, 2002). I have chosen to focus one of the most popular theories, the “cytokine theory of depression”, as I believe the research shows that it has a causal link between inflammation, cytokine activity and depressive symptoms (Roque, et al., 2009). This hypothesis recognises and explains the highly integrated processes and mechanisms that a person or animal goes through, from the initial stressor to displaying the depressive symptoms, termed as “sickness behaviour” (Dantzer, 2006). “Sickness Behaviour” is the term given to the symptoms caused by high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the periphery of the body; these symptoms overlap with the general characteristics of depression and include; decreased appetite, increased desire to sleep, cognitive dysfunction, social withdrawal and decreased...
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...Instructor: Mr. Simbarashe Chiduma A RESEARCH PAPER Submitted to Baker College in partial fulfillment of requirements For class: Soc 201 Winter 2012 Homosexual is defined as: “of, relating to, or characterized by a tendency to direct sexual desire toward another of the same sex” (Webster’s Dictionary, 4th ed., 2003) The nature approach is based on a chance that humans are born with a specific gene that determines if they will be homosexual. "In other words, some people are born gay." (Johnson, 2003) The nurture approach tells that people are influenced by their surroundings. In this approach, "A nurtured gay person is one that is 'made' gay." (Johnson, 2003) Originally the American Psychological Association (APA) had deemed homosexuality a mental disease. The debate now- a-days revolve around if sexuality is based on nature, a person’s environment, or based on nurture, a person’s upbringing. Alfred Kinsey pioneered one of the earliest experiments in the 1930s. Kinsey’s research resulted in little besides putting the word homosexual into the common language. Karen Hooker completed the first psychological test in 1957. The research was put together to investigate the relationship between homosexuality, psychological development, and illness. The subjects were given three tests, the Rorschach, TAT, and MAPS. She determined that there was no link between social determinism of sexuality. As an outcome of Hooker’s research, the APA released a statement in 1975...
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...Volume : 2 | Issue : 7 | July 2013 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 Research Paper Education Role of Emotion in Learning Process N. Evelyn Thayamani KEYWORDS : Emotion, Learning, Feelings and Amygdala Research scholar,Center for Research in Education, Thava Thiru Kundrakudi Adigalar College Campus,Kundrakudi, Sivagangai District - 630 206. Tamil Nadu, South India Dr M. Parimala Fathima Research co-ordinator, Center for Research in Education, Thava Thiru Kundrakudi Adigalar Dr S. Mohan ABSTRACT College Campus,Kundrakudi, Sivagangai District - 630 206. Tamil Nadu, South India Director, Center for Research in Education, Thava Thiru Kundrakudi Adigalar College Campus,Kundrakudi, Sivagangai District - 630 206. Tamil Nadu, South India This study is an attempt to discuss the role of emotion in learning process. Emotions are important in the classroom in two major ways. First, emotions have an impact on learning. They influence our ability to process information and to accurately understand what we encounter. For these reasons, it is important for teachers to create a positive, emotionally safe classroom environment to provide for the optimal learning of students. Second, learning how to manage feelings and interfere with learning occurs when students are anxious about their school-work (Cole, 1991; Dobson & Dobson, 1981). Students who are depressed or anxious about learning often do not feel competent academically. Teachers will understand how their students’ ...
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...Regulatory Behavior Paper PSY/340 2/9/2015 Tiffany Tibbs Regulatory Behavior Paper Temperature is very important in many ways and more than one and is very vital to human and animal lives. As humans we don’t hibernate but, animals do and it is amazing how smart they are that they literally will tuck away for spring and some for winter. Researchers tend to think it’s because certain animals are mating but, in actuality it’s just too cold for them. Even as I look out my window and see the smaller birds who I feed throughout the year, peaking above my ledge right outside my window peeking for food, they do not want to come out at all. The research team hypothesized that there was a minimum weight threshold below which the birds have been limited yet are needed to test the validity of this interesting hypothesis. For example, and in stark contrast to behavioral studies. Hypothesis on what defines the cognitive rift between humans and animals. He identifies four key differences in human thought that make it unique. Animals, for example, have "laser beam" intelligence, in which a specific solution is used to solve a specific problem. But these solutions cannot be applied to new situations or to solve different kinds of problem. In contrast, humans have "floodlight" cognition, allowing us to use thought processes in new ways and to apply the solution of one problem to another situation Their behavior is almost survival and unlike ducks and larger bird like wild turkey they...
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...[Name of the Instructor] [Date] Possible Health Concerns for Children Born To Overeating Mothers Executive Summary Increased using up of new energy-intense, nutrient-poor foodstuffs with very high sugar and saturated fats level, merged with reduced exercises, have led to corpulence rates that have increased three-times or more since 1980 in North America, Eastern Europe, the UK, the Pacific Islands, the Middle East, Australasia and China, as said by the UN-backed World Health Organization (WHO). A recent research reveals that Obesity in pregnancy causes a tremendous danger to the wellbeing of the unborn infant. Infants of overweight mothers are born as pre-diabetics or with severe birth imperfections that can cause kidney or heart disease, besides other troubles. These issues much strengthens in the age group 1year to 10 years. Overeating in pregnancy can have significant and numerous precarious health impacts on an unborn infant.[1] In this research paper, I have analyzed several factors of obesity in pregnant mothers that lead to health issues for their unborn infants and it will affect them through their lives. I have conducted a comprehensive interview with Executive Director of “The Consumer Wellness Center”, Mike Adams, who in detail describes the dangers associated with obesity in mothers and its effects on their children. Further a latest about the issue has been analyzed with a recommendation to mothers on how they can avoid this increasingly spread health...
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...impairing the immune system. Genetic makeup, prenatal experiences, and early life experiences are all different possible factors that can lead to different individuals to being more responsive to stress than others. Prolonged and repeated exposure to cortisol can increase susceptibility for certain illness and injuries amongst individuals. For instance, the rate of visits at a doctor’s office often increases amongst college students during finals week. Stress is part of life and it serves us in both positive and negative terms, however, in today’s fast paced work it’s doing more harm to our bodies than good. Our busy schedules with stress life situations are greatly impacting our stress levels and with repeated stimulation of the HPA (Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, and Adrenal Cortex) and exposure to cortisol, our bodies are taking the biggest...
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...|Ryan D. Johnson | | |April 30, 2003 | | |[pic] | | |In recent decades, many hotly debated topics have come under the scrutiny of sociobiologists, trying to determine their causation | | |and origins. One such topic is homosexuality. Originally thought by the American Psychological Association (hereafter referred to | | |as APA) to be a mental disorder, research into its causes, origins, and development have consequently led to its removal by the APA | | |from its list of diagnoses and disorders [1]. Many different theories can be found regarding the root of homosexuality, as far back| | |historically as Ancient Greece. The current debate is whether or not homosexuality is a result of nature: a person's environment | | |and surroundings, or of his...
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... and medications that can increase serotonin activity to offset negative affects (Hariri and Brown, 2006, p. 12). This report will summarize the details of how serotonin, and how the Limbic System affects human behaviors. EMOTION: SEROTONIN, AND LIMBIC SYSTEM 3 Emotions: The roles of serotonin, and limbic system Emotions are generally defined as a state of mind that may reflect joy or fear, although, emotions also consist of patterns of physiological responses that lead to specific behaviors, which is what this paper will reflect. Specifically, the physiological responses of behavior are a direct reflection of how serotonin and the various areas of the Limbic System affect an individual. Imbalances of one or all three of these may constitute negative emotions such as fear, antisocial disorder, anger, poor impulse control, aggression, and depression. Research will show that emotions are not just a state of mind, but that behaviors are...
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...Abstract The main purpose of this extended project dissertation is as following: to explore the causes of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, in particular the biological, psychological and societal causes. Eating disorders are becoming increasingly common in today’s society and the causes of theses disorders are not completely known. This essay explores the symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, the risks and consequences of suffering from such disorders. The essay also concentrates upon how eating disorders are gradually affecting more and more men and children – something that was not often seen before. The main focus of this project is to discover whether the causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa stem from pre-dispositions which are linked with the body and mind or rather stemmed from society. The main biological reasons which the essay focuses on are; damaged hypothalamuses and genetic hereditariness. The main environmental causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa that I have studied are media influences and undesirable conditions for raising children. In writing this project I believe that I have developed valuable skills that I will need in my subjects which include; being able to extract key information from large pieces of text, researching, speedy note taking and the ability to weigh up two sides of an argument fairly and without bias. I am also aware that the skills I am developing while writing this dissertation...
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...Motivation and the Brain Paper Due: April 29, 2013 Psy/355 Motivation and the Brain Paper Certain nutrients have been found in scientific literature to support the structural and functional health of the brain, and the nessessary componets in protecting against brain related diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's (Hall, 2011). Several parts of the brain initiates, and maintains motivation that engages in healthy eating. Some researchers say that evolutionary factors come into play. Factors like reinforcements of endorphins and serotonin activity producing the fullness and well-being feelings after eating (Stone, 2011). If one tries denying these reinforcing experiences, this causes difficulty maintaining a stablized diet. According to Psychological musings, factors such as biological, and enviornmental influences help in the implecation of new, and specific behavior like maintaining a healthy diet (Stone, 2011). To maintain continual motivation in healthy eating there are many brain structures that do contribute. Brain structures that maintain the motivation for healthy eating are the limbic system, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the amygdala. These structures together form new memories, regulate emotions that maintain positive attitudes about considered diet changes (Stone, 2011). The limbic system is linked with reward, and motivation. This system has a very important role in healthy eating. This allows the...
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...children's’ parents usually provide food for them, it seems obvious that parental attitudes to food will affect their children's attitudes to them. Children also learn what to eat by watching their parents. This can be explained by social learning theory. This occurs when children observe their parents eating. In this sense, the parents act as eating role models. Observing parents getting rewarded by enjoying eating certain foods, the children learn to imitate these food preferences as they expect to receive similar rewards by doing so. This theory would therefore argue that children should show similar preferences as their parents having learned these preferences from them through a process of vicarious learning. There is a great deal of research support the SLT. For example, Brown and Ogden found consistent correlations between parents and their children in terms of snack food intake, eating motivations and body dissatisfaction. These findings show that observation in childhood in the home...
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...Chapter 14 - The Brain and Cranial Nerves Choose the single best answer to each question. 1) The brain A) is the center of both motor and sensory processing. B) is the center of emotion, intellect, memory and behavior. C) is composed of trillions of neurons and thousands of neuroglia. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 2) Which part of the embryonic brain ultimately becomes the cerebrum and lateral ventricles? A) telencephalon B) mesencephalon C) diencephalon D) rhombencephlon E) metencephalon 3) Each of the following is considered a major part of the brain EXCEPT the: A) brain stem B) cerebellum C) cerebrum D) diencephalon E) hypothalamus 4) How do the cranial meninges differ from the spinal meninges? A) The cranial meninges have one layer instead of two. B) There no epidural space between the dura and the bones of the skull. C) The cranial meninges do not enclose vascular sinuses, but the spinal meninges do. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 5) Which blood vessels supply the brain with blood? A) vertebral arteries B) internal carotid arteries C) external carotid arteries D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 6) Which is true of the adult brain? A) It uses about 2% of the body’s O2 at rest. B) It is dependent on fatty acid metabolism for energy. C) Its functions are impaired by even transient interruptions of blood flow. D) It represents about 20% of the body’s mass. E)...
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...In his 1957 and 1958 research papers, he concluded that dopamine could reverse the effects of reserpine. He injected animal patients with the precursor to dopamine and noradrenaline, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and found that the curing effects directly correlated with the increase of dopamine, and not noradrenaline or adrenaline. The following year, Carlsson and three of his students and some collaborators from Japan developed an assay to measure the concentration of dopamine in certain regions of the brain. They found the highest concentration of dopamine in the striatum section of the basal ganglia, located at the center and front of the brain, where noradrenaline and adrenaline weren’t found. The basal ganglia is responsible for learning, routine habits, cognition and emotion. He proved that dopamine was more than just a precursor, but actually a very important neurotransmitter, the hormone playing the central role in motor...
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...Development of Sexual Identity Development of Sexual Identity This paper will discus the following things about sexual identity: development factors, such as biological sex, gender identity and roles, sexual orientation, and the relationship between these factors. One would have never assumed that sexuality would be a topic of great conversation and questions. Over time we have became a society made up from a melting pot not only of different ethnic groups but of sexual orientation. Sexual Identity Development Factors There are several factors that influence a person’s sexual identity. The first factor that affects sexual orientation is biological sex. Biological sex is determined by a person’s chromosomal make up along with hormones. Females are typically born with XX chromosomes and males are born with XY chromosomes. Although in some situations there can be a mutation of the Y chromosome, the SRY gene which is the sex determining portion of the Y chromosome can be missing in XY girls’ Y and is present in the XX boys’ X (Offner, 2010). Chromosomes alone cannot determine gender identity hormones also help in determining gender identity. The SRY gene codes on the Y chromosome cause the indifferent gonads to become testicle which then secrete testosterone which then causes the Wolffian duct system to develop which is the male structures (Offner, 2010). So as you can see together with the SRY gene and specific level of testosterone within an embryo...
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...Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Chapman, Heather M., "Love: A Biological, Psychological and Philosophical Study" (2011). Senior Honors Projects. Paper 254. http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/254 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@etal.uri.edu. 1 Running head: LOVE Love: A biological, psychological and philosophical study. Heather Chapman University of Rhode Island 2 LOVE Dedication This paper is dedicated to the love of my life Jason Matthew Nye October 4,1973 - January 26, 2011 3 LOVE Abstract The concept of love has been an eternally elusive subject. It is a definition and meaning that philosophers, psychologists, and biologists have been seeking since the beginning of time. Wars have been waged and fought over it, while friendships have been initiated and have ended because of this idea. But what exactly is love, and why is it important to define this enigma? In order to help define this idea of love, several books and numerous research articles were consulted, and interviews were conducted with faculty of The University of Rhode Island. Dr. Nasser Zawia was interviewed, in order to help understand the role of neurobiology...
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