...Depression and the treatments is to learn how to better care for the women and their children. Postpartum Depression is a serious illness and without proper treatment and attention the children born to women who develop Postpartum Disease may grow up without proper care and in the most serious of cases, some children die of neglect or abuse. The articles used for this paper investigate the mother’s relationship with their partner during pregnancy, the perception of prenatal partner support, the association of maternal and paternal PPD, and the associations of relationship adjustment and symptoms of depressions and anxiety. The knowledge gain from researching this topic and from the articles is that spousal support has become a very big factor in postpartum depression. Spousal support may be at risk during times of change or adjustment. Parenthood has been identified as a period of adjustment that can significantly affect many aspects of the spousal relationship. When a couple has no children, psychological resources are assigned to the maintenance and enjoyment of the relationship. With the addition of a child, the maintenance and enjoyment of the romantic...
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...The Effects of Teenage Relationships Different relationships affect teenagers in various ways. Friends impact teenagers almost the same amount as their parents. Teenagers go to their friends for help or to ask questions that they could not ask their parents about. Most of the time their friends give them good advice but then there is the down side when they put pressure on their friends to do something like to smoke, drink, and do drugs. In most cases they tell their friends how to dress and act when around certain people. Love relationships just make it even harder for a teenager to get a good education. Some start to fail in school because they are hanging out with their boyfriend or girlfriend instead of doing their work. Throughout adolescence, teenagers are positively and negatively impacted by several relationships such as friends, family, and love relationships. Friends have a big influence on teenagers because they can say and do many of things to teenagers who think they were friends. They also start rumors and take their friends girlfriend or boyfriend and have them cheat on their friend. Some go out to drink, smoke, or to do drugs just to have fun but some think of driving home and most teenagers do not even make it to their driveways. Some teenagers who are so depressed about their social problems even think about committing suicide. Most start to hurt others turn into “goth’s” by dressing in all black. Many of depressed people show how they feel by dressing differently...
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...(extended single parents is where the parent is living with their family such as mom, dad, siblings etc). How does one emerge as a single parent? There many reasons people in society become a single parent. Some reasons are:- Divorce -this is where a couple who have been married and have taken legal action of ending the marriage contract. In Trinidad and Tobago within the period of 2011 to 2013 there are 7,123 couples who applied for divorce. The rate of divorce in Trinidad and Tobago is 26.6 percent. Families are rapidly declining in our country and family foundations are weakening which brings a lot of negative side effects. In the U.S. the divorce rate is 40 to 50 percent of married couples divorce. Divorce can stem from misunderstandings between couples, the relationship grows apart, financial problems, intimacy disappears, not having a shared vision of success and also getting into the marriage for the wrong reasons. Unwanted pregnancies – are pregnancies that are unplanned where the pregnancy is not desired by one or both biological parents. An unwanted pregnancy happens where the lack of or incorrect use of effective contraceptive and unprotected sex. Trinidad and Tobago every year there are 2,500 teenage pregnancies and in 2008 to 2012 the ministry of education received reports of 153 cases of teenage...
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...The short story “Hills Like White Elephants” by Ernest Hemingway is about the interaction of two lovers and the impact pregnancy has had on their relationship. Hemingway uses objective point of view telling the readers what the characters are saying and doing, but not providing any reason for what they say or do or how they feel about it. The story takes place at a small rail station with tracks on two sides. One rail leads to Madrid and the other Barcelona. The story itself is constructed mostly of dialog between the two main characters, the American and Jig, and descriptions of what each of them sees. Through the dialog of each character and the description of what they see the reader is able to learn the position each character holds on their current situation. Though the topic is never declared it is inferred with statements like “let the air in” and “it is a simple operation” that the couple are going to Madrid for an abortion. The dialog as well as the scenery described by the two characters provides insight into their position on the subject as well as insight into the future of the couple, regardless of the decision that is made in regards to the pregnancy. The opening lines of the story present the conflicting view the two have. The story takes place at a train station in an area that has no shade and is devoid of trees. On the other side is the Ebro valley where the hills are long and white. Here the two sides are juxtaposed: one is represented by a valley, which tends...
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...Impact of Reproductive Technologies on Society Melanie Pescud, Tammy Knox, Carly Malpass, Kellie Cue ?? ‘Infertility is estimated to affect more than 80 million people worldwide, and while developments in reproductive technologies have evolved rapidly, so have the ethical, social and political controversies which surround nearly all aspects of their use’ (Vayena et al, 1997) People have accepted the practice of various forms of fertility treatment for thousands of years. Despite this, controversy surrounds these new reproductive technologies because they challenge the traditional understanding of the relationship between sex and procreation. Consequentially, this also has the potential to challenge the structure of linage and kinship networks. This report will investigate the reported and perceived social implications of some commonly used reproductive technologies currently used today; including contraception, in-vitro fertilisation, gamete intra-fallopian transfer, intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, gamete donation and abortion. Equality of Access Reproductive technologies have had a significant impact to the lives of many infertile and sub-fertile couples around the world. However, due to the high financial costs of these procedures, the access to these technologies is largely limited to Western society; particularly middle to high income earners. Consequentially, developing countries whom have the highest rates of infertility...
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...people of the same sex coming together through mutual consent to say they are married. Gay marriage should not be permitted because the psychological impact is enormous among those children that find themselves trapped in this kind of union. Many of these children become confused about gender roles and social life with other peer groups like friends and classmates. There are many health hazards associated with the homosexual relationship. It is obvious that gay perspective play a role for people who practice this behavior. Audience, of pro-gays say that gay marriage creates family, and that they face future health hazards. Gay couple often have children in their life, which is attributed to the previous partner in a heterosexual relationship. A professor of Psychology at Michigan’s Hope College declared his idea by saying, “A gay or lesbian couple may have children of their own from former heterosexual marriages, or one or the other may become the biological parent of the child conceived through artificial insemination. In addition, many lesbian and gay men become parent through adoption.” (Myer, 2005) Some gay male couples have children because they have created arrangements with someone else to act as a surrogate mother. Some lesbian couples have children because they used artificial insemination. Finally, some gay couples have children because they have chosen the adoption route. A sociologist at Princeton University named Sara asserts “The fact that both parents have a...
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...Canyon University: HLT 305 11/22/2014 Assisted reproductive technology otherwise known as fertility treatment uses various methods to achieve pregnancy. According to the CDC, the use of these methods has doubled in the last ten years. There has also been an increase in the number of successes based on the most recently collected data as at 2012. The current percentage of people born through ART (assisted reproductive technology) living in the United States is at 1% which, quite frankly, is a lot of people (Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), 2014). In the case of surrogate parenting, an agreement is reached typically between an infertile couple and a woman who is to carry a baby for this couple. There are two main types which are gestational surrogacy and traditional surrogacy. In gestational surrogacy, conception takes place by means of IVF (in vitro fertilization) which would mean that the surrogate mother will have no genetic relationship with the resultant child. In traditional surrogacy, conception will take place either naturally or artificially which would mean that there will be a genetic relationship between the surrogate mother and the pregnancy. Sperm and egg donation as the name implies is a practice in which sperm and eggs or embryos have been donated by a third party to enable the infertile individual or couple to conceive. The donors are usually screened before they can donate and are usually compensated for the donation. All these are various types of...
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...Ethical Issues of Abortion “Abortion is termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo prior viability” (Wikipedia). Abortions can occur spontaneously which is called miscarriage, or it could be induced. When people talk about abortion, they mostly refer to the induced abortion. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website, approximately forty- two million abortions occur in this world per year averaging to 115,000 abortions per day. Eighty-three percent of these abortions occur in underdeveloped countries. In United States of America, one third of the women before the age of forty-five, have abortions. The average abortion per day in United States of America is 3,700. Eighty-eight percent of abortions are found in first trimester; fifty-nine percent of abortion is done in first eight weeks of pregnancy. Non-Hispanic white women had the largest percentage of abortions rate of (37.1%), followed by non-Hispanic black women (34.4%), Hispanic women (22.1%) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Whenever it comes to abortion, people talk about Pro-Life vs. Pro Choice. Pro-life is when a person believes that the “government has an obligation to preserve all human life regardless of intent or quality of life” (Head). Pro Choice is when “individuals have unlimited autonomy with respect to their own reproductive systems as long as they do not breach the autonomy of others” (Head). Whatever side a person takes, it...
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...ATTITUDE AND INFERTILITY Infertility can have a serious impact on both the psychological well-being and the social status of women in the developing world. As a result of their infertile status, they suffer physical and mental abuse, neglect, abandonment, economic deprivation and social ostracism as well as exclusion from certain social activities and traditional ceremonies. This becomes particularly traumatic with previous pregnancies that end in abortions, stillbirths and neonatal/infant deaths or in live births of daughters only. A survey conducted in Southern Ghana revealed that the majority (64%) of women felt stigmatized, and that higher levels of perceived stigma were associated with increased infertility-related stress as well as lower levels of education, (Donkor and Sandall J., 2007). Insufficient family income, poor quality of life, life stress, and discontentment with daily routines as well as ‘bad’ relationships with family members (husband, mother- and father-in-law) are significant correlates of female infertility. Infertile women are more likely to underestimate the importance of sexual intimacy, and have a negative attitude towards sex, (Schmidt, 2010). Female infertility is associated with various social correlates leading to higher remarriage rates and to further complicating the problem of infertility. Thus, a correction of women’s basic attitudes and their relationships to their surrounding social habitat should be an essential component of any program...
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...Teens and Pregnancy Before we venture into the controversial aspects of teen pregnancy, I think that it is important to answer a vital question. This question addresses how teen pregnancy has evolved and how times have changed to bring upon such a serious issue. To begin answering this question we must take a look back in time to the roles of women and men in our society. Teen pregnancy is not just a rare virus that has recently sprung up and will someday disappear due to some type of cure. Adolescent pregnancy has plagued our country for many centuries, but it is only more recently that we have noticed its growth and severe impact on many aspects of society. The social change that leads to this visibility is not only based on a change in sexual behaviors, but it also is based on a change in the nature of adolescence. These changes begin with the decline of the average age of menarche. The social changes that affect this deal with the raising of the average age of marriage, standard attitudes towards marriage as a sacred institution, and economic shifts which have led to a need for longer educational careers. These changes have produced pockets of urban poverty where education is often not valued or taken seriously. Unfortunately, the need for higher education is reflected in the fact that only at levels after high school has enrollment increased in recent years, and only in the late teens are whites more likely than blacks to enroll in an educational institution. Due to...
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...popularity among parents as a way of having children. Having another woman bear a child for a couple to raise, usually with the male half of the couple as the genetic father, is referred to in antiquity. Babylonian law and custom allowed this practice and infertile woman could use the practice to avoid a divorce, which would otherwise be inevitable. One well-known example is the Biblical story of Sarah and Abraham, a nomadic Hebrew couple unable to conceive. Sarah offered her Egyptian slave Hagar as a surrogate, but later drove her away from the camp when Hagar became impudent during pregnancy. Hagar fled to Egypt, where an angel told her that her son Ishmael would become a leader amongst the Hebrews; she subsequently returned to Sarah and Abraham. Surrogacy requires a lot of time, money and patience to succeed, whether it's carried out privately or through an agency. But it can bring happiness to all concerned if the medical, legal, financial and emotional aspects are properly considered. Why choose surrogacy Someone may choose surrogacy if one can't carry a pregnancy, perhaps because: * Have had recurrent miscarriages. * Have a health condition which makes pregnancy and birth dangerous. * Uterus (womb) is abnormal or absent, whether since birth or after a hysterectomy. * Fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) have failed. * For couples who engage in a same-sex partnership. Two kinds of surrogate mothers There are two types of...
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...decision about their lives but they are more than willing to make a choice about someone else’s life. No matter what your views are on the subject of abortion, you have to admit that abortions are just a display of selfishness. A child is a living being regardless of whether or not it has yet to be conceived. Someone’s financial circumstances, level of maturity, or any other factor, doesn’t not change the fact that the “thing” inside a woman’s womb is a living person. Abortion should be banned because of the effects it has psychologically, medically and socially. Abortion has become the most common procedure in unwanted pregnancies. Over 1.3 million abortions are done yearly in the USA. According to The Kaiser Family Foundation, “Approximately one-fifth (19%) of the 6.4 million pregnancies that occur in the U.S. end in abortion. About 19% of women having abortions in the U.S. are teens; 33% are between the ages of 20 and 24; and 48% are ages 25 and older” (1). One can agree that murdering innocent people is wrong. However, legalizing abortion gives someone the right to end the life of another person. In a sociological view, on the subject of the abortion debate in the United States, there are the pro-life and pro-choice groups. The pro-life argue that abortion should not be legal and that an unborn fetus has the right just like any other human to live. On the other hand, the pro-choice group is in opposition of...
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...Running head: PREGNANCY TERMINATION AT WEEK 27 GESTATION Ethical Dilemma: Pregnancy Termination at week 27 Gestation Ethics: Case study week Ana Alberto Pacific College November 9, 2012 Professional Code of Ethics and client advocacy: The ethical dilemma regarding these two parents pertains to whether or not to terminate this pregnancy at 27 weeks, which is after the 24 weeks fetal viability period. Finding out a child carried to term is harmed is nothing less than jarring, to the parents, family, and physician. In this scenario we have a couple who’ve worked hard to conceive and carry a child to that point; any choices made will be very emotional. They now have to make a very big decision that can be very devastating to the family’s future. This can also be hard for the clinicians working with this family as we also have beliefs and values that can impact our ability to care for the family if the decision being...
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...------------------------------------------------- Personal Perspective on Human Sexuality [Document subtitle] . This paper will discuss my personal views, beliefs, and experiences on human sexuality. It will address the following subjects: nudity; the appropriate age to become sexually intimate; the number of sex partners; the morality of sex outside marriage; sex education; when sexual intimacy may be wrong; the influence of family, culture, religion, and the media on my personal perception of sexuality; the impact of puberty on my development; and society’s gender role expectations influence on my sexual identity. I view the naked human body as a sacred masterpiece of living art. In the United States, public nudity is unlawful, except in specifically designated places not visible to the public such as nudist colonies, resorts, camps, enclaves, etc. Likewise, pornography carries a stigma and one must be eighteen to purchase it. These taboos are evidence that society regards the naked body as a sexual stimulant or as unsightly or disgusting whenever it is not sexy. Society has conditioned us to see public nudity as a distraction, one that causes people to feel sexually aroused and embarrassed. For example, a woman in a sleeveless dress would be a punishable offense in Saudi Arabia, but is acceptable in the West. Some tribal indigenous groups practice nudity and do not experience sexual arousal by sight alone. I think nudity has its place, but in the context...
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...responsibility. Supportive content: In order to survive, youngsters may build their integrity along the way of their marriage. They tend to lead a life of their own and not rely to others to solve their problems . This may build their resposiblities to manage their affair, the bride will have to start working in order to sustain themselves. They may learn to gain the capability of establishing a cordial family life. This mature process may take some times but with the actual efforts and wise choices, it may be momentarilly. Younger people can adapt easily to changing environments and it is easier for them to break bad habits as compared to people who are older. This can help the two preservere troughout their relationship as they grow older and can live togeteher as a happy couple It also cant be denied that early marriage can lead to a better emotional support, this mean that early bride have a partner who can meet their emotional needs when their live together. Studies shows that healthy marriage intimacy releases powerfull endorphines that is a natural pain reliever which create a relaxing situation to the whole body. Topic 2: The principal and most...
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