...Ethics in the Public Relations Industry There are a wide range of complex definitions applied to the practice of ‘Public Relations’, the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) for example has a full page statement outlining the profession (PRSA website1), as well as the definition formally adopted during the PRSA 1982 National Assembly “Public Relations helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other” (PRSA website2). For the purposes of this discussion however I plan to use the definition as outlined in the PRINZ Constitution and Rules (PRINZ Constitution): “Public relations practice shall be defined as the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding and excellent communications between an organisation and its publics” With this in mind it would appear that upholding principals such as honesty, independence and fairness to be a simple task; however when financial or employment pressures change the practice from “establish and maintain mutual understanding” to more selfish ‘profit driven’ and organisation centric views, ethical challengers arise. The modern business environment is fertile ground for unethical behaviour. There is an overwhelming emphasis on profit among many (certainly not all) large organisations. Looking at the prevalence of this ethos, particularly when combined with the short-term rewards that one may gain through less ethical actions, it is certainly not hard to understand how many...
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...Describe relational databases in detail. Why do we mostly use relational databases in the industry? A relational database consists of a collection of tables in which each is assigned a unique name. The tables represent both data and the relationship among those data. In each table you find multiple columns and each column has a unique name. A relation is a two-dimensional table in which the following attributes, entries in a table are single-valued; each location contains a single value. Each column has its own distinct name and the values in each column must match the column name. The columns order is immaterial, and each row is distinct with the order of rows is immaterial. Relational databases are used today because of its simplicity, which eases the job of the programmer, compared to earlier data models such as network or the hierarchical model. A relational database can be seen as the data handling part of another application. The application instructs the database to perform searches, as well as add, delete and modify data via the Structured Query Language or SQL. The SQL standard is supported by all major database vendors, but the implementation of the full standard in all cases is not a guarantee. The common workhorse functions are the same in most cases. Databases change over time as information is inserted and deleted. The collection of information stored in the database at a particular moment is called an instance of the database. The overall design of the database...
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...ISO CASE STUDY Broadway Cafe AUTHORS Julio Romero Zapata – Student ID 3031203 Amanthi Wijeyekoon – Student ID 3037866 Clara Chong – Student ID 3047408 Tina Swaker – Student ID 121271 Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Assumptions 2 1.2 Where to from here 3 1.3 Use of Groupware tool 3 2 Competitive Advantage 4 2.1 Making business decisions I – Porter’s Five Forces & Generic Strategy 4 2.2 Making business decisions II – Customer Order Process 5 3 Customer Relationship Management 7 3.1 Making business decisions II - CRM 7 3.1.1 Extended Strategy 8 3.1.2 New Technologies 8 4 Business Intelligence 9 4.1 Making business decisions II 9 5 Systems Development 14 5.1 Making business decisions II – PYT Business Requirement 14 6 Bibliography 15 Appendix B – PYT Business Requirement for New Payroll System 16 Appendix C - Groupware Tools 20 Figures Figure 1: As-is Broadway Cafe Rich Picture 2 Figure 2: Broadway Cafe Alters Diagram 3 Figure 3: The Broadway Café Five Forces model 4 Figure 4: Customer Ordering Process 6 Figure 5. As-Is payroll system 14 Figure 6. Flow chart payroll system 17 Figure 7: Team ISO Groupware Home Page 20 Tables Table 1: YouTube Pros and Cons 7 Table 2. Comparison of Spreadsheet and Databases 11 Table 3. Wikispaces advantages & disadvantages 20 Introduction This case study addresses the following information systems (IS)...
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...Booking Assessment Using SMS Technologies Report November, 2013 Table of Contents 1. Abstract 3 2. Introducion 4 3. Objective 6 4. Scope. 7 5. Assumptions 8 6. Mandatory/Optional Dependencies 9 6.1 Proposal and Customer 9 6.2 Proposal and Invoice 9 6.3 Proposal and Work order 9 6.4 Work order and Work assignment 10 6.5 Work order and Task 10 6.6 Work Assignment and Employee 11 6.7 Work assignment and Materials 11 6.8 Work Assignment and Employee 12 7. M: N Relationships 13 7.1 Work_Assignment and Employee 13 7.2 Work_Assignment and Materials 13 7.3 Work_Order and Tasks 13 8. All possible tables of the ER Design 14 9. Why we need ER Diagram for the Scenario 18 10. Why we used relational model rather than using the hierarchical model 19 10.1 Hierarchical Model 19 10.2 Relational Model 19 10.3 Why we used Relational Database 19 11. Suggestions for the Improvements 21 12. Importance of the Database Modeling phase in a Database Development Project 22 12.1 Modeling Steps 22 12.2 Database Deigning Process 22 * Abstract Short Message Technology (SMS) is commonly used among the students modern world as it is a reliable mobile technology. Thus, to simplify the process of assignment booking and to save time SMS technology can be used effectively. In this project, the development of an SMS based assignment booking system is presented. Using the SMS interface, students would be able to send requests for time...
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...AC571_relational_database_005-019 Male Page 1 of 5 AC571_relational_database_005 Welcome to this refresher on relational database concepts. Understanding relational database concepts is a key to mastering a key theme, REA modeling. As we progress through this refresher, please pay close attention to the objectives being covered as you see on the screen. The objectives are as follows: problems inherent in the flat file approach to data management that gave rise to the relational database concept, relationships among the defining elements of the relational database environment, stages in database design, entity identification, data modeling, constructing the physical database, and preparing user views, features of distributive databases and issues to consider in deciding on a particular database configuration. These objectives will serve as the foundation for understanding relational database concepts and REA modeling. AC571_relational_database_006 Before we can get into the heart of relational database concepts one must understand the differences between two common database environments, flat file and relational databases. As you know, computer systems process data. This processing involves two key components, data and instructions, or programs. This occurs no matter what database environment you have. In order to process the data you need an interface. Conceptually there are two methods for designing the interface between program instructions and data. File oriented processing...
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...Riordan Business-to-Business Web Site Use Case Scenarios Analysis In deciding which way to take Riordan Manufacturing’s business-to-business web site use case studies were performed and the top two scenarios were chosen for further analysis. Both scenarios present a way for Riordan to improve raw material ordering through different means. In order to decide which path to take the two scenarios will be discussed in greater detail including a brief synopsis on the technological role involving systems analysis and design, database design, programming, networking, and the web. Use Case 1 As described before, in use case scenario 1, a Riordan employee would log into a business-to-business web site and place an order with one of our partnered vendors as Figure 1 depicts. The employee logs into the secure website, chooses a vendor from a list, selects from the common list of products purchased from the vendor, chooses a quantity and enters a required by date, the vendor receives notification of an order, verifies credit status or requests credit card information, fills the order, generates an invoice, and ships the order to our warehouse. Use Case 2 In use case scenario 2, as shown in Figure 2, the approach to replenishing key inventory levels resides with the vendor. Triggers in the database alert the vendor via email that the level is at its threshold and then the supplier logs into the secure business-to-business web site, issues an order to ship replenishment supplies...
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...Database Management System Submitted by: NAMES Date Submitted 2. Table of Contents 3. Document Scope - Describes the goal of this document in a narrative. - Introduction 4. System Overview - Provide a brief overview of the system. 5. Business Rules - Brief, precise, and unambiguous description of policy, procedure, or principle of the Company or Organization. 6. Relational Diagram - Representation of the Relational database’s entities, the attributes within those entities and the relationships between those entities. Example 7. Crow’s Foot ER Diagram - A graph/ diagram that represents the conceptual database as viewed by the end user. Example 8. ERM Components - Summarizes the ERM’s components and names the entities and their relations. Example. . 9. Data Dictionary - Provides detailed accounting of all tables found within the user/designer-created database - Contains (at least) all the attribute names and characteristics for each table in the system - Contains metadata—data about data Example 10. Database Design Decisions - Discuss the decisions that were made when designing the database for the Application, including problems, alternative solutions, and design assumptions that had to be made. - Divide this section...
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...1. a) What is a database? A database is an organized collection of related data. b) How does an RDBMS store data? An RDBMS stores related data in tables. 2. What is one benefit of dividing data into tables? Dividing data into tables eliminates unnecessary data duplication, or data redundancy. 3. a) What is a database schema? A database schema is a description of the data and the organization of the data into tables in a relational database. b) Explain the considerations for dividing data into related groups. Considerations for dividing data into related groups includes grouping information so that there is little or no data redundancy. However, each table must have data related to at least one other table, which will require data duplication. This is not considered data redundancy. A table with no relationship to any another table does not belong in the database. 4. a) What is a field? A column in a table. Used to store data. b) Explain why a field that stores more than one piece of data is considered poor design. A field that stores more than one piece of data limits the sorting and searching capabilities of the database. 5. List four guidelines to follow when choosing field names. 1. Make field names unique. 2. Choose the shortest possible...
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...ranow, E. B. “Developing Good Data Definitions.” Database Programming & Design 2 (8) (1989): 36–39. Booch, G. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications. 2d ed. Redwood City, CA: Benjamin Cummings, 1994. Bruce, T. A. Designing Quality Databases with IDEF1X Information Models. New York: Dorset House, 1992. Chen, P. P-S. “The Entity-Relationship Model—Toward a Unified View of Data.” ACM Transactions on Database Systems 1 (March 1976): 9–36. Codd, E. F. “A Relational Model of Data for Large Relational Databases.” Communications of the ACM 13 (6) (1970): 77–87. Dutka, A. F., and H. H. Hanson. Fundamentals of Data Normalization. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1989. Finkelstein, R. “Breaking the Rules Has a Price.” Database Programming & Design 1 (June 1988): 11–14. Fleming, C. C., and B. von Halle. “An Overview of Logical Data Modeling.” Data Resource Management 1 (1) (1990): 5–15. Fowler, M. UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Object Modeling Language. 2d ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2000. Gibson, M., C. Hughes, and W. Remington. “Tracking the Trade-Offs with Inverted Lists.” Database Programming & Design 2 (January 1989): 28–34. Gottesdiener, E. “Turning Rules into Requirements.” Application Development Trends 6 (7) (1999): 37–50. Hay, D. Data Model Patterns: Conventions of Thought. New York: Dorset House, 1996. Hoffer, J. A., V. Ramesh, and H. Topi. Modern Database Management. 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011. Inmon, W. H...
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...1. List the advantages of a relational model specific to ACME Global Consulting. Relational models can provide some very significant advantages over other methods. First, they are very easy to read due to the nature of two-dimensional tables. Columns and row format is straightforward and consists of a collection of similar data among rows that allow for the user to easily locate what they need. One of the biggest advantages of the relational model of database design is that its foundation is formal mathematical theory. It allows its concepts to be defined and examined with great precision. In other systems, the calculations may need to be done separately prior to using the database. 2. Summarize in your own words the purpose of an E-R model specific to ACME Global Consulting. The E-R model can provide ACME Global with a specific, but open-ended design that is tailored to the company’s needs. This also allows us to sketch the design of a database informally and incorporate changes in order to avoid problems later on. The E-R model allows for growth beyond its ideas at inception. It lays the groundwork for later database relational designs. 3. List and describe essential components of the model such as entities, attributes, keys, relationships, roles, and dependencies specific to ACME Global Consulting. Entity: real-world object or thing with an independent existence and which is distinguishable from other objects. Examples are a person, car, customer, product,...
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...Language, the user describes the information desired without giving a specific procedural for obtaining the information. Relational Algebra Definition It is a procedure language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or more relations as input and produce a new relation as a result. The fundamental operations of relational algebra are select, project, union, set difference, Cartesian product and rename. Other operations are: Set intersection, natural join, division and assignment. • The basic set of operations for the relational model is known as the relational algebra. These operations enable a user to specify basic retrieval requests. • The result of retrieval is a new relation, which may have been formed from one or more relations. The algebra operations thus produce new relations, which can be further manipulated using operations of the same algebra. • A sequence of relational algebra operations forms a relational algebra expression, whose result will also be a relation that represents the result of a database query (or retrieval request). Keys • Let K ( R where K is a superkey of R if values for K are sufficient to identify a unique tuple of each possible relation r(R) – by “possible r” we mean a relation r that could exist in the enterprise we are modeling. – Example: {customer-name, customer-street} and {customer-name} are both...
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...OLAP In computing, online analytical processing, or OLAP ( /ˈoʊlæp/), is an approach to answering multi-dimensional analytical (MDA) queries swiftly.[1] OLAP is part of the broader category of business intelligence, which also encompasses relational database report writing and data mining.[2] Typical applications of OLAP include business reporting for sales, marketing, management reporting, business process management (BPM),[3] budgeting and forecasting, financial reporting and similar areas, with new applications coming up, such as agriculture.[4] The term OLAP was created as a slight modification of the traditional database term OLTP (Online Transaction Processing).[5] OLAP tools enable users to analyze multidimensional data interactively from multiple perspectives. OLAP consists of three basic analytical operations: consolidation (roll-up), drill-down, and slicing and dicing.[6] Consolidation involves the aggregation of data that can be accumulated and computed in one or more dimensions. For example, all sales offices are rolled up to the sales department or sales division to anticipate sales trends. By contrast, the drill-down is a technique that allows users to navigate through the details. For instance, users can view the sales by individual products that make up a region’s sales. Slicing and dicing is a feature whereby users can take out (slicing) a specific set of data of the OLAP cube and view (dicing) the slices from different viewpoints. Databases configured...
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...1. We have structure pane and class n object pane in UDT, in IDT, they have Data foundation layer (in stead of structure pane) and Business Layer (instead of Class n object pane). First of all, a project is created, then a relational or OLAP connection, then data foundation and then business layer. Then the universe is published as .unx 2. In IDT, the biggest advantage is that you have create universe based on multiple data sources. It could be different relational data sources (must be 64-bit), or different SAP BW source or them combined. 3. You can create universe based of SAP BW. The tables underneath the cube would be extracted, and would be used like any relational database. 4. They have introduced the concept of 'views' in Data Foundation Layer. If you have many tables to be used in the universe, it would be difficult to manage joins and structure. So you can create multiple windows. For ex., one view or window would be related to client and all the related tables. another window could be related to product and related tables, and another could be related to FACT and the main dimension tables. The master view would be the union of all these views. 5. In UDT, you can add a table any time and then can drag it to object pane to create objects automatically. In IDT, automatic classes and objects are created only once when you create the Business Layer for the first time. After that, if you add any table, you have to create objects based on it manually. 6...
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...* How the Internet works * Packet-switching technology Actual data transmission takes place sporadically, rather than continuously. Data to be transmitted is divided into small packets of information and labeled to identify the sender and recipient. These are sent over a network and then reassembled at their destination. If any packet did not arrive or was not intact, original sender requested to resend the packet. -> This enables millions to transmit data at the same time. * Understand the importance of standards (protocols) * What problems are and tasks are involved in networks and why are standards important for networks to run? Computers and applications of different kinds need to use the same network. Packets could get altered/lost/out of sequence. Many computers send packets simultaneously. There are lots of different destinations, routes, and sometimes some of them ‘close down’. * Bandwidth Bandwidth is transmission capacity of a computer or communications channel, measured in bits per second (bps). * TCP/IP protocol and layered standards of the Internet * Application layer, network layer (TCP/IP) Applications layer (e.g. HTTP, FTP) specifies how application programs communicate. Network layer (e.g. TCP/IP) consists of transport layer and internet layer. Transport layer (TCP) breaks, reassembles messages into packets. Internet layer (IP) specifies the address a packet is headed to. * Internet addressing and architecture:...
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...Cursors A cursor is a variable that runs through the tuples of some relation. This relation can be a stored table, or it can be the answer to some query. By fetching into the cursor each tuple of the relation, we can write a program to read and process the value of each such tuple. If the relation is stored, we can also update or delete the tuple at the current cursor position. The example below illustrates a cursor loop. It uses our example relation T1(e,f) whose tuples are pairs of integers. The program will delete every tuple whose first component is less than the second, and insert the reverse tuple into T1. 1) DECLARE /* Output variables to hold the result of the query: */ 2) a T1.e%TYPE; 3) b T1.f%TYPE; /* Cursor declaration: */ 4) CURSOR T1Cursor IS 5) SELECT e, f 6) FROM T1 7) WHERE e < f 8) FOR UPDATE; 9) BEGIN 10) OPEN T1Cursor; 11) LOOP /* Retrieve each row of the result of the above query into PL/SQL variables: */ 12) FETCH T1Cursor INTO a, b; /* If there are no more rows to fetch, exit the loop: */ 13) EXIT WHEN T1Cursor%NOTFOUND; /* Delete the current tuple: */ 14) DELETE FROM T1 WHERE CURRENT OF T1Cursor; /* Insert the reverse tuple: */ 15) INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(b, a); 16) END LOOP; /* Free cursor used by the...
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