...France The French Revolution (French: Révolution française; 1789–1799) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that had a fundamental impact on French history and on modern history more broadly. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed within three years. French society underwent an epic transformation, as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from radical left-wing political groups, masses on the streets, and peasants in the countryside.[1] Old ideas about tradition and hierarchy regarding monarchs, aristocrats, and the Catholic Church were abruptly overthrown by new principles of Liberté, égalité, fraternité (liberty, equality and fraternity). The royal houses across Europe were horrified and led a countercrusade that by 1814 had restored the old monarchy, but many major reforms became permanent. So too did antagonisms between the supporters and enemies of the Revolution, who fought politically over the next two centuries. Amidst a fiscal crisis, the common people of France were increasingly angered by the incompetency of King Louis XVI and the continued indifference and decadence of the aristocracy. This resentment, coupled with burgeoning Enlightenment ideals, fueled radical sentiments, and the French Revolution began in 1789 with the convocation of the Estates-General in May. The first year of the Revolution saw members of the Third Estate proclaiming the Tennis Court Oath in...
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...CAUSES OF FRENCH REVOLUTION Political Causes: The French rulers were not interested in the welfare of the people. This naturally created discontent among the people. France attained the height of glory under Louis XIV who ruled for twelve years. However, his highly expensive wars and lavish style of living weakened France, economically as well as politically. He gave good advice to his successor Louis XV saying "Do not imitate my fondness for building and for war, but work to lessen the misery of my people." Louis XV considered state business to be a bore and engaged himself in pursuing worldly pleasures. His constant source of enjoyment was Madame de Pompadour and Madame du Barry. He appointed and dismissed ministers and even declared wars only to please these women. When his ministers attempted to discuss affairs of the state with him, he merely remarked, "After me, the deluge." He was indifferent to the fact that the treasury was empty after the wars. He adopted a policy of repression by strict press censorship, arbitrary imprisonment of those seeking reform, banning and burning literature criticizing the government, thus endangering personal liberty in France. Though his successor Louis XVI was intelligent and meant to do well, he lacked the will power to carry out any reforms. Further, he was badly influenced by flattering courtiers and his ill - advised Queen Marie Antoinette who lacked consideration for the people. When she was told that the people had no bread...
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...Djaiden Wirth World History Mr.Smith October 8th 2011 Blood for Equality A perilous conquest for blood, equal right, and change aptly describes the French Revolution. While France appeared to be the epitome country of the 16th century, all was not as it seemed from the working person's perspective. Poor harvests and crop failures ripped through the land, bringing starvation to the average working class. The visions and ideas of the Enlightenment brought new ways of thinking to those who were not strong enough to change the world alone, but if united for one cause, could send an entire way of life tumbling. One could argue indefinitely on what was the exact cause of the French revolution, but according to great research, the three greatest causes for the starting of the revolution are the poor leadership and decision-making skills of Louis XVI, King of France during the revolt, the iniquitous division of power between the rich and poor classes, and the severe economic trouble France was facing at the time. Louis XVI was not born nor created to be a man intended for leadership. As a child his tutors neglected to prepare him for the burden of running a country, so when power was bequeathed to him in 1776, he was ill-suited for authority. As said by a famous politician of that time, “[Louis'] reign was a succession of feeble attempts at doing good, shows of weakness, and clear evidence of his inadequacy as a leader.” Louis had no interest in the affairs of running a country...
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...Opgave A 1. Text 1, ’’The Royal family has sidelined the republicans’’ published on The Telegraph website on July 23rd, 2013 are pro-monarchy: ‘’The monarchy brings certainty and stability’’, which is good, because they are going to rule the land in the future generations. The article does also mention the republicans who are fighting against the monarchy, who does not like ‘’the enthusiastic public response to the birth of a boy to the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge’’. Text 2, ’’Royal baby news: BBC hits back at criticism of TV coverage’’ published on The Daily Mirror website on July 24th, 2013 hit back on criticism of the royal media coverage, by referring to facts about how many people who are actually watching the TV coverage. People who do not want to hear about the royals all the time is a minority as the coverage of the event had more than 10.8 million viewers from the UK. Text 3, ’’The monarchy is at odds with a modern Britain’’ published on The Observer website on July 27th in 2013 discussing whether the monarchy is a good or a bad thing for the modern Britain. The monarchy is old-fashioned and traditional and does properly not fit into a modern society. The population of the UK consists of so many different people with different skin-colors and cultural background and is therefore a big contrast to the monarchy. 2. What are the arguments? Traditions came with Edward VII and George VI. The rituals were invented in Victorian times back in the 1600-century...
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... Revolutions such as the American Revolution and the French Revolution are often referred to as major turning points in history. These revolutions have left lasting impacts on countless nations and regions worldwide. Revolutions represent major changes in a society, government systems and the economic lives of the people impacted. The French Revolution, which began in 1789 and lasted until 1814, set into a motion a course of revolutions that impacted not only the people of France but other groups around the world seeking independence and changes in their government. There were many causes of the French Revolution. One cause of the French Revolution was that King Louis the XVI could imprison anybody for however long he felt, and did not have to have a reason for it. This upset the people of France because even innocent people could go to jail for not even committing a crime. An example being the evidence states “...he could arbitrarily imprison anyone without trial for an indefinite period.”(document one). Another cause was that King Louis XVI levied people’s taxes. This upset the people of France because King Louis levied people’s taxes and the taxes were fifty percent of their income, and the king, the clergy, and the nobility did not have to pay any taxes. For example the evidence states how the pie charts shows the third estate paid all of the taxes (document 2). The three estates of France was a social class system. The first estate was the clergy, the second estate was...
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...Medieval times were an era that spanned from the fall of the Roman Empire to the fifteenth century. Medieval society was divided into three estates, or what we call social classes. One was a member of the clergy, a member of nobility, or a member of the commoners. When I look closely at contemporary society, it is apparent that we are also divided into estates or classes. We have the big corporations, the government, and the people. The first estate, the clergy of today, is the big corporations. The big corporations are the largest and most powerful interest in the country. With their power and money, they are able to persuade the government and other businesses. They determine who gets to the top level of politics. Politicians depend greatly on corporate funding for their campaigns. The second estate, today’s nobility, would be the government. The president would be the king, who stands outside of the system of estates. In this class you would also find other government officials as well as Congress and the Senate. As in medieval times, the government consists of the smallest percent of our population. Their lives are also funded by the tax-payers and they receive tremendous lifetime benefits not available to the common people. The third estate, the commoners, is the people. This basically refers to the rest of society. The third estate consists of the average everyday person. This is the largest group of all. These are the laborers, the small business...
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...The French Revolution Before the French Revolution, France was ruled and governed by the king and parliament. King Louis XVI ruled by “divine right,” believing that he had been put on the throne by the grace of God. France then was one of the most powerful and wealthiest countries, and had a strong army, and even stronger cultural influence. Louis XVI and his wife Marie-Antoinette were shielded from the daily lives of the ordinary people in France. When Louis XVI inherited the throne in 1774, he also inherited many problems left behind by the previous king, King Louis XV. France was divided into three estates with their own status and role to play in the country. The First Estate involved religious people in the country. The Second Estate involved all the nobles. These two estates had many privileges, and were the wealthiest group, but were only a small piece of the entire population. The Third Estate was everyone else in the country: the peasants, poor city dwellers, and the “middle class”. The Third Estate was the largest group, and had little to no power, even though it was the largest group. In order to pay off national debts, Louis XVI increased taxes in the Third Estate, which impacted many of their lives. Because of the taxes, industry started to lag, and there were bread shortages in many places. They barely had any food and had to live of bread. King Louis XVI was a bad king and the people had every right to hate him and his wife. The people didn’t have any...
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...Canterbury Tales Webquest & Bookquest You are going to research background information about Geoffrey Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales. Anything not completed in class should be finished for HW. - Use the links to answer the questions listed below. Save answers into your Home Directory. Print a copy for your notebooks. - Please PARAPHRASE your answers rather than copying and pasting information. You may type your answers directly into the document and print when finished. 1. Geoffrey Chaucer 1. What kind of writer was he? 2. What were the years of his birth and death? 3. Where was he from? 4. What was his “masterpiece”? http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Chaucer.html 2. What is a pilgrimage? (You should already know this from our vocab. quiz.) 3. Define prologue. http://www.webster.com (or other dictionary site) 4. Where is Canterbury? What famous event happened there? What are the goals of the many people who travel there on pilgrimages? http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Canterbury,-England http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/history/history.aspx 5. When were The Canterbury Tales written? In what language were they written? • What are they about? • What is a frame tale? ...
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...Since the moment I could move my hand I’d been drawing, dreaming and wanting to get my thoughts into the world. As I got older my talent branched off into other realms. I then realized that all I ever wanted to do was create, through any medium. Whether it be art, music fashion or film, I aspired to create. To ascend to a place where I can eternally fashion my whims and idylls is my final goal. My dreams for my future occupation are to (probably) finish college, find a studio, team of creative executives and eventually become a deity of sorts. To achieve these goals I have designated a certain path for myself called the: “do this or die plan”. Its implications are fairly personal and most will not be discussed in this essay, but it is fool proof because if not - I will die. Simple. Somewhere upon my winding path I’d want to design clothing. I’ll consider being a creationist focused on clothing at the time. My apparel would not be limited by sizes, ages, or genders. It will only be worn by the brazen and styled by those whom I deem fashionably responsible. The clothing itself would be made to express the tastes of a very latent very fashionably sound corner of your left brain. Another possibility I could see is interior design as a possible career in my future because houses nowadays lack dynamism. Not dynamism in terms of carpet in the kitchen or alligator suede blue couches, but in terms of southern living meets vogue décor. Interior design involve having a since of style...
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...Throughout history there have been many revolutions, such as the French Revolution, that were caused by people rebelling against their governments. The French Revolution commenced after the Enlightenment became popular. The Enlightenment was a period in time where new ideas were spread and people started thinking differently about the world that they lived in. Enlightenment thinkers, like John Locke and Voltaire, begin inspiring the citizens of France to rebel against their government if they felt like their rights were being limited or they did not feel protected. The two reasons for the French Revolution were: the rebellion of the third estate and France’s horrible leaders. The French Revolution was caused because the third estate rebelled against their government. The third estate consisted of the bourgeoisie, traders, laborers, apprentices, servants, and poor peasants which made up about 97 percent of the population. The third estate rebelled against their government because they were not receiving fair rights. They had no say in their government; they had to pay half of their income for taxes and titles, and didn’t own as much land as they should have since they had the biggest population. Whereas the second estate which was made up of the nobility and made up 2 percent of the population held the highest office government positions, paid almost no taxes, and owned 35 percent of the land. According to Document 2, the first estate consisted of the clergy who made up 1 percent...
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...Louis the XVI Calls the Estates General- May 5,1789 Before the French Revolution, France had been in a financial crisis due to many wars. Also, luxuries for the French monarchy, such as the Palace of Versailles, contributed to France’s debt too. This debt angered people and they demanded someone to take action. King Louis XVI then called upon the Estates General. When they met, the Third Estate’s representatives (97% of the population) demanded that they get to vote on how much money would be spent and that each representative would have a separate vote. King Louis XVI kicked them out of the meeting (knowing that they would obviously win on all of the votes with their vast amount of representatives), but the third estate representatives were so persistent in their cause that King Louis XVI allowed them to vote. Parisians Storm the Bastille- July 14, 1789 The Parisians, angered by the mistake that King Louis XVI sent his troops to protect him in his palace, stormed the Bastille to gain weapons. The Bastille was used more as an armory than a prison. It only held 7 prisoners and was only had a very small garrison. The National Assembly feared that the king would use violence to end their meetings. The storming of the Bastille was important because it was ran mainly by fear. Writing of the Declaration of the Rights of Men- August 26, 1789 The Declaration of the Rights of Men was created by the National Assembly. It said that all men are born equal and are considered equal under...
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...The French Revolution: The French Revolution was a time for spreading out and finding freedom for the French. It was a way for the French to recreate their government to give some kind of equality for their people. Though for woman in that time period it was still a struggle for equal rights during the rest of country’s upheaval. The French Revolution was caused by a downfall in the royal family, having to do with serious financial issues. King Louis XVI call in the French Estates General in 1788, to help with the financial crisis the country was going through (Doyle). The Estate General was divided into three estates: First Estate representing the upper class, the Second Estate representing middle class, and the Third Estate representing the lower class. There was one vote for each estate, and in the past the Second Estate and the First Estate had joined together to defeat any proposals for reform from the Third Estate. The Third Estate was determined that would not be so in the current assembly and pushed for the vote of each representative to be counted as a separate vote. They were not able to agree on a voting method. Leading the Third Estate and the lower half Second Estate to break away from the Estates General, forming the National Assembly on June 17, 1789 (Doyle). King Louis XVI admitted defeat on June 27, first appeasing then confrontational ordered his nobles, and the upper half Second Estate to join the National Assembly effectively ending the Estates General...
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...Chapter 19 1. The American War for Independence was when the colonists decided they were sick of paying taxes to the British, and they were sick of being under Britain’s rule. The revolution started when the stamp act was put in place in 1765. This led to riots. Also, the Americans and the Britain’s had very different views on how a country should be run. For example, Britain believed in a supreme authority. America believed in having representatives of the people. The colonists kept rioting until they finally decided in 1776, to declare their independence. The Declaration of Independence was approved on July 4, 1776. It was a great risk fighting Britain because they had a very strong army. However, if they hadn’t taken that risk, we wouldn’t be living here today. George Washington led the American troops. One of the main reasons America won their independence was because France came to help. If it weren’t for France, we probably would have lost. The Americans won at Yorktown in 1781. Cornwallis finally surrendered. The Treaty of Paris was signed, which showed that America was an independent country. 2. France played a huge role in America’s victory. It’s interesting though, because France didn’t come to help because they believed in the cause. France came to help because they wanted revenge on the British. France brought in their Navy and blockaded the British. They also provided money and arms. And French officers and soldiers were under Washington’s commands. This...
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...After viewing the PPT choose which aspect of the French Revolution you think was the most liberating, compare it to the quote by Mill on page 326 of the text and in four paragraphs (20 sentences minimum) answer the following two part question, 1). Would Mill embrace or reject the French Revolution, and 2) How would the French Revolution fit within the ideas of the Byronic Hero in the text? The French Revolution was a period of upheaval due to the political, social and economic problems that the French faced during the 18th century. The country was ruled by the French Monarchy and was divided into three estates; the First Estate-the Clergy, the Second Estate- the Nobility, and the Third Estate-the common people and all others. Prior to the revolution France had no legislature and their finances were managed by Kings. The country was under fiscal crisis under their rule, primarily due to the First and the Second State’s exemption from most taxation and the Monarchy’s extravagant and gluttonous lifestyle. The Third Estate revolted as they grew weary of being burdened with the heavy taxation used to support the lavish lifestyles of the Monarchy and the aristocrats. During the Liberal Revolution the Third Estate wanted to be liberated. Their rights were being abused by the French Monarchy and they rebelled to be liberated. They wanted to be free from the Their demands included: Equality of rights and civil liberties; equality before the law; no special privileges for the rich;...
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...On the morning of 14 July 1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm. The king had commanded troops to move into the city. Rumours spread that he would soon order the army to open fire upon the citizens. Yet the Bastille was hated by all, because it stood for the despotic power of the king. The days that followed saw more rioting both in Paris and the countryside. Most people were protesting against the high price of bread. ultimately led to the execution of the king in France, though most people at the time did not anticipate this outcome. To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes. Yet even this measure would not have sufficed. French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates, and only members of the third estate paid taxes. high debt, high interest payment, high interest rate. already there were many taxes imposed. taxes paid only by the third estate. too much pressure on the third estate. combined with high bread prices, led to revolution. In addition to merchants and manufacturers, the third estate included professions such as lawyers or administrative officials. All of these were educated and believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth. Rather, a person’s social position must depend on his merit. philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. In The Spirit of the Laws...
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