Free Essay

Into a Black Hole

In: Science

Submitted By arnauddubois
Words 3328
Pages 14
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm

Into a black hole
Lectures by Stephen Hawking
31/03/2015
DUBOIS Arnaud |

-------------------------------------------------
Contents
1. Introduction 3 2. Main Part 3 2.1. Stephen Hawking 3 2.2. The evolution of a star 4 2.2.1. Small star 4 2.2.2. Large star 5 2.3. The black hole 6 2.3.1. Wormholes 6 2.3.2. Back to reality 7 2.3.3. Supermassive black holes 7 2.4. Critics 8 3. Conclusion 9 4. Personal Opinion 10 4. Annexes 11 5. Bibliography 13

1. Introduction
The question whether black holes exist or not has been at the centre of Stephen Hawking's works. During my last year in high school, I already wrote a thesis about it. But since 2009 (my last year in high school) a lot has been changed about the subject. Stephen Hawking even said in 2014: "Notion of an 'event horizon', from which nothing can escape, is incompatible with quantum theory."
First of all, I'll shortly speak about Stephen Hawking himself. Then the real text about all his work can be started. I'll first introduce the birth of a star followed by its evolution till its death. Then the concept of "black hole" will be initiated. I'll write a chapter about the critics who were made about his work and eventually I'll resume everything in a short last paragraph. 2. Main part 2.1. Stephen Hawking
Stephen Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England. Since the beginning of his existence he showed a lot of interest in physics. We all know him as an very intelligent person wandering around in an electric wheelchair while he speaks in robotic accents. In fact, he was diagnosed with a progressive disease during his 21st birthday: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The nerves in his muscles were shutting down. The doctors examining him gave him about 2 to 3 years to live. Eventually, his disease paralysed him over the decades, but he lived on. The doctors were wrong. At this point, he isn't even able to speak for himself. It is some kind of computer monitored system which does it for him.
Later, he married a woman named Jane Wilde. He met her in 1963 and married her two years later. That was one thing he wanted to do before he would die (according to the doctors). But time goes by and Stephen Hawking was still alive. From the moment he was diagnosed with ALS, he completely focussed on his research.
Since his young age, Stephen Hawking was awarded with lots of honours for his work at the Cambridge University, among-other. His novel "A brief history of time" (Stephen Hawking, 1988) became a bestseller for more than 4 years. It sold over 10 million copies in 20 years. 2.2. The evolution of a star
Stellar evolution is the process by which a star changes during its lifetime. Depending on their mass, the lifetime of a star is variable (longer for the least massive stars). Stars are born from collapsing gas and dust (called nebulae), becoming protostars. These now-called "protostars" develop till they become normal stars, also known as "main-sequence stars".
First of all, we have to distinguish two kind of developing stars: the small and the large ones. A common large star is about ten times larger than our sun, for comparison. The big difference between both kind of stars is their ending. Our sun, for example is a small star. Given the fact that smaller stars consume less energy than larger stars, we can say that smaller stars have a longer lifetime. Indeed, a larger star needs to produce more light and heat (energy) and will burn out its fuel more rapidly. About our sun, we don't have to worry, it's at about half its stable existence and still has more than 4 million years to pursue in this state.
The evolution of a small or large star will be explained in a very simple and concise way. The real and complete explanation is very complicated. Indeed, lot of scientists have written entire books about it, but none of them is entirely complete. Therefore, the explanation of the creation of a black hole will also be very brief.
2.2.1. Small star
Our sun is an example of a small star. Like said before, it all starts with the collapse of gas (hydrogen) and dust particles, called nebulae. During this process, a whole lot of chemical reaction occur (very complicated ones, really). Finally, the main-sequence star is formed. Its lifespan varies from a million to thousands of trillions of years. In the case of small stars, their lifespan is often longer than the larger ones, because they need to consume less energy.
Once the star is out of energy (out of hydrogen fuel), a red giant is formed. Their diameter becomes larger, the brightness is higher than before, but their temperature is lower than before. These giants have diameters between 10 and 100 times that of the sun. This state is achieved during the last millennia of the lifetime of the star.

Finally, once the last bits of fuel are consumed, a planetary nebula is created. Planetary Nebula are the outer layers of a star that are lost when the star changes from a red giant to a white dwarf. A white dwarf is the last stage of a stellar evolution. They have the same mass as before (during its main-sequence stage), are 100 times smaller and cooler, but brighter.
These white dwarfs are the shrunken remains of normal stars, whose energy have been used up. Their density is very high. At that stage, white dwarfs just "are". They cool and fade over billions of years, till they become black dwarfs; insignificant, not brightening, but extremely hot stars.
2.2.2. Large star
Concerning the larger stars, the creation of it is similar than that of a small one. It is also created from the nebulae. The difference between both stars lays in its lifetime. A larger star needs to consume more hydrogen fuel to assume the brightness and heat of its large surface. Knowing that the quantity of fuel doesn't differ that much between large and small stars, we assume that the larger ones run out of energy more quickly. The biggest star known to mankind has a lifespan of about a million years, which is far less than normal stars (like our sun) which have a lifespan of about 10 million years (in stable form).
Once its fuel is consumed, the star turns into a super giant. These super giants have the same characteristics as the red giants, but they are far more impressive. These stars are 1000 times bigger than the sun and have luminosities often a million times greater than the sun.
Finally, once the entire fuel is consumed, a supernova occurs. This is the explosive death of a star (often showed in movies). These explosions gain the brightness of a hundred suns for a short period before it becomes a neutron star or a black hole (more of it later).
There are two types of supernovas. The type I happens when gas of a star approaches a white dwarf, causing the dwarf to explode. The second type takes place in massive stars. They then suffer from internal nuclear reactions causing it to explode. It is these kind of supernovas who create black holes or neutron stars.
Neutron stars are believed to be mainly composed of neutrons. The largest stars form black holes. Stars with a bit less mass create neutron stars. Neutron stars are extremely dense. They have a mass of three times the sun but only a diameter of about 20 kilometres.
2.3. The black hole
The main idea of a black hole is that nothing can escape from it. How is this kind of sorcery possible? The gravity exercised by the hole is so great that even light can't escape. It sucks literally everything up that comes too close to it.
A black hole is mainly composed of two known items: The event horizon and the singularity. The explanation of an event horizon is situated in the footnote on page 3. The singularity is defined as the centre of the black hole. It is the most dense part of the hole. Nothing much is known about it, because there isn't any known way to actually see it.
The question now arises: What happens when I, for example, would enter a black hole? Different theories about this have come to the front, but I will mainly speak about Stephen Hawking's theory (which is completed by Einstein's theory of quantum physics).
2.3.1. Wormholes
This hypothetical feature has been defined as a shortcut through space and time. It is like a tunnel binding two ends in different spaces and times. You would enter the wormhole from one side in 2015 near the sun, but you would come out in 2046 near the star "Sagitarrius" or even in another universe. This could open the doors to time-travel. So, in theory this all sounds nice and well, but it is a lot more complicated than that in real life. Nowadays, Stephen Hawking argues that such use for time-travel is no more possible.
First of all, wormholes are believed to be microscopic, no man could possibly enter a wormhole whose diameter is about 10-33 centimetres. Another problem comes from stability. A wormhole would collapse too quickly to really get an advantage out of it. And of course, the third and most problematic issue is that it is situated at the centre of a black hole.
As said before, the gravity is so great nothing can escape it. Knowing this, you must imagine your body once you get closer to the singularity. Your body would be completely crushed to pieces leaving nothing behind but microscopic atoms of yours, floating around till it reaches the centre of the hole.
Even though, a lot of science-fiction movies have considered including wormholes to their script to be a key to success, we can't suppose it's possible in the reality.
2.3.2. Back to reality
Putting aside everything that sounded possible in movies, we have to go back to reality. What exactly does a black hole? If a black hole passes through a cloud of interstellar matter, for example, it will draw the matter inward in a process called the "accretion disc". Material, such as gas, dust and other stellar debris that has come close to a black hole but not quite fallen into it, forms a flattened band of spinning matter around the event horizon called the "accretion disc". Although no-one has ever actually seen a black hole or even its event horizon, this accretion disc can be seen. Indeed, the particles spinning around the black hole at a huge speed is noticeable. The fact that their speed is so high makes them produce heat and when you produce heat, you also produce light. This light is what astronomers see when they think they've spotted a black hole. A similar process can occur if a normal star passes close to a black hole. In this case, the black hole tears the star apart as it pulls it toward itself. As the attracted matter accelerates and heats up, it emits x-rays that radiate into space. These are the radiations that the scientists observe when then think they've spotted a black hole.
2.3.3. Supermassive black holes
If you put aside the song made by Muse in 2006, a supermassive black hole (SMBH) is the largest type of black hole. It is found at the centre of almost all massive galaxies. In our galaxy, the milky way, our SMBH is believed to correspond with the location of Sagittarius A. The origin of such hole remains, badly enough, open fielded. Nothing much is known about SMBH, but the facts that their density at the surface can be less than that of water and that their diameter is about two-and-a-half million times that of our sun. 2.4. Critics
A lot of critics have been written about the work of Stephen Hawking about black holes. Since his new study where he argues that "event horizons" don't exist, many scientists remain unconvinced of his new work. They refer to his paper as "short and does not have a lot a detail, so it is not clear what his precise picture is, or what the justification is".
In addition to this recent critics, Stephen Hawking has to endure other critics each day from other brilliant scientist. If you feel like watching the enormous debate between Stephen Hawking and John Oliver, I gladly refer to this amazing youtube video where Hawking completely mocks Oliver: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8y5EXFMD4s
2
4
3
1

3. Conclusion
To conclude this paper about my personal favourite scientist, I'll resume every main idea that has been brought up. First of all, we took a closer look to Stephen Hawking's life. If you don't like to feel reading his complete biography, I invite you to watch the film "the theory of everything". It's a beautiful film about the personal life of Stephen Hawking, seen through the eyes of his first wife. I saw it and it's worth your time.
Then, we entered the centre of this subject, in particular stellar evolution. We examined, in a brief way, how a star was created. Once a star shines, we saw how its total mass could influence the way it would die. If the star was small, it would end up as a white dwarf, before turning into a black dwarf. If the star was large, it would end its life in a massive explosion, called a supernova. If the star was large enough, it would implode to a black hole. If a large star hadn't enough mass, it would end up as a neutron star.
Once we introduced the concept of black holes, we took a closer look at the matter. We got informed about the structure of a black hole, what it really does, what would happen if I got stuck in it. We entered the concept of "wormhole" which is like a tunnel joining two universes in different times and spaces. But we also got informed that all this was just very theoretical and only the science-fiction movies really got out of the game.
We were taken back to reality by re-examining everything that could be seen about a black hole. The accretion disc was one of the subjects that caught our attention. If you remember, an accretion disc was the lightning matter around a black hole, making it "visible" to the blind eye. Why "visible"? Because everything from the event horizon to the centre of the black hole (the singularity) can't be seen. So the only thing that really can be viewed is what is around, in particular, the accretion disc.
Finally, I introduced you to the concept of supermassive black holes. These are black holes situated at the centre of massive galaxies. This concept remains very theoretical, because nothing much is known about it.
At the end, we viewed some critics our dear doctor Stephen Hawking endured during his lifetime. I personally advised you to take a quick look to his debate with John Oliver. It is quite funny to see a presenter be mocked by the most intelligent man alive. 4. Personal Opinion
During the writing of my essay in sixth grade, I made a tremendous amount of research. I even read the book "A brief history of time: from the big bang to black holes" from Stephen Hawking. During my research, I got very familiar with the concept of black holes, even though the subject is more than complicated. My teachers had a difficult time understanding my oral presentation, but eventually the main idea got understood.
The reason why I choose to select this subject for this essay is simple: I already had good understanding of the concept and I already had a lot of background information. The difficulty resided in the language. Indeed, my sixth grade essay was written in Dutch and it counted about forty pages. Rewriting a five-to-eight pages essay in English wasn't that easy, especially for such a difficult subject.
Another reason why I choose to write about this, is that the subject is fascinating. Exploring concepts that are connected to uncertainty and infinity is, indeed, gripping. The concept of black holes is terrifying. It is something that sucks up everything there is, something that you can't escape from, something that intrigues most scientists. That is a topic I wanted to explore more than ever.
I've always been attracted to the mysterious things in life. I like the things that don't really have answers to the questions surrounding it. We don't know what's in a black hole and we don't know where it could take us if someone would enter it. It could maybe be a door to time-travel, but today's technology is insufficient to think about truly doing it.
I really like science-fiction movies and in many of them, they approach the matter. It intrigued me. I wanted to know more about it, if it really could be possible in the future. That's also why I choose to introduce my teacher about the subject.
But, the most important reason why I choose to make a new English essay about this subject is because of Stephen Hawking's last lecture. When he said that black holes don't exist, I couldn't believe it. Stephen Hawking argued their existence since always and all of a sudden he doesn't agree with his own ideas anymore? I wanted to know why. I wanted to know for myself what made him change his mind. This is the main reason of my research.

5. Annexes
Annexe 1: Event Horizon

Annexe 2: Stellar Evolution

Annexe 3: Wormholes

Annexe 4: The accretion disc

6. Bibliography
2.1. Stephen Hawking http://www.biography.com/people/stephen-hawking-9331710 http://www.hawking.org.uk/about-stephen.html
Movie: "The theory of everything" by James Marsh. Premier on the 7th of November 2014.
2.2. The evolution of a star http://www.telescope.org/pparc/res8.html http://cosmos.phy.tufts.edu/~zirbel/ast21/handouts/StellarEvolution.PDF http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution http://www.astronomytoday.com/cosmology/evol.html
2.3. The black hole http://www.hawking.org.uk/into-a-black-hole.html http://www.space.com/20881-wormholes.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1OBL5J_n98 http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes/ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=265 http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_blackholes_event.html http://www.space.com/18539-milky-way-s-supermassive-black-hole-seen-eating-something-video.html http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/active/smblack.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole 2.4. Critics http://www.space.com/24454-stephen-hawking-black-hole-theory.html http://www.aias.us/documents/uft/paper120.pdf http://universe-review.ca/R15-17-relativity07.htm --------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. The edge of the black hole where the gravity becomes strong enough to hold light. See Annexe 1.
[ 2 ]. http://www.nature.com/news/stephen-hawking-there-are-no-black-holes-1.14583
[ 3 ]. See Annexe 2
[ 4 ]. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec14.html
[ 5 ]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oajSXi4NTB8: "la supernova qui a explosé deux fois"
[ 6 ]. Little reminder: Light is the fastest "thing" that exists in the universe, about 300 million meters per second.
[ 7 ]. See Annexe 3.
[ 8 ]. See Annexe 4.
[ 9 ]. But apparent horizons do. Read more about it on http://www.space.com/24454-stephen-hawking-black-hole-theory.html
[ 10 ]. http://loldamn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/funny-Stephen-Hawking-and-John-Oliver-interview.jpg

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Black Holes

...According to the article Black holes first, galaxies second it has been found out that each galaxy has a black hole in the center (16). By observing motions of gas it had been suggested that early galaxies were 30 times as huge as central black holes. Therefore, it has been suggested that galaxies are formed around black holes (16). Doppler shifts show the black hole mass. Astronomers believe that both the hole and the galaxies can stop growing (16). As stated in Spinning Hearts of Darkness “Astronomers are measuring the rotation rates of black holes to determine their rotation and history” (Brenneman, 20). A black holes’ gravity is so strong that light can’t pass through it (20). As stated in the article Black holes are neither let in light or let it come out (Brenneman, 21). Black holes can be up to billions solar masses. Measuring a black holes spin is important because it can tell us about its history (22). Black holes that occur because of mergers with other black holes will grow slower than those that occur by accretion. As stated in Brenneman “Black holes occur at random angles which alter the spin direction and speed of resulting black hole”(22). Einstein’s general theory of relativity the black hole spins in the same direction as its rotation disk. The disks’s "Black Holes First, Galaxies Second." Sky & Telescope 117.5 (2009): 16. MasterFILE Elite. EBSCO. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. BRENNEMAN, LAURA. "Spinning Hearts of Darkness. (cover story)." Sky & Telescope...

Words: 265 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Black Holes

...30 September 2015  Black Abyss   Black holes make up some of the most mysterious objects in space. Black holes go  around our way of thinking by generating mind­bending illusions and defying physics. They  possess different laws that to any ordinary human being would seem impossible. Since their  discovery, scientists conduct experiment after experiment trying to unlock their greatest secrets.  Bundles of information has been discovered about these dark, massive holes in space, but even  the greatest minds in the world can not debunk them.   The idea of black holes appeared in the eighteenth century by John Michell and  Pierre­Simon Laplace, but the term black holes did not come until 1969 by an American  physicist John Wheeler. John Michell and Pierre­Simon believed that if an object in space fit the  size and density criteria, it would then have a gravity so strong that nothing could escape its pull  (​ “How Do We Know That Black Holes Exist?”)​ . For example, if you live on Earth, you would  need to travel at least seven miles per second to escape its gravity, but if you dwell on the sun  you would need to travel 380 miles per second to escape its gravity. Black holes get​  ​ so large and  dense that an object would need to travel faster than the speed of light to escape it ("Black  Hole," ​ UXL Encyclopedia of Science​ ). As of today nothing can travel faster than the speed of  light, so if you get too close to a black hole, goodbye.  Sigmund 2  Black holes...

Words: 1454 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Black Holes

...Electromagnetic Fields, Telescopes and Black Holes Astronomy is defined as the scientific study of the universe and the objects in it, including stars, planets, nebulae, and galaxies. Astronomy deals with the position, size, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial objects. Astronomers analyze not only visible light but also radio waves, x-rays, and other ranges of radiation that come from sources outside the Earth's atmosphere (American Heritage Dictionary, 2002). This particular assignment required we visit an institution that specializes in the education of astronomy so that we, as students, could delve deeper into the world of astronomy through hands on experience. I elected to visit the Denver Museum of Nature and Science on the 4th of July 2012. I also viewed the film Black Holes the Edge of Infinity in addition to the hands on exercise. I feel a new appreciation for astronomy through the interactive learning experience because it put how very far we’ve come to understanding our universe into perspective. The first exhibit I visited had to do with the four nonvisible wave lengths of light and telescopes. I integrated the two exhibits so that I can elaborate on them in a way that culminates the experience. For every nonvisible wave measured there is a corresponding telescope. These are radio waves, infrared, ultraviolet, and gamma ray. Because radio waves are larger than optical waves, radio telescopes work differently than optical telescopes. Radio telescopes...

Words: 833 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Black Holes

...Black Holes – Bending Time and Space Authors Note Explaining this phenomenon would literally take hundreds of pages, so I will try to be brief but yet provide meaningful explanations. It must be noted that some details must be dealt with in an abstract manner to avoid intricate mathematical explanations. Theory Definition Black holes are considered by many to be the most bizarre objects to ever exist in this universe. It is a theorized phenomenon in which an object or a region of space possesses an overwhelmingly large gravitational force to the point where even light gets pulled inside the hole. Generally speaking, for a region of space to possess a large gravitational field, it must be very dense in terms of mass concentration. Just like the name suggests, a black hole, in reality, is indeed black colored. This is due to the fact that neither matter nor light can escape from it, rendering the surface area of the hole being black. Black holes generally form when massive stars collapse at the end of their life time. History Background 19th century: English geologist John Mitchell suggested it would be possible that a gravitational force, extraordinarily large, could in fact bend and pull light. This judgment led other scientists later to relate the Newtonian gravity as they knew it, with time, light, and massive objects. 20th century: It wasn’t until the genius of Albert Einstein came around with his general and special relativity theories that we have had a proper...

Words: 1149 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

The Black Hole

...CIN105Y: Introduction to Film Study Modercism Lecture Outline 1. the classical film nothing should be ambiguous. Topic: The Art Film formal attributes Date: 13 January 2015 2. classicism (make people easy to understand ) modernism (ironic, b½ ) „a artistic movement, thing belong to M is futurism, so it is an umbrella term; M was characterized by a stridently self-aware artistic practice and a corresponding break with two other artistic movements: realism and Romanticism (definition of M) realism: we can only trust what we can see and hear, things that actually exist. according to Gustave Courbet: the essence of realism is the negation of the ideal. Agenda: 1) The Relationship between Art Cinema and Modernism 2) Distinguishing Art Cinema from Avant-Garde Cinema 3) Defining the Art Film as a Mode of Film Practice The Relationship between Art Cinema and Modernism • Just as classical cinema shares attributes with a broader body of artistic works that are representative of classicism, art cinema can be understood as an example of modernism. • While art cinema is a film-specific term, modernism is a general term describing broad tendencies within art practice that encompasses many movements that prevailed in the first half of the romanticism: in the contrast of realism; intimacy spirituality, color, twentieth century. aspiration towards the infinite, expressed by every means available to the art • Historically, modernism constituted a break with two nineteenth century...

Words: 432 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Black Holes and Their Mysteries

...Black Holes and Their Mysteries Black holes are one of the most popular Hollywood science fiction topics also one of the most mysterious entities in space. Astronomers still have many questions regarding the darkest entity in space, black holes, but over time they began to analyze more and more clues and data, and are now able to explain what a black hole really is. Astronomers have come up with theories of the formations of black holes, the component of black holes as well as many other new discovered facts. What is a black hole? There are many theories to this question. Some people believe it is a tunnel for time traveling, others believe it is a portal for teleportation. At this moment there are no scientific proofs to support these believes. There are still countless unanswered questions, questions like what is on the other end of the black hole. Why they exist? Can astronomers fully understand them? These questions may never be answered but here is what astronomers believe. Scientifically speaking a black hole is an area of space that have abnormally large amount of gravity, so much gravity that not even light can escape. There is no certain explanation of the formation of black holes. However astronomers currently have very solid theories of how they are formed. One of which is the theory that is stated by Stephen Hawking claiming that “trillions of black holes were produced in the Big Bang, with some still existing today.” The main theory for larger black...

Words: 1064 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Black Holes Evidence

...So what exactly are black holes? Lets put it this way. A black hole is just another thing a star can turn into when it runs out of fuel, in this case it is simply a massive ex-star that has collapsed. Black holes are very interesting and the properties that define them are how they are in mass, size, and what makes them black, how they are created, how they are observed. The creation of black holes is very interesting in my opinion. Basically you have a star with “critical mass” that has collapsed under its own weight until it became a black hole. If the star is heavy enough, it can develop into a black hole. Due to its density the star makes a dent in space-time curvature that is infinitely long. Because of this, it is very possible that they play an important role in galaxy formation and evolution according to scientists. But why is a black hole black? The reason for this is because the escape velocity of a black hole, which is the speed needed to leave the earth, is greater than the speed of light therefore the photons cannot leave. The explanation is fairly easy, light does not have a high enough speed to leave a black hole so it cannot escape. Think about shining a flashlight on a black hole. This would be useless because when flashlight photons hit an object, we only see the because they bounce off the object . In this case though, the photons of the light will just fall into the black hole and never come back out. The same with stars because we cannot see light coming...

Words: 601 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Black Holes Research Paper

...Numerous studies have been conducted to learn about black holes. Black holes are known to have a large density and mass, with a strong gravitational pull. However, they can be big or small, with the smallest being just one atom. Even though no light can be released, space stations have developed special tools to help find black holes. The special tools help distinguish how stars react near a black hole and how they react away from a black hole. Scientists have also found a different way to detect black holes. Since black holes have strong gravitational pull, stars and gases around will funnel towards the black hole and start orbit around it. Black holes commonly appear when a star begins to die. There are two types of black holes: stellar and...

Words: 1389 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Black Hole Research Papers

...Black Holes There are many black holes in our universe. They are spaces, having an intense gravitational field where no matter or radiation can escape. The question is, how do black holes form? How big or small can black holes be? Can a black hole destroy our planet Earth? Lastly how are our scientists studying the black holes so we know nothing will go wrong? A black hole will not let anything inside it escape due to the powerful gravitational force. Scientists believe that the smallest black hole was formed when the universe first began. A different type of black hole is called a “stellar” black hole. It can be up to twenty times bigger than the Sun’s mass. There are a lot of stellar black holes in Earth’s Galaxy, the Milky Way. A stellar...

Words: 626 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

A Look at Black Holes and Their Counterparts

...A LOOK AT BLACK HOLES AND THEIR COUNTERPARTS For as long as the Earth has been around, humans have looked up in awe at the night sky and wondered about the intricate pieces that make up what is our universe. For most of Earth’s history, the universe only encompassed what was visible to the naked eye. In 1609, however, everything changed when telescopes were invented and the realm of the universe opened to unveil new and mysterious aspects never before seen. Interestingly enough, though technology has grown to gigantic proportions, there is still a lot we don’t know about the universe, and black holes, white holes, and wormholes are just a few of the aspects we still have much to learn about. At this point in time, astronomists have yet to actually see a black hole. So how do they know that black holes do in fact exist? And how can they deduce that related beings like white holes and wormholes do (or do not) exist? Through careful deduction and intensive examination, scientists like Einstein, Stephen Hawking, and many others have been able to give insight into the deep, enigmatic universe and exactly what these mysterious beings are all about. Einstein's general theory of relativity describes gravity as a curvature of space time caused by the presence of matter. If the curvature is fairly weak, Newton's laws of gravity can explain most of what is observed, for example, the regular motions of the planets. Very massive or dense objects generate much stronger gravity. The most...

Words: 3151 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Black Holes Research Paper

...mysterious objects in the universe, Black holes are one of the main interest of research for astronomers and astrophysics. These things consume everything that comes in contact, or near them. Now scientist have come up with some information on how they work, how they are formed, and what they do even how big they can get. How are black holes formed and what causes them to form? A black hole forms when any object reaches a certain critical density, and its gravity causes it to collapse to an almost microscopic small point. Stellar-mass black holes form when a massive star can no longer produce energy in its core but may still produce some light but not as much as a sun. With the radiation from its nuclear reactions to keep the star "puffed up," gravity causes the core to collapse and become that point. The star's outer layers may...

Words: 1132 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Black Hole Research Paper

...Black holes are one of the most mysterious discoveries that many scientists like Albert Einstein solved after many years of work. Black holes can suck anything that gets close to the center of a black hole, known as the event horizon. These monstrous things can slow down time and can do many other things like sucking in anything that can travel in the speed of light. Either way we know what black holes can cause the one question that every person may ask is, “how do black holes form in space?” So from all the scientists that have been working on this question, the one answer they have is that black holes form when a massive star collapses upon itself which can cause a supernova that can blast the star in various pieces into space. WHAT IS A...

Words: 935 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Black Holes: A Fictional Narrative

...It was a boring morning at Perrysburg Junior High when Everyone walked into Mr. Ferguson's room. Just like every day, Chad and Aiden would eat pop tarts and make fun of Chase. This happened almost everyday and Chase was getting sick of it. Chase Nitschke was anorexic and hated to eat. He looked like a twig but that didn't stop him from starving himself. He had always wanted a pop tart before he was anorexic. Everyday he would get a mouthful from the two lovebirds, Aiden and Chad. But on this particular day, he was gonna get that poptart. It was a normal day until Chad stepped on Connor’s Jordans. And if there is one thing you don’t do it’s step on someone's Jordans. So without thinking Connor slapped Chad. He made him clean his Jordan’s as clean as he could get them. Connor was so mad that he plotted to kill chad and his lover. His plan, was to poison them. Chad golden stash of poptart were in his locker. So the next morning, Connor stood by his locker trying not to get attention just waiting for the right moment. After Chad took five minutes to get one binder out he shut his locker. But right before it closed Connor swooped in to keep it from shutting. What Connor saw was horrific. Pictures of Aidan in bikinis. Before Connor grabbed the poptarts he threw up. What poor Chase didn't know was that Connor was going to poison the poptarts. And coinsidently on that same day, Chase decided to eat Chad's poptarts. He would wait after school and eat them all even if he got diabetes...

Words: 431 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Black Hole Research Paper

...Expository Writing 01:355:101:SE (Fall 2015) Instructor: Stephen D. Seely sdseely@scarletmail.rutgers.edu (Please include “Expos” in your subject line) Class Meetings: Tuesdays & Thursdays, 5:35-6:55 p.m. Hickman Hall (HCK) 118 Office Hours: Thursdays, 12:00-2:00 p.m. (Or by appointment) Douglass Student Center “Thinking is what we already know we have not yet begun” –Jacques Derrida About this course Course Description In this course you will read and write about a variety of texts concerning a range of fascinating, relevant, contemporary issues. Course goals include helping you to read deeply, think critically, and write interpretively and effectively, creating your own independent argument that synthesizes multiple sources. The certified learning goals for 355:101 are: 1. To communicate complex ideas effectively, in standard written English, to a general audience. 2. To evaluate and critically assess sources and use the conventions of attribution and citation correctly. 3. To analyze and synthesize information and ideas from multiple sources to generate new insights. Required Texts Please bring both books with you to every class meeting. • Miller and Spellmeyer, The New Humanities Reader, 5th Edition • Kirszner and Mandell, The Pocket Wadsworth Handbook, 6th Edition • Selected student papers to demonstrate and correct errors, or as models of strong writing Assignments and Grading ...

Words: 1021 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Black Holes: the Epic Mystery of Space

...Professor Bodus Astronomy Matthew Ryan Scott December 6th, 2015 Black Holes: The Epic Mystery of Space Black Holes: The Epic Mystery of Space The one aspect of space that provides a sort of horror element to the universe, to me, has always been the Black Hole. There is a very deep mystery surrounding Black Holes, and that uncertainty is very scary. Last year, my wife and I sat down on a Friday night, with pizza, and began watching the amazing movie, Interstellar. The one aspect of that film that still resonates with me is the mystery of the nature of the inner workings of a Black Hole. On that note, today, I would like to dive deeper into the research of Astronomers to have a better understanding of these wonders of space. The reality of a Black Hole is that it is not actually empty space at all, but rather a large amount of matter squeezed into an extremely tiny space. If we look at the many theories surrounding the existence of Black Holes, then it is presumable that a Black Hole is the most powerful force in all of our known universe, and beyond. It is widely known around the world, that the majority of people are familiar with the term “Black Hole”, but the reality is that the majority of people know next to nothing about them. Black Holes are formed when a star basically runs out of the fuel to keep burning. A star will begin to collapse under the sheer force of its own gravity after it has ceased to continue burning off gases (Frost, www.quora.com). A good example...

Words: 1413 - Pages: 6