...joints) or erosive (David & Lloyd, 1998). Osteoarthritis may also be divided into primary idiopathic or secondary. In primary OA there are no preceding injuries or trauma which could have caused it. The main cause is repetitive stress on the joint and cumulative changes to the joint surfaces. It is typically found in women over the age of forty five which repeatedly stress the same joints such as the knees and hips. Secondary OA, on the other hand, is caused by a previous condition, injury or disease. Injury to the joint, gout, rheumatoid arthritis and even obesity may eventually lead to the development of secondary OA (Koopman, 2000) Osteoarthritis Affecting the Knee Joint The knee is the most susceptible joint for development of osteoarthritis. As previously mentioned in the section discussing knee anatomy, the knee is formed by three combined compartments: the lateral tibiofemoral compartment, the medial tibiofemoral compartment and the patellofemoral compartment. As osteoarthritis very rarely affects the joint uniformly, degeneration may be occurring in any one of the different...
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...Knee Sprain, Pediatric A knee sprain is a stretch or tear in a knee ligament. Knee ligaments are bands of tissue that connect bones in the knee together. CAUSES This condition is often results from: A fall. A sports-related injury to the knee. SYMPTOMS Symptoms of this condition include: Trouble bending the leg. Swelling in the knee. Bruising around the knee. Tenderness or pain in the knee. DIAGNOSIS This condition may be diagnosed based on: A physical exam. What happened just before your child started to haves symptoms. Tests, such as: An X-ray. This may be done to make sure no bones are broken. An MRI. This may be done if your child's health care provider suspects that the ligament...
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...The knee is the largest joint in the human body, it is also one of the most stressed and complex. This makes it easy for injuries to happen. An estimated 6,664,324 knee injuries were presented to ER’s from 1999 through 2008, equaling 2.29 knee injuries per 1,000 individuals. The biggest age group with knee injuries during that time was 15-25 year olds. Knee injuries are so common because of how complex the knee is. The knee is formed by three bones, the patella the tibia and the femur. In the knee there are two cartilage disks called menisci. These menisci give padding to the knee and allow it to glide smoothly. The knee is stabilized by tendons muscles and four important ligaments. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (PCL), and the lateral collateral ligament (MCL)....
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...Zimmer: The Gender-Specific Knee 1. What are the threats to this business? Competition stealing share, inventing a new, revolutionary product. Threat is also that consumers are living longer, healthier lives and may try alternative therapies like eastern medicine (acupuncture & yoga). Also, insurance issues may cause threat by not allowing coverage in future. Threat is also a completely new treatment in the future, like a drug that may generate cartilage. Doctors do not want to switch products so hard sell. Knee may not work well so doctors never come back to Zimmer. 2. Should Zimmer invest in the gender-specific knee? No. Customers did not define this need and will not realize the need for it b/c there is no marketing direct to consumers. Women were only 60% (+10%) more than men, so not worth the investment and inventory storage costs. Would also be expensive to market and push with sales teams (who like status quo). Surgeons are obviously very comfortable with tradition and longevity of product relationships, so it will be difficult to get them to switch, esp. for reasons like ‘shape’. If Zimmer is serious about this, they will need to invest a great deal of money on direct to consumer marketing to make women “feel” like they need a female knee and build brand recognition so that patients can request a Zimmer female knee. Focusing on the older demographic, memory recollection may be tough. 3. What is the likely impact on prices? These specialized...
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...You will never find superman or batman heading out on a mission without their costume or James Bond without his gun. So, why would you think of playing a contact sport without right protection? High speed and frequent collision during roller derby makes it very important that you have right set of roller gears. Let us have a look at some must-have roller gears: Knee Pads Properties to look for in a knee cap: ‚¬ Replaceable knee caps. If your knee pad is cracked during an impact, all you need to replace is the knee cap instead of purchasing a new set. Nowadays, most of the top brands manufacture knee pads with replaceable caps and their spare parts are easily available online. ‚¬ Butterfly closure. The open design of a butterfly closure knee...
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...Managing Mobility After a Total Knee Replacement November 15, 2011 INTRODUCTION In Kindred Rehabilitation, the patient had a total knee replacement due to osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis causes degenerative changes, within the joints causing bone stiffening and reactive inflammation. My patient was admitted on 10/21/11 with osteoarthritis and a left total knee replacement. Her PT and INR were a concern because she had developed mild thrombocytopenia which resulted in the elevation and potential bleeding. The physician had to take her off of Lovenox and switch her to an oral anti-coagulant Xarelto at 10mg once daily. During her care I was educated by the interdisciplinary teams managing mobility, safety, and the more modern approaches with a total knee replacement. The purpose of this clinical summary paper is to discuss managing mobility after a total knee replacement. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In seeking out information on this topic, I used the Amarillo College Library Network and CINAHL database on campus and opened as many articles that I believed would aid in my research. The words I used for searching were: TKR, total knee care, and managing total knee replacement. The contributing factors gave me the articles that related to my patient that I had cared for in clinicals. These searches took me to the information that I was in need of for my paper. Turner’s (2011) primary focus was about care prior to surgery, during, post-operatively...
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...physical activities again? If you suffer from any of these problems Smith & Nephew’s Legion Verilast Knee System might be able to give you back your life. The Legion Verilast Knee System is Smith & Nephew’s flagship reconstructive knee system. The Legion Verilast Knee System is lab tested to last 30 years. This knee system has brought relieve to many suffering from serve arthritis. Arthritis occurs when the cartilage in the joints and causes bone on bone in the knee joint. This can cause serve pain and aching in the joints. The Legion Verilast Knee System can end the pain and offer you a fresh start on life. Still not convinced Legion Verilast Knee System can bring you back an active lifestyle. Then go to our website www.smithnephew.com/us/patients and read testimony from tennis legend Billie Jean King who has had a double knee replacement. If we can get this aging athlete back running on the tennis court, we are sure we can revitalize you life too. We are convinced that our product will be a valuable investment to regaining your lifestyle again. Now are you ready to make the next step in changing your lifestyle. Just do not sit there in pain, call your physician and find out if you would be a candidate for a Legion Verilast Knee System to relieve your pain. Take action now, get back to living the active lifestyle you use to live. Get a Legion Verilast Knee System and start running the marathon of...
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...MR imaging of the knee in marathon runners before and after competition A study was done to evaluate the findings in MRI-studies of the knee in recreational long-distance runners after competition and to assess the reversibility of the findings. The study consisted of eight long-distance runners and they underwent MRI studies before they ran and after. They participated in the Vienna City Marathon and MRI was taken place after 6-8 weeks. They were evaluated before in order to determine if there was a pre-existing condition. However, if a participant had any pre-existing condition they were still accepted to be a part of the research study. The participants were male and the age ranged from 27- 46 years old. They also had a long history of running at least 5 to 20 years. Before the competition started there were three runners that presented normal lateral menisci. There was eight grade I lesions; four grade II and three grade III lesions. “One participant who underwent resection of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus 15 years previously and presented with a graded IIIB lesion of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus in the other knee. After running there was no signal alteration that graded differently from the initial findings”. The MRI scans of those participants that were healthy before the race with no previous muscle injuries, after the marathon the MRI scans proved that no negative long-term-effects were experienced. In contrast, those that previously...
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...In the Book Wounded Knee 1973: Still Bleeding, Stew Magnuson writes about the 44th annual Dakota conference that happens in 2012. Stew Magnuson informs the reader of the situation that happened in the Dakota conference and the situation that happened at Wounded Knee. Wounded Knee 1973: Still Bleeding by Stew Magnuson talks about the situation that happened at the 44th annual Dakota conference in 2012. Problems occurred when members of AIM and former members of the FBI attended a conference about the situation that occurred in Wounded Knee in 1973. The American Indian Movement or AIM was an organization created to help Indians gain their civil rights and to be treated fairly. The FBI and American Indian Movement choose to attend a conference which would talk about the situation that occurred at the occupation of Wounded Knee in 1973. At the conference, a young man who had just graduated from College gave a speech about race and perception about what happened at the Wounded Knee occupation in 1973 and gave his thought about it. The FBI and AIM, both who played the two major roles in this...
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...Knee Injury - Meniscal Cartilage Tear The menisci are cartilage tissues which act like shock absorbers in the knee joint. A meniscus can be torn, commonly after a forceful twisting injury to the knee. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and locking of the knee. Some heal by themselves, but an operation to fix, trim or remove the torn meniscus may be advised. Meniscal cartilage injury The knee is commonly injured in sports, especially rugby, football and skiing. You may tear a meniscus by a forceful knee movement whilst you are weight bearing on the same leg. The classical injury is for a footballer to rotate (twist) the knee whilst the foot is still on the ground - for example, whilst dribbling round a defender. Another example is a tennis player who twists to hit a ball hard, but with the foot remaining in the same position. The meniscus may tear fully or partially. How serious the injury is depends on how much is torn and the exact site of the tear. Meniscal tears may also occur without a sudden severe injury. In some cases a tear develops due to repeated small injuries to the cartilage or to degeneration (wear and tear) of the meniscal cartilage in older people. In severe injuries, other parts of the knee may also be damaged in addition to a meniscal tear. For example, you may also sprain or tear a ligament. Meniscal cartilage does not heal very well once it is torn. This is mainly because it does not have a good blood supply. The outer edge of each meniscus has some blood...
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...possible presenting symptoms after a hard knock on the leg in the area behind the knee. The knee is the joint situated in the leg between the thigh bone (the femur) and the shin bone (the tibia). It is designed in such away to allow great flexibility of movement, yet it is still strong and stable enough to hold the body upright. (DR Maxine Long1999) According to (Tortora, Derrickson 2011). The knee joint is the joint most vulnerable to damage because it is a mobile weight bearing joint and its stability depends almost entirely on its associated ligaments and muscles. A hard knock in the leg to the area behind the knee would be painful. This area is called the popliteal fossa. The tibial nerve travels through the popliteal fossa under the soleus muscle and also between the deep superficial calf muscles which travels through the area of the popliteal fossa. (DR Alice Roberts 2010) The personal nerve travels past the knee and wraps around the neck of the fibula. It splits in to the deep and superficial peroneal nerves. The deep peroneal nerves supplies the extensor muscle of the shin, it then opens out to provide sensation to the skin at the back of the foot. The superficial peroneal nerve stays on the side of the leg and supplies the peroneal muscle. (Tortora, Derrickson 2011) Twists and sprains are common knee injuries caused by excessive force stretching the knee joint and ligaments. The knee swells swelling may occur immediately or hours after an injury. The initial swelling...
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...1. The article that was read talked about adolescent girl athletes having a higher risk in knee injuries than boys. It states that girls are eight times more likely to injure their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than boys. Throughout the study they looked at the reason why this injury affects mature girl athletes. The sports that have maneuvers like jumping and landing, or quick stops and turns are usually involved in the ACL injury cases. Other reasons for girls having a higher risk in ACL injuries are they tend to have larger quadriceps strength without increasing the strength of the hamstrings. This causes an imbalance on movements and increase stress on the ACL. The second reason is girl’s skeletal structure matures earlier during puberty. This makes girls have an upright position and placing stress on the ACL. More information was displayed in the article on the injury, but the conclusion shows girls have a higher risk of an ACL injury in sports due to physical growth and maturation. 2. The research article that we found talked a lot about the same issues as the journal article above. The knee joint is the second most frequently injured body part, falling behind the ankle. The research was done during 2005–2007 school years and 100 US high schools were randomly selected for a sample. Athletic trainers tracked all injuries using an online injury surveillance system. This research followed most injuries and came up with some conclusions and some insights on injuries...
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...Passive and Assistive Range of Motion Exercises Range of Motion Exercises Range of motion (ROM) exercises are done to preserve flexibility and mobility of the joints on which they are performed. These exercises reduce stiffness and will prevent or at least slow down the freezing of your joints as the disease progresses and you move less often. Range of motion is the term that is used to describe the amount of movement you have at each joint. Every joint in the body has a "normal" range of motion. Joints maintain their normal range of motion by being moved. It is therefore very important to move all your joints every day. Stiff joints can cause pain and can make it hard for you to do your normal daily activities. Each person with ALS needs a program of exercise tailored to his or her individual needs and abilities. With a prescription your doctor can either send you to an outpatient clinic to see a Physical Therapist or have one come to your home to help you design a personalized exercise program. The therapist will see you until you or your caregiver are independent with a home exercise program that you can follow through with daily. It is important to remember that as the disease progresses, the type of ROM exercises you will need will change. It is important to be proactive when this occurs and ask your doctor to write you another prescription to see a therapist so your home exercise program can be modified. There are different kinds of ROM exercises. There are stretching...
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...District High School Patellar Dislocation What is a Patellar Dislocation? The patella rests in a groove on the anterior aspect of the femur, called the patellofemoral groove (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 2011). Patellar dislocation occurs when the patella (kneecap) slides laterally out of the patella femoral groove where it normally rests (Ebraheim, 2011). Anatomy The patella bone protects the largest joint in the body, the knee (Temertzoglou & Challen, 2003). The knee is made through the union of 3 bones; the femur, tibia and the patella. (Physio Advisor, n.d.). The patella is situated at the anterior aspect of the knee and lies within the patellofemoral groove (Ebraheim, 2011) which, according to Physio Advisor (n.d.) is located on anterior of the femur. The patella is enveloped by the tendon of the quadriceps muscle, and then goes on to attach to the anterior surface of the tibia (Physio Advisor, n.d.). This relationship forms a joint designed to give the quadriceps muscle leverage when extending the knee (Sports Injury Clinic, n.d.). Each of the bones involved is lined with cartilage to allow cushioning between the bones. The patella also has connective tissue known as the patella retinaculum which attaches it on either side of the femur. This joint is known as the patellofemoral joint (Physio Advisor, n.d.). The patella normally lies in the patellofemoral grove and is only designed to move vertically within it, so dislocation occurs when the patella...
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...deafness, otitis media, toothache, temero mandibular, stiffness, arthritis, sore yes. F1 - facial paralysis, toothache, mouth ulcers, excessive saliva, facial oedema, clears the head and jaws TH4 - bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, wheezing, coughing, clears the lymphatic system TH7 & TH8 - improve circulation to the heart, heart valves problem, cardiac spasm. TH6 - hepatitis, jaundice, gallstones, cholecystitis, enlarged liver A3 - enlarged liver, hepatitis A6 - vaginal discharge, irregular menstruation, infertility, appendicitis (right side) UE3 - arthritis of the shoulder and upper extremities A5 - constipation, kidney stones, kidney pain, kidney dysfunction LE7 - knee pain, knee swelling, knee cap problems, clicking of knee joints, stiffness and calcification of knee joint, hip and thigh pain LE8 - same as LE7 and irregular menstruation, abnormal uterine bleeding LE11 and LE12 - irregular menstruation, abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhoea, nocturia, wet dreams LE13 - strengthens the spleen, improves liver function, benefits the kidneys, amenorrhoea, irregular menstruation, urine incontinence LE15 - arthritis in the lower extremities HI - migraine, psychosis, facial paralysis, blurred vision, eye pressure, trigeminal neuralgia F3 - sinusitis, rhinitis, vertigo, headaches, dizziness, nasal polyps, clears toxins from nose & eyes F2 F2 - tinnitus, deafness, otitis media, toothache, temero mandibular, stiffness, arthritis, sore yes. F4 - sinusitis, blocked...
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