...Chapter 1: Introduction Natural Language Processing Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the computerized approach to analyzing text that is based on both a set of theories and a set of technologies. And, being a very active area of research and development, there is not a single agreed-upon definition that would satisfy everyone, but there are some aspects, which would be part of any knowledgeable person’s definition. Several elements of this definition can be further detailed. Firstly the imprecise notion of ‘range of computational techniques’ is necessary because there are multiple methods or techniques from which to choose to accomplish a particular type of language analysis. ‘Naturally occurring texts’ can be of any language, mode, genre,...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, we provide a brief insight into Google Speech-to-text API which we have used in our project. Further we will be discussing about Natural Language Processing (NLP) and its applications. 1.1 Significance of the Google API Google's Cloud Speech API will allow developers to convert audio to text within their own apps. The offering from Google will bring its neural network smarts to apps large and small, and opens up a wide range of interesting new possibilities. The API includes a number of key functions. The automatic speech recognition is powered by learning, networks computers. Google claims it has unparalleled accuracy, and the learning computers become more accurate over time and more people...
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...eKNOW 2014 : The Sixth International Conference on Information, Process, and Knowledge Management Malay Semantic Text Processing Engine Benjamin Chu Min Xian MIMOS Berhad Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia mx.chu@mimos.my Liu Qiang MIMOS Berhad Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia qiang.liu@mimos.my Rohana Mahmud University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia rohanamahmud@um.edu.my Arun Anand Sadanandan MIMOS Berhad Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia arun.anand@mimos.my Kow Weng Onn MIMOS Berhad Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia kwonn@mimos.my Dickson Lukose MIMOS Berhad Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia dickson.lukose@mimos.my Abstract—Semantic Text Understanding is a process that transforms text into conceptual representation. In this paper, we propose a Text Understanding System for Malay Language. The system comprises of two components: Morphology Analyzer and Semantic Text Interpreter. Some initial evaluation experiments were conducted on these components to gain explanatory insights into its performance. All the current text processing systems we reviewed are focused on preliminary algorithms and rules associated to lexical, morphological and syntax analysis. In our paper, we developed an integrated approach for a text understanding system that has the ability to represent the semantics of the text. Keywords-Natural Language Understanding; Morphology Interpretation. Processing; Semantic Analysis; Semantic Text Text I. INTRODUCTION The development of fast algorithms to understand and exploit the...
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...of Medical Language Pierre Zweigenbauma, Pierre Jacquemarta, Natalia Grabara, Benoît Habertb a DIAM — Service d’Informatique Médicale/DSI, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris & Département de Biomathématiques, Université Paris 6 b LIMSI-CNRS & Université Paris 10 Abstract Medical language processing has focused until recently on a few types of textual documents. However, a much larger variety of document types are used in different settings. It has been showed that Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools can exhibit very different behavior on different types of texts. Without better informed knowledge about the differential performance of NLP tools on a variety of medical text types, it will be difficult to control the extension of their application to different medical documents. We endeavored to provide a basis for such informed assessment: the construction of a large corpus of medical text samples. We propose a framework for designing such a corpus: a set of descriptive dimensions and a standardized encoding of both meta-information (implementing these dimensions) and content. We present a proof of concept demonstration by encoding an initial corpus of text samples according to these principles. Keywords: Natural language processing, documents, French. text corpus, medical apply to another type [2]1. This has consequences for the design and development, or simply for the use, of natural language processing tools for medical information processing. Without better...
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...technologies that change how millions interact, making accessible and useful the world’s information, and our ambitions reach far beyond just Search. To handle information at the scale of the web requires ideas from every area of computer science, including information retrieval, artificial intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing, distributed computing, large-scale system design, networking, security, data compression and user interface design; the list goes on and is growing every day. As a software engineer, you work on a small team and can switch teams and projects as our fast-paced business grows and evolves. We need our engineers to be versatile and always eager to tackle new problems as we continue to push technology forward. Google’s software engineers develop the next-generation technologies that change how millions interact, making accessible and useful the world’s information, and our ambitions reach far beyond just Search. To handle information at the scale of the web requires ideas from every area of computer science, including information retrieval, artificial intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing, distributed computing, large-scale system design, networking, security, data compression and user interface design; the list goes on and is growing every day. As a software engineer, you work on a small team and can switch teams and projects as our fast-paced business grows and evolves. We need our engineers to be versatile and...
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...need of better ways to overcome the unique challenges they face in today's modern, high communication world. While Assistive Technology is making strides to close the learning gap between persons with and without learning disabilities there is still a long way to go before technology provides a level playing field for these challenged individuals. Many of the issues with existing assistive technology revolves around clumsy, inefficient interfaces that struggle to find a balance between ease of use and sufficient complexity to ensure that the proper sequence of instructions is implemented. Machine learning is on the cutting edge of programming practices and presents some significant improvement possibilities in the areas of natural language processing, pattern recognition, and interface design. Machine learning has the potential to play a significant role in allowing assistive technologies to be more adaptive to persons with diverse sets of needs. This paper will attempt to define some specific areas of assistive technology that could benefit most from the application of machine learning. We will frame the definitions by aligning specific learning disabilities with current and future assistive technologies and then examining how the implementation of machine learning could improve upon them. Introduction The need for assistive technologies is undeniable with as many as 8 to 10 percent of children that are under the age of 18 in the United States having one form of learning disability...
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...(2011) 2493-2537 Submitted 1/10; Revised 11/10; Published 8/11 Natural Language Processing (Almost) from Scratch Ronan Collobert∗ Jason Weston† L´ on Bottou‡ e Michael Karlen Koray Kavukcuoglu§ Pavel Kuksa¶ RONAN @ COLLOBERT. COM JWESTON @ GOOGLE . COM LEON @ BOTTOU . ORG MICHAEL . KARLEN @ GMAIL . COM KORAY @ CS . NYU . EDU PKUKSA @ CS . RUTGERS . EDU NEC Laboratories America 4 Independence Way Princeton, NJ 08540 Editor: Michael Collins Abstract We propose a unified neural network architecture and learning algorithm that can be applied to various natural language processing tasks including part-of-speech tagging, chunking, named entity recognition, and semantic role labeling. This versatility is achieved by trying to avoid task-specific engineering and therefore disregarding a lot of prior knowledge. Instead of exploiting man-made input features carefully optimized for each task, our system learns internal representations on the basis of vast amounts of mostly unlabeled training data. This work is then used as a basis for building a freely available tagging system with good performance and minimal computational requirements. Keywords: natural language processing, neural networks 1. Introduction Will a computer program ever be able to convert a piece of English text into a programmer friendly data structure that describes the meaning of the natural language text? Unfortunately, no consensus has emerged about the form or the existence...
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...IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering Business Intelligence from Voice of Customer L. Venkata Subramaniam, Tanveer A. Faruquie, Shajith Ikbal, Shantanu Godbole, Mukesh K. Mohania IBM India Research Lab, India {lvsubram,ftanveer,shajmoha,shantanugodbole,mkmukesh}@in.ibm.com Abstract— In this paper, we present a first of a kind system, called Business Intelligence from Voice of Customer (BIVoC), that can: 1) combine unstructured information and structured information in an information intensive enterprise and 2) derive richer business insights from the combined data. Unstructured information, in this paper, refers to Voice of Customer (VoC) obtained from interaction of customer with enterprise namely, conversation with call-center agents, email, and sms. Structured database reflect only those business variables that are static over (a longer window of) time such as, educational qualification, age group, and employment details. In contrast, a combination of unstructured and structured data provide access to business variables that reflect upto date dynamic requirements of the customers and more importantly indicate trends that are difficult to derive from a larger population of customers through any other means. For example, some of the variables reflected in unstructured data are problem/interest in a certain product, expression of dissatisfaction with the business provided, and some unexplored category of people showing certain interest/problem...
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...Dear ***, I'm writing to you in my capacity as Program Committee Co-Chair for the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, to be held in Hong Kong from October 1--8, 2000. As you may know, the ACL conference is the premier international conference of note in the field of computational linguistics and natural language processing; I am writing to ask whether you would be willing to present a talk at the conference as an invited speaker. Invited talks will be one hour long, including a 10 minute question-answer session. We have not yet established on which day your talk would be scheduled; should you accept this invitation, there is some flexibility we can use to accommodate your own scheduling preferences (although it would be on one of the main conference session days, Tuesday October 3 through Friday October 6). In appreciation of your agreement to provide an invited talk, ACL would provide the cost of an economy class airfare from your home institution to the conference, hotel accommodations during the conference, and free registration to the conference. I will be away for an extended period of time and will not be able to read my email on a regular basis during this time. So please cc Professor Martha Palmer, an area chair and member of the ACL-2000 program committee, in your response. She has kindly agreed to coordinate the invited speaker sessions during my absence. I do very much hope that you will be able to accept this invitation...
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...INTRODUCTION: My research topic area is about the concept of pragmatics and how this concept can be applied to any of the information retrieval systems for better results. Some of my research questions are as follows: * Is it possible to apply the concept of pragmatics to any of the search engine? * Is there any pragmatic search engine available at the moment? * What is the difference between the concept of pragmatic and semantic? * Is the concept of pragmatic better than that of the semantic for information retrieval? PROJECT BACKGROUND: Earlier most of the search engines were only focusing on keywords and mainly uses some kind of ranking algorithm. But now a day’s semantic search engines are more popular. They deal with the literal meaning of the words or sentences. Some of the semantic search engines are Hakia, Kosmix, Exalead, SenseBot, Cognition search, Lexxe, Swoogle, Factbites, Powerset, Cluuz, etc. Google is using semantic technology but is not yet a fully fledged semantic search engine. It does not use NLP. There are barriers that Google needs to overcome: * Is it capable of becoming fully semantic without modifying its index? * Can Google continue to keep the results simple and navigate for its varied user base? * Does Google intend to become a fully semantic search engine and to do so within a timescale will it damage their position and reputation? Pragmatic deals with overall communicative and social context and its effect. But not much...
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...Information Processing Theory Dietrick L. Smith Jr. AED/202 May 5, 2013 Sheila Brock Information Processing Theory The information processing theory approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the American experimental tradition in psychology. Developmental psychologists who adopt the information-processing perspective account for mental development in terms of maturation changes in basic components of a child’s mind. The theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli. Next, is the sensation component of this theory which is a process that allows the senses to pick up and almost record what they find such as what they are seeing in their vision, also what they hear as well whatever the senses come in contact with then goes to the brain to be stored. Following these is the working memory component this is what allows us to keep all the information we come across in our mind. Although the working memory only allows us to keep it there for a short period of time. Which then takes us to the short memory portion of the working memory. This perspective equates the mind to a computer, which is responsible for analyzing information from the environment. According to the standard information-processing model for mental development, the mind’s machinery includes attention mechanisms for bringing information in, working memory for actively manipulating information, and long-term memory...
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...The information processing theory is an approach to the cognitive development of a human being, which deals with the study and the analysis of the sequence of events that occur in a person’s mind while receiving some new piece of information. (Schraw, 2003-2009). The components of the information processing theory are sensory memory, long term memory, and short term memory. The sensory memory is that part of the mental processing unit that receives all information and then stores it temporarily or permanently. Sensory memory processes incoming sensory information for very brief periods of time, usually on the order of 1/2 to 3 seconds. (Schraw, 2003-2009).The amount of information held at any given moment in sensory memory is limited to five to seven discrete elements such as letters of the alphabet or pictures of human faces. (Schraw, 2003-2009). The sensory preceptors of a human being function in the same way as the hardware of a computer does, and the mindset and the rules and strategies adopted by the person while learning is equivalent to the software used by computers. The main purpose of sensory memory is to screen incoming stimuli and process only those stimuli that are most relevant at the present time. The information processing system of a person can be enhanced if these preceptors and rules are altered. (Schraw, 2003-2009). Short term memory is that part of the sensory register where the information is stored temporarily. Once the decision has been made regarding the...
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...Section 2 AFFECT AND COGNITION AND MARKETING STRATEGY Chapter 3. Introduction to Affect and Cognition Chapter 4. Consumers’ Product Knowledge and Involvement Chapter 5. Attention and Comprehension Chapter 6. Attitudes and Intentions Chapter 7. Consumer Decision Making Chapter 3 INTRODUCTION TO AFFECT AND COGNITION Authors' Overview of the Chapter This is the introductory chapter on consumers' affect and cognition, and it provides a foundation for the rest of this section. Students need to understand the basic concepts presented here in order to apply them throughout the course. We begin the chapter by briefly reviewing the four elements in our basic model, the Wheel of Consumer Analysis. Then we discuss in some detail two broad, internal aspects of consumers' responses--affect and cognition. We describe affect and cognition in terms of two psychological systems that sense, interpret, and respond to information in the environment. The affective and cognitive systems can be thought of as essentially independent, yet highly interrelated modes of psychological response. Affect. Affect concerns people's feelings and emotional reactions. We identify four types of affective responses--emotions, strong feelings, moods, and evaluations--that vary in intensity and level of arousal (see Exhibit 3.2, p. 42). We emphasize that the affective system is largely...
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...organization. Information systems generally are classified into five categories: office information systems, transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and expert systems. The following sections present each of these information systems. 1. Office Information Systems An office information system, or OIS (pronounced oh-eye-ess), is an information system that uses hardware, software and networks to enhance work flow and facilitate communications among employees. Win an office information system, also described as office automation; employees perform tasks electronically using computers and other electronic devices, instead of manually. With an office information system, for example, a registration department might post the class schedule on the Internet and e-mail students when the schedule is updated. In a manual system, the registration department would photocopy the schedule and mail it to each student’s house. An office information system supports a range of business office activities such as creating and distributing graphics and/or documents, sending messages, scheduling, and accounting. All levels of users from executive management to nonmanagement employees utilize and benefit from the features of an OIS. The software an office information system uses to support these activities include word processing, spreadsheets, databases, presentation graphics, e-mail, Web browsers, Web page authoring, personal information management...
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...The Role of Analysts and Designers The primary role of systems analysts and designers is, of course, to produce a computer system solution to a problem that meets the customer’s requirements. This task can easily be so absorbing in itself that there is seemingly no time left over for thinking about the non-technical issues surrounding the introduction of a new IT system, much less for setting up a people project to address them. So even if the people project is not driven by analysts, designers, or even IT managers, it needs their active support. Many of the tasks carried out by analysts in the early stages of an IT development project have outputs that the people project will need to draw on. For example, the process of creating data models and data flow diagrams may raise questions of data ownership, which need to be fed to the people project to resolve, perhaps through a redefinition of rolesand responsibilities or the introduction of a new procedure. Likewise, if systems analysts have done a detailed assessment of costs and benefits, this will give the people project some idea of the messages they can use to sell the new IT system to users and managers. Analysts can also draw on the people project for valuable help in areas such as human–computer interface design, discussed in Chapter 15. The look and feel of the HCI can be one of the most significant factors in determining a user’s response to a system. The people project can help create the conditions in which ...
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