...Memory, Theories on Language Student ID: 21923613 July 12, 2015 Essay Assignment Exam number: 250391 Language learning from what I’ve read starts when you are about a year old. Learning theory approach to language development suggest that “Language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning.” They give one example in our textbook on page 232 about a mother praising her baby for saying “mama” which means the baby is more likely to continue saying it. Once the baby gets older the learning theory approach to acquisition no longer applies, because it has an issue with grammar. A child that might say “Why he walks away?” could be understood by the listeners around so it makes the theory harder to explain. So we might as well jump to our next topic in language acquisition, which is an innate process by nativist Noam Chomsky. Chomsky believed that people shared something called universal grammar. He also suggested the language acquisition device, it’s a neural system of the brain to help the understanding of language. There is also clear evidence from scientist who have helped this innate process they have researched. They have discovered that there are specific places in the brain that contribute to learning languages, and there are certain areas in the mouth and throat that help with new speech. There is also some research on how some languages need a different tone in speech such as pitch to make a words mean different things such as Chinese. In...
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...Theories Of First Language Acquisition English Language Essay Imagine a blank template, a white sheet of paper, thats how human being starts off. From a crying baby in a cradle, to babbling, to simple single words, slowly progressing into two-words, then finally a complete sentence, ever wonder how one acquires the ability to produce the language? Linguists throughout the ages have tried to find out how does one ACQUIRE a language, is it a deep structure as claimed by Kimball? Or is it an innate ability, a build-in human capacity propagated by Chomsky? Various theories have arose since language studies came to fore, and the ability to acquire language has interested various parties since the dawn of man. From the dunes of Egypt, Psammeticus, the Pharaoh during the 7 th century BC, believed language was inborn and that children isolated from birth from any linguistic influence would develop the language they had been born with. Fast forward to the 15th century,King James of Scotland performed a similar experiment; the children were reported to have spoken good Hebrew. Akbar, a 16th century Mogul emperor of India, desired to learn whether language was innate or acquired through exposure to the speech of adults. He believed that language was learned by people listening to each other and therefore a child could not develop language alone. So he ordered a house built for two infants and stationed a mute nurse to care for them. The children did not acquire speech, which seemed to...
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...Theories of work organisation have gone through considerable changes in the last couple of decades. Describe what you believe to be the main changes and evaluate their importance in the changing world of business. (You may choose a particular industry or occupation to illustrate your argument). Introduction to the feminist movement: In an constantly evolving society, theories of work organisations have undergone drastic changes over the past few decades (Tosi 2009). Organisational theory developed from the work of Taylor and Weber (Reed & Ross-Smith 1994) along with the management theory of Mintzberg (Bartram 2005). The application of these concepts needed to change to reflect the desires and expectations of the current working demographic. The ‘highly visible’ (Stanley & Wise 2000) feminist or women’s movements, particularly in developed countries throughout the past century, have allowed women to enjoy substantially increased levels of equality and the ability to enter male-dominated occupations which their predecessors could not. Modern philosophers such as Foucault and de Saussure (Kelemen & Rumens 2008) have been considering one facet of ‘poststructuralism’ (Tosi 2009, p. 263), leading to a new stream of though on the implications of language interpretation. Modern poststructuralist feminists such as McNay and Weedon (as cited in Kelemen & Rumens 2008) have been debating ways in which to instigate and enhance a shift from a male-centric organisation compositions towards...
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...Various theories are put forward to describe second language acquisition (SLA). The following theories represent serious thinking over the past century about the way a person acquires or learns a second language. The first theory will be Behaviourism. In mid-century, Burrhus Frederic Skinner developed behaviourist theory which predicted that any human behaviour could be learned through a process of stimulus, response, and positive or negative reinforcement (S-R-R). This S-R-R process is to make the desired behaviour become a habit that can be performed spontaneously. According to behaviourists, this process also can be applied into language learning. A concrete example of behaviourism applied directly to higher-level training, as a result of Bandura’ (1977) work, is behaviour. The terms are used interchangeably. This uses techniques such as "goal setting" and "self-reinforcement" to help people acquire the characteristics of a competent role model. Next, the second theory will be Language Acquisition Device (LAD) which developed by Noam Chomsky. Chomsky found out that there is an innate ability in every people which enable them to acquire and use language and this ability is known as LAD. Chomsky was not as concerned with the actual language being spoken as with the unspoken but understood rules that made the utterances appropriate, correct to native speakers. He argued that the stages of development that are required for children to develop their cognitive abilities in other...
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...RUNNING HEAD: Language-Acquisition Theories Language-Acquisition Theories Kayla Whitacre ESL 433N 10/10/2013 Language-Acquisition Theories Language acquisition is crucial for all students- especially for students whose native language is not English. The English language contains words that have many different and unrelated definitions, and many phrases that, when taken literally, are confusing and frustrating. In order for those students to be able to flourish in their academic careers, they must be able to collectively achieve reading comprehension as well as an understanding of figurative language. "Bridging Two Worlds: Reading Comprehension, Figurative Language Instruction, and the English-Language Learner" is an article about bringing reading comprehension and figurative language instruction together in the minds of English Language Learners (ELLs). However, that is not all that this article is about. It is also about bridging the ELL’s understanding of their native language with the English language in order for the ELL student to succeed in their language acquisition both socially and academically. The best way for this to happen is for the teacher to teach explicit instruction to the ELL student. In explicit or direct instruction, the instruction is teacher centered and highly structured (Palmer & Brooks, 2004). The teacher must first model the thinking process that is required in order to comprehend the words and phrases and also the procedures involved...
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...Critical Theory concerns conflicting logics- a social concern versus a language one. In the pathways of developments in theory, there are two diverging points- one, the obsession with language, communication systems and, two the focus on social construction. On one hand, Critical Theory of society emerged to deal with those aspects of social reality which Marx and his followers downplayed and neglected. It takes a specialized sense, describing the work of the Frankfurt School. On the other hand, it is concerned with the dominance of language to explain all phenomena. The term ‘Critical Theory’ was coined in 1930s. The concept of language and culture being linked has been discussed for a long period. However, in the twentieth century, Critical theory marks a linguistic turn; a whole new approach to language, literature and interpretation. During this period one witnessed the rise of an astonishing number of theories that used language as a basis for thinking about every kind of human experience. There were ‘new’ ways of looking at psychology, sexuality, philosophy, politics, technology— and, of course, literature. The major theories that spawned in critical theory ranged from formalism, structuralism, semiotics, psychoanalysis, and deconstruction, to the responses and critiques posed by race and gender theory, cultural studies, post colonialism, and new media. At the very crux of literary theory is language. Books are made of language; the question 20th century critical theory posed...
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...Critically assess the views of Paul Tillich on religious language. (35 marks) In this essay I am going to critically assess the views of Paul Tillich’s views on religious language. I will first start by critically assessing Paul Tillich’s theory of religious language being presented as symbols and his rejections of signs. I will then conclude and provide a short summary before moving on to views for and against his ideas, before stating my own thoughts. Paul Tillich was a German- American theologian who believed that it is possible to speak meaningfully about metaphysical concepts and from this he came up with the theory that religious language, because it is symbolic in nature, has an overwhelming effect upon humans. Tillich argued that religious language is symbolic. This means that religious symbols communicate the most significant values and beliefs of human beings. Tillich initially had to start his theory by making a distinction between signs and symbols. Tillich suggested that signs do not participate in what they symbolise. By this he means that signs only point to a statement and have no additional effect. For example a sign may point the way to a town centre, but that’s all it does. It doesn’t fill you with peace, hope, excitement or any other emotion. Tillich believed that symbols on the other hand are powerful as they actually take part in the power and meaning of what they symbolise. This means that symbols have more effect on a person and give meaning of the...
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...of the event from the perspective of self or others. | Limited description and explanation of what happened.Limited response to event through observations and examples.Limited exploration of the event from the perspective of self and/or others. | Poor/no description and explanation of what happened.Poor/no response to event through observations and examples.Poor/no exploration of the event from the perspective of self and/or others. | Reasoning andreconstructing | Insightful identification and exploration of significant factors underlying event. Insightful explanation of how and why future practice or understanding has been reconstructed.Insightful hypothesis of different courses of action and outcomes explored.Insightful connections to theory. | Highly relevant identification and exploration of significant factors underlying event. Highly relevant explanation of how and why future practice or understanding has been reconstructed.Highly relevant hypothesis of different...
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...these practices and compile a series of recommendations that would enhance either Strategic Management or Management Knowledge and Learning practice in your chosen organisation. * Academic and professional communication skills: You must follow an essay structure that is at a minimum an introduction; a main body that outlines the argument, analyses the material you have researched and assesses this according to the guidelines above; and a conclusion.Your writing style must follow professional literacy: Citations and a final reference list that follows the APA 6 guidelines accurately; the quality of writing and presentation: accurate mechanics (spelling, grammar, punctuation etc.); use respectful language to discuss all people; avoid emotive language; employ inclusive, non-sexist language. Use a minimum of ten (10) citations/references. In short, you will need to demonstrate an understanding and critical analysis of...
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...Assignment Assessment Guides MCD2040 Marker’s assessment of Assignment 1(a) - Annotated Bibliography The annotated bibliography should be 400 words and include: • Includes a summary of the main arguments or ideas for each of four academic sources • Includes an in-text citation (direct quote) that does the work of presenting the main argument for each academic source • Includes a critique or evaluation of each source’s usefulness to the essay question. Comments on the source’s reliability, objectivity or bias and makes a comparison with other sources reviewed • Writing and presentation style (clarity, coherence, spelling, punctuation, grammar and format presented as per guidelines detailed in Unit Outline) • Lists the correct bibliographic information for the four academic sources as per the Q Manual (i.e., complete details for the author/s, year, title, and publication) Satisfactory 1% Unsatisfactory 0 1% 0 1% 0 1% 0 1% 0 MCD2040 Marker’s assessment of Assignment 2(a) - Plan of the Group Report The plan of the report should be no more than one page long (approx 250 words) and include: • The purpose of the report • Background to the report (e.g. company information) • Sources of information • Proposed main findings • Proposed conclusions and recommendations Satisfactory 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% Unsatisfactory 0 0 0 0 0 1 MCD2040 Marker’s assessment and feedback sheet for Assignment 1 (b) – Short Essay Criteria Introduction and identification of managers’...
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...Communication Theory Nine: Two Robert T. Craig Communication Theory as a Field May 1999 Pages 119-161 This essay reconstructs communication theory as a dialogical-dialectical field according to two principles: the constitutive model of communication as a metamodel and theory as metadiscursive practice. The essay argues that all communication theories are mutually relevant when addressed to a practical lifeworld in which “communication” is already a richly meaningful term. Each tradition of communication theory derives from and appeals rhetorically to certain commonplace beliefs about communication while challenging other beliefs. The complementarities and tensions among traditions generate a theoretical metadiscourse that intersects with and potentially informs the ongoing practical metadiscourse in society. In a tentative scheme of the field, rhetorical, semiotic, phenomenological, cybernetic, sociopsychological, sociocultural, and critical traditions of communication theory are distinguished by characteristic ways of defining communication and problems of communication, metadiscursive vocabularies, and metadiscursive commonplaces that they appeal to and challenge. Topoi for argumentation across traditions are suggested and implications for theoretical work and disciplinary practice in the field are considered. Communication theory is enormously rich in the range of ideas that fall within its nominal scope, and new theoretical work on communication ...
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...attention is paid to the epistemological questions and the ontological status of the nature of science. Epistemologically, the article seeks a definition of science, its nature and how it is acquired and accepted .The key ontological concerns are the form of existence of Nature of science. The paper intends to critically study the issues that arise. Key words: Nature Of Science. Epistemology. Ontology Introduction Extensive research efforts for over 100 years or so have focused on the goal of enhancing learners’ scientific literacy (Lederman, 2007, Akpan 2013, Mc Ilelland, Zinyeka, 2013, http://www.saarmste.org). Embedded in scientific literacy is scientific practice which relies on scientific language (Akpan , 2013, Kourany, 1998 and Lederman , 2007). Argumentation in the language is what is pictured as underpinning the nature of science views and that the converse is true. Lederman (2007), considers science as constituting body of knowledge, method and the value of beliefs inherent to scientific knowledge and development. Zinyeka (2013) defines epistemology as the justification of claimed knowledge within a specific discipline and ontology as the form of existence of something. The Epistemological Question There is no consensus about what the nature of science is or is not among scholars. (Lederman, 2007, p 835) explains that “ nature of science refers to the epistemological underpinnings of the activities of science and characteristics of the resulting knowledge”. He...
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...connect it to the occurrences. These connections are then checked by numerous of experiments. The validity of the scientific theories are tested by repeatability of the experiment through these replications a constant result is given. However there are scientific claims that can not be verified through experimentation. There are some cases where the claims can not be tested for example if a statement was given that “There is no planet made of cotton candy.” It would be absurd and impossible to check each planet to see if it is made of cotton candy. Even though there is not a reasonable person who believe this statement, this is in fact a scientific claim that can not be verified through experimentation. Even though the verification of scientific claims are made through experimentation, there are people who believe that claims are only valid sources of knowledge through the claim is created through sense perception. Those who believe this...
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...of culture on academic performance on students is defined in three theories they are the cultural deficit theory, expectation theory and the cultural difference theory. These three theories explicitly explain how an academic performance of students depends on culture and expectations of a student on their learners and how teachers behave with students from different backgrounds and communities. Theories also explain how a student’s home environment has to be and how a student has to communicate with their parents and also relation between a student and a teacher. Lynch’s (2011) first theory, the cultural deficient theory projects about students’ performance in schools. Some of the other reasons resulting in poor performances are lack of proper communication with their parents at home and their cultural background, resulting in poor vocabulary and no access to basic amenities like books to read. Most of the students who travel to other countries will face this kind of vocabulary problems, since their mother language might be different from the language that student speak in schools. This theory suggests that a student’s home environment should be always good and parents should provide minimum needs to their children like proper books, if not it will affect student’s skills, knowledge and they may perform poor in school. Relationship between student and a teacher is focused in Lynch’s (2011) expectation theory. A teacher’s behaviour with students depends on the way the students...
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...what the characteristics of culture are and the other essentials that go along with it. It also explains the different types of theories in anthropology. How can this chapter on these theories and characteristics be understood? The first theory explained in this chapter is the Anthropological Theory which is a set of propositions about which aspects of culture. I think this means that there is an order where the aspects in culture can be expressed in different ways, and that you don’t have to do things the same way every time. One characteristic of culture is, Cultures are made up of learned behaviors. It is believed that almost every aspect of our lives is layered with learning. I believe this is true because I believe that everyone learns something new every day. In life there are so many things that happen in the world and you read or hear about and maybe that information could stick to you a certain way that really makes you think. Another theory is cultural and personality theory which is all cultures involve the use of language and symbols to classify, organize, and understand their world. I think everyone should try to learn another language because of how diverse everything is becoming now a days. For instance if you go to Florida and talk to most of the people there may speak Spanish. Some states it may seem like they speak a different language there just because people are changing their culture. As the chapter continues the next characteristics of culture is, cultures...
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