...group has its own stories and myths to tell. While the oral and thus changeable aspect of folk literature is an important defining characteristic, much of this oral tradition had been written into a print format. University of the Philippines professor, Damiana Eugenio, classified Philippines Folk Literature into three major groups: folk narratives, folk speech, and folk songs. Folk narratives can either be in prose: the myth, the alamat (legend), and the kuwentong bayan (folktale), or in verse, as in the case of the folk epic. Folk speech includes the bugtong (riddle) and the salawikain (proverbs). Folk songs that can be sub-classified into those that tell a story (folk ballads) are a relative rarity in Philippine folk literature.[1] Before the coming of Christianity, the people of these lands had some kind of religion. For no people however primitive is ever devoid of religion. This religion might have been animism. Like any other religion, this one was a complex of religious phenomena. It consisted of myths, legends, rituals and sacrifices, beliefs in the high gods as well as low; noble concepts and practices as well as degenerate ones; worship and adoration as well as magic and control. But these religious phenomena supplied the early peoples of this land what religion has always meant to supply: satisfaction of their existential needs. These needs were both material needs and psychic needs; the longing for a fuller life, for a deeper and more satisfying...
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...life and strength; for example, children are swindled in cloth symbolizing the male genitalia in order to grow. Similarly, Napo Runa myth lends itself to male power, shamanism and shapeshifting is thought to be inherited through the paternal line (Napo Runa, 53). The Napo Runa marital relationship is unique by its dividing roles and gender unity. Males and females are interdependent on each other, they rely on the other to perform tasks they cannot do. The dichotomy of the male and female person unify to become the “same substance” (Napo Runa, 117).This cultural behaviour complements the myth “Izhu Punza,” the great flood. Briefly, Izhu is the story of two mountains competing to outgrow one another (note the phallic symbolism). The palca, or space between the mountains, can also mean “vagina” based on context. One mountain is eventually taken over by the flood, representing women’s power, and the Napo Runa settle on the top...
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...telling tale about the visionary, Myers manages to capture Malcolm perfectly throughout his writing, pointing out and analyzing all the layers Malcolm had as a person. The passage is set across Civil Rights America, from locations like New York to Massachusetts and more. The events unfolding mainly take place over the course of the 60’s, a time of change according to the author. Myer/s main theme across the book is the black struggle and the mountains a black man had to overcome just to try and be “equal”. Myers purpose was to establish the legacy of Malcolm X by describing his transformation as a person. By establishing his legacy, the author feels he has completed his part in Malcolm’s plight to spread knowledge and awareness, making it easy to spread his theme throughout the text. An analysis of the biography informs the reader not only about Malcolm X’s struggle growing up and becoming the legend he became, but also the struggle of the average African American man who was just trying to make it in America. Being an African American man in America was not something that was considered a simple task without obstacles and Myers illustrated this theme throughout the text by using Malcolm's and other African American character’s personal experiences. The author states, “It was after a particularly frightening threat that Earl Little moved his family from Omaha to Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Myers, Walter Dean 15).” Right out the gate, Myers shows the reader how cruel the treatment that...
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...not make it any less tragic, and in fact, may make it more so. In this short story, Hawthorne portrays a lonely mountain family who discovers the spirit of an ambitious traveler, and is then caught in a catastrophic landslide that destroys them all. He uses the family as a practical comparison for his message about death, and he uses the traveler to portray this message. The family’s story is a conceivable one, and one that actually did occur. However, this does not change the message of the story. The traveler is what brings out this message, which is obvious through the inquiry in the last paragraph, and it is this inquiry that brings final meaning to the characterization, and the appalling incident. Hawthorne opens his story by giving personality to both the family and the traveler so that the reader can relate to them and, eventually, begin to care for them. He writes that “[t]he faces of the father and mother had a sober gladness; the children laughed; the eldest daughter was the image of Happiness at seventeen; and the aged grandmother, […], was the image of Happiness grown old” (Hawthorne 237). Here he portrays an ideal family; a caring father and mother, a number of children, and an elderly grandmother. With this personality also comes the emphasis of another characteristic … mortality. Hawthorne is said to be stressing the “familiar […] lesson, [that] man is mortal” through the false alert of a slide early on in the story (Sears). The brief false alert puts the suggestion...
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...Running Head: Nation within a Nation Amy Lamb Ashford University ANT 101 Instructor Rebekah Zinser July 29th 2013 The Navajo, also known as Dine`, are some of the first Indians who set foot in America. The primary mode of subsistence for any culture means a way of supporting life. The Navajo’s primary modes of subsistence are pastoralists. How does a pastoralist society impact beliefs and values, healing and sickness, and kinship of the Navajo culture? These are the three aspects I plan to discuss and prove that the Navajo Nation is a Nation within a Nation. The Navajo Nation is a semi-autonomous Native American-governed territory covering 27,425 square miles, occupying portions of northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico. (Linford, 2000) The Navajo reservation is the largest Indian tribe in North America. The Navajo’s are a pastoral and agriculture society. They use farming and herding as their primary mode of subsistence. The Navajo culture is of spiritual nature. The Dine` believes in having a spiritual relationship with their land. The Navajo’s are known as people who are in tune with the spiritual world, and they are spiritual beings. The Navajo wish to live their culture and lives without interference of the Western World government. “We do not like relief and want to make our own living and we know we can do so if we are left alone.”(Lee, 2007). According to Clah Cheschillige, in the 19th century and the...
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...A Rose for Emily Summary How It All Goes Down You might want to look at our discussion of the novel's setting before you enter here, or at least know it's there to help if you get tangled up in this story's crazy chronology. Also keep in mind that the narrator of this story represents several generations of men and women from the town. The story begins at the huge funeral for Miss Emily Grierson. Nobody has been to her house in ten years, except for her servant. Her house is old, but was once the best house around. The town had a special relationship with Miss Emily ever since it decided to stop billing her for taxes in 1894. But, the "newer generation" wasn't happy with this arrangement, and so they paid a visit to Miss Emily and tried to get her to pay the debt. She refused to acknowledge that the old arrangement might not work any more, and flatly refused to pay. Thirty years before, the tax collecting townspeople had a strange encounter with Miss Emily about a bad smell at her place. This was about two years after her father died, and a short time after her lover disappeared from her life. Anyhow, the stink got stronger and complaints were made, but the authorities didn't want to confront Emily about the problem. So, they sprinkled lime around the house and the smell was eventually gone. Everybody felt sorry for Emily when her father died. He left her with the house, but no money. When he died, Emily refused to admit it for three whole days. The town didn't think...
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...Peace Child Don Richardson Online Information For the online version of BookRags' Peace Child Premium Study Guide, including complete copyright information, please visit: http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-peace-child/ Copyright Information ©2000-2007 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources. ©1998-2002; ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design® and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license. The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". © 1994-2005, by Walton Beacham. The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". © 1994-2005, by Walton Beacham. All other sections in...
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...The novel “Holes” is a fictitious tale, with mystery, comedy, and adventure. “Holes” was written in 1998 in Texas by multi-award winning author Louis Sachar. Sachar was born March 20, 1954 in New York. He developed a love for reading in high school. He entered college and studied law. He needed to pick up a course, so he signed on to be a teacher’s aide. It became his favorite class (his first book mirrored his life as a teacher’s aide – “Louis the Yard”). Sachar practiced law until 1981 and decided to devote his time to writing. “Holes” is his most popular novel to date selling over 8 million copies worldwide and it had been made into a major motion picture by Disney. Sachar currently resides in Austin, Texas with his wife Carla and daughter Sherre. He continues to write daily focusing on stories for children and young adults. The main character is Stanley Yelnats IV (his last name spelled in reverse is his first name). There were many male Yelnats named Stanley for this reason. Stanley is overweight, bullied, has low self-esteem and no friends. He was cursed with bad luck (as all Yelnats have been for 125 years) because of his “no-good dirty rotten-pig-stealing” great-great grandfather who failed to follow instructions by Madame Zeroni. He never did steal a pig but was “cursed” with bad luck along with future Yelnat generations for disobeying Madame Zeroni. Stanley misses the school bus (a school mate put his books in the toilet), so he had to walk home...
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...Analysis of symbols in The Snow Of Kilimanjaro Abstract: In The Snow of Kilimanjaro, Ernest Hemingway uses a lot of symbols to present the track of Harry’s death. This passage will analyze the various symbols in this story. Key words: Ernest Hemingway, The Snow Of Kilimanjaro, symbols Introduction: This story documents the first peak of Kilimanjaro in Tanzania Africa, in god's house near the top of which there is a dry dead leopard. What did the leopard look for? No one knows. This strange story draws out the whole passage. Male writers, harry took his rich widows wife Helen to travel to Tanzania, hunting. The truck broke down in the wilderness and Harry’s leg was stabbed by the thorn, gangrened. He lied on the cot waiting for aircraft rescue. Before death, he reviewed his life, and sometimes abused Helen. Then came the friends driving the plane, taking him to the nearest city. In the flight, he saw the magnificent Mount Kilimanjaro, which is actually seen when he was dying in the dream. Ernest Hemingway used the technique of stream of consciousness to flashback writer’s life, including actor career, the experience of first love, war, sluggish of the writer. There are many images in this story. And each of them has its own symbol. 1. The symbols of the animals in the story. Animals is the most important symbols in the story “The Snows Of Kilimanjaro,” in which Hemingway uses two different animals to symbolize both the type of person Harry wishes he is and the type of person...
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...the presence of symbolism in dreams from the very beginning. But it was only by degTees and as my experience increased that I arrived at a full appreciation of its extent and significance, and I did so under the influence of . . . Wilhelm Stekel. . . . Stekel arrived at his interpretations of symbols by way of intuition, thanks to a peculiar gift for the direct understanding of them. . . . Advances in psycho-analytic experience have brought to our notice patients who have shown a direct understanding of dream-symbolism of this kind to a surprising extent. . . . This symbolism is not peculiar to dreams, hut is characteristic of unconscious ideation, in particular among the people, and it is to be found in folklore, and in popular myths, legends, linguistic idioms,, proverbial wisdom and current jokes, to a more complete extent than in dreams." {The Interpretation of Dreams, translated by James Strachey, Standard Edition, V, pp. 350-351.) 17 16 THE MONOMYTH MYTH AND DREAM Ones of the Dream" are not to be confused with the personally modified symbolic figures that appear in nightmare and madness to the still tormented individual. Dream is the personalized myth, myth the depersonalized dream; both myth and dream are symbolic in the same general way of the dynamics of...
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...historian, who canst thus express A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme: What leaf-fring’d legend haunts about thy shape Of deities or mortals, or of both, In Tempe or the dales of Arcady? What men or gods are these? What maidens loth? What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy? II. Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes, play on; Not to the sensual ear, but, more endear’d, Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone: Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, Though winning near the goal - yet, do not grieve; She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss, For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair! III. Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed Your leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu; And, happy melodist, unwearied, For ever piping songs for ever new; More happy love! more happy, happy love! For ever warm and still to be enjoy’d, For ever panting, and for ever young; All breathing human passion far above, That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloy’d, A burning forehead, and a parching tongue. IV. Who are these coming to the sacrifice? To what green altar, O mysterious priest, Lead’st thou that heifer lowing at the skies, And all her silken flanks with garlands drest? What little town by river or sea shore, Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel, Is emptied of this folk, this pious morn? And, little town...
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... 1. India India never invaded any country in her last 10,000 years of history. It is the only society in the world which has never known slavery. India was the richest country on Earth until the time of the British in the early 17th Century Robert Clive’s personal wealth amassed from the blunder of Bengal during 1750’s was estimated at around £401,102 It has been estimated that the total amount of treasure that the British looted from India had already reached £1,000,000,000 (£1Billion) by 1901. Taking into consideration interest rates and inflation this would be worth close to $1,000,000,000,000 ($1Trillion) in real-terms today. 2. Vedic Civilization Indus & Saraswati Civilizations Rise of Jainism and Buddhism Mauryan Period Golden Age of Indian Arts & Sciences Muslim Invasions The Mughal Empire Portuguese Invasion The British East-India Company The British Empire India's Freedom Struggle Independence Modern India 2020 Vision A Brief History of Time 3. India India invented the Number System. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta . The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC. Aryabhatta was the first to explain spherical shape, size ,diameter, rotation and correct speed of Earth in 499 AD. The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. Students from all over the World studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field...
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...Legend also has it that his father was an affluent trader along the Silk Road (the trade route that went from China to eastern Europe,) and that his mother was of Turkish descent, instilling in him an appreciation for culture and a love for language, including for the Turkish tongue (Biography of Li Bai). It was Li Bai’s mother that gave him his infamous name. According to his mother’s tale, when she was pregnant with him she dreamt of a “great white star” falling from heaven, and so she gave him the name “bai”, meaning the white one. Literary critics in China refer to Li Bai as the “immortal banished from heaven,” and his mother’s tale may have partially constituted this. When Li Bai was around the age of 5, his family moved to Jiangyou, a city...
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...A. Geography >China stretches some 5,026 kilometres (3,123 mi) across the East Asian landmass. China is bordered by seas and waters eastward, with the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, Taiwan Strait, and South China Sea, and bordered by landmasses on its 3 other sides, from North Korea to Vietnam. China has been officially and conveniently divided into 5 homogeneous physical macro-regions: Eastern China (subdivided into the northeast plain, north plain, and southern hills), Xinjiang-Mongolia, and the Tibetan-highlands. Its physical features are multiples. The eastern and southern half of the country, its seacoast fringed with offshore islands, is a region of fertile lowlands and foothills with most of the agricultural output and human population. The western and northern half of China is a region of sunken basins (Gobi, Taklamakan), rolling plateaus, and towering massifs, including a portion of the highest tableland on earth (Tibetan Plateau) with lower agricultural possibilities and thus, far less populated. Traditionally, the Chinese population centered around the Chinese central plain and oriented itself toward its own enormous inland market, developing as an imperial power whose center lay in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River on the northern plains. More recently, the 18,000-kilometers coastline have been used extensively for export-oriented trade, making a power shift, with the coastline provinces becoming the leading economic center. With an...
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...campaigns he conquered the Persian Empire that had until then been invincible, and in a certain sense he avenged Greece for the earlier Persian Wars. He marched through Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Persia, conquering all before him. In monumental battles he defeated the Persians at Granicus (334 B.C.), Issus (333 B.c.), and Gaugamela (331 B.c.). He drove his soldiers on, crossing the mountains and deserts of central Asia, until he reached the borders of India (326 B.C.). There he finally turned back, retreating to Babylon, where he established his court. At Babylon he fell sick and suddenly died, at only thirty-two years of age (323 B.c.). Alexander hardly had time to organize his new empire, and this makes it all but impossible to know how he would have been as a ruler, instead of a conqueror. After his death, Alexander's empire fell apart and was ruled by his successors, Macedonian generals who became kings of independent areas. Most of these rulers continued Alexander's policies of toleration and cultural integration. Alexander's remarkable military success made him a legend, already in his own time, and his accomplishments certainly changed the direction of history: at the very least his conquests provided for a rich blending between the cultures of the Greeks and those of ancient Mesopotamia and Iran. His "larger-than-life" status and his sudden and mysterious death, however, have made it difficult to...
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