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Life Orientation in the Foundation Phase

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Ouers is dikwels bekommerd oor die waarde van die belegging wat hulle maak in hul kinders se opvoeding, deur die keuse van waardevolle vakke vir hul kinders.
In die demokratiese Suid-Afrika is Lewensoriëntering laat in die 1990’s bekendgestel. Lewensoriëntering is ‘n vak wat uit die Uitkomsgebasseerde Onderwys bestaan wat deur toe die Minister van Onderwys was, Kadar Asmal, geimplementeer is. Daar is sedertdien baie kritiek oor LO gelewer deur ouers, leerders en onderwysontleders. Hulle reken dat hierdie vak geen waarde vir die algemene opvoeding/opleiding van ‘n leerder in die skoolomgewing inhou nie.

Definisie van Lewensvaardighede:
Wits professor in Lewensvaardigheid en Godsdienskunde, Dr. René Ferguson (Ferguson,2003:273) definieër Lewensvaardigheid as ‘n holistiese studie van die persoon self, die persoon in die samelewing, ‘n geleentheid vir ‘n kind se emosionele ontwikkeling, die burgerskap aspekte van die lewe in Suid - Afrika, demokrasie, menseregte, asook gesondheids aspekte soos om ‘n gesonde leefwyse te handhaaf en die fisieke fiksheid en gesondheid van ‘n kind.

Volgens Ebersohn en Eloff kan die oorsprong van Lewensvaaardigheid onder vier hoofpunte verduidelik word naamlik potensiaal en die omgewing, oorerwing, individuele verantwoordelikheid en die sosiale leerteorie. Die eerste punt wat ek wil verduidelik is die individue se potensiaal en omgewing. Tydens geboorte arriveeer ons as lewendige, unieke, enig in ons soort individue wat elkeen anders is as die ander individue wat ons sien. Om as individue te groei in onsself en in die wêreld daar buite, is dit dus belangrik om as individue intellektueelt, geestelik, sosiaal en fisiese ons potensiaal te ontwikkel. Wanneer individue hierdie potensiaal kan ontwikkel moet daar geleenthede wees sodat hulle dit kan gebruik en aangryp om die potensiaal in daardie opsig te kan ontwikkel. Individue moet ook tot die besef kom dat dit wel ‘n uitdaging gaan wees. Om hierdie potensiaal te kan ontwikkel moet individue bewus raak dat daar daaglikse struikelblokke en limitasies in die pad kan staan wat hulle sal moet oorkom. “Die algemene kenmerk in die definisies van lewensvaardighede is die fokus op die vaardighede en strategieë wat toelaat dat 'n persoon om op te tree in ooreenstemming met sy / haar behoeftes, ander en die omgewing”. (Ebersohn en Eloff 2006)
Die tweede punt waarna ek wil verwys is oorerwing. Volgens Ebersohn en Elof is die feit dat persoonlike eienskappe in sielkunde verwys na eienskappe van persoonlikheid wat nie direk waarneembaar is nie. Party individue is gebore met die vaardighede om konflik te kan hanteer, waar ander individue weer maklik aanpas by verandering. Elke mens is geneties vatbaar(aanpasbaar) om die uitdagings en eise van die lewe te hanteer. “Daar is altyd 'n behoefte vir die aanpassing by die huis, in die gemeenskap, by die werk en onder eweknieë. As 'n oplossing vir die verskeie risikofaktore waarvoor jongmense,” beraadslaag (Ebersohn en Eloff 2006).
Die derde punt waarna ek wil verwys is die sosiale leerteorie. Volgens Ebersohn en Eloff is die sosiale leerteorie gebasseer op menslike gedrag en dus ook lewensvaardighede wat grootliks geleer gaan word. Daar is ook sekere beginsels ten opsigte van leer aangewend juis om die ontwikkeling van lewensvaardighede asook die gedrag van die mens te kan beskryf. Wanneer ons na hierdie leerteorie kyk, is dit duidelik dat dit die interaksie van ‘n individue beklemtoon met sy of haar omgewing. Elke individue is nogsteeds verantwoordelik vir sy of haar geluk deur na hulle menslike gedrag om te sien.
Die vierde en laaste punt waarna ek wil verwys is individuele verantwoordelikheid. In die kind se kinderjare is daar baie geeenthede waar die kind die nodige lewensvaardighede kan ontwikkel byvoorbeeld by hulle families in ‘n omgewing waar hulle gemaklik en bekend mee is. Die ouers speel ‘n belangrike rol om die kind te begelei daarin. Dit stop nie daar nie, individue kan elke dag ‘n nuwe vaardigheid aanleer. Dit is dus duidelik dat die individue vertroud kan raak met ‘n vaardigheid. Om hierdie vaardighede te bemeester is elke individue se keuse hoe hy dit gaan doen. (Ebersohn en Eloff)
Elke individue het dus die potensiaal om te ontwikkel in sy omgewing. Elke individue het oorerflikheid eienskappe wat sommige vaardighede makliker maak as ander. Sommige individue moet dan ook die vaardighede aanleer wat hulle nie het nie. Deur menslike gedrag in die sosiale leerteorie is dit duidelik dat elke individue verantwoordelik is vir sy eie gedrag. Elke individu is verantwoordelik vir sy eie vooruitgang in die lewe.

Lewensvaardigheid speel ‘n uiterse belangrike rol in die konteks van Suid – Afrika vandag. Daar is verskeie invloede wat Lewensvaardigheid op beide leerders van sterk sosio – ekonomiese en swak sosio - ekonomiese omstandighede het. Ek wil fokus op wat Lewensvaardigheid beteken in die konteks van Suid – Afrika vandag vir kinders uit swak sosio - ekonomies omstandighede. In Suid – Afrika is daar daagliks talle probleme wat kinders in die gesig moet staar. Edna Rooth (2005, bl.2) lys probeme wat in die lewens van hierdie kinders voorkom. Sy glo dat Lewensvaardigheid die jeug met hierdie probleme kan help. Kinders ondervind probleme soos geweld by die huis, skool en gemeenskap, familie disintergrasie, egskeidings, tiener selfmoordpogings, seksuele misbruik en risiko gedrag. Die vereistes van die moderne lewe wat aan hulle gestel word, disfunksionele families, afwesige ouers, skielike sosio – kulturele verandering en die afkeur van gelowe (Rooth, 2005). Duisende leerders sit met ouers wat alkohol misbuik, geen werk of onderrig het nie. Die grootste uidagings waarmee kinders van Suid – Afrika vandag sit volgens die kinder instituut (2003), is armoede, kindermishandeling, tekort aan dienste soos klinieke, MIV Vigs, onveilige omgewings en die verlies van mense wat omgee. Siektes soos Malaria, Turberkulose en MIV Vigs is besig om leerders van Suid – Afrika se leer te belemmer (Bot, Wilson en Dove, 2001). Die Suid – Afrikaanse jeug bestaan uit 54% van die wêreld se populasie. Onlangse studie het bewys dat die Suid – Afrikaanse jeug se MIV syfer van die hoogste ter wêreld is. Onder vrouens het omtrent 18.9% tussen die ouderdom van 15 en 19 en 43.1% tussen ouderdom van 20 en 25 MIV vigs. In Suid – Afrika word daar daagliks 1500 mense met MIV Vigs gediagnoseer waarvan 60% van die mense tussen die ouderdom van 15 en 25 is (Caldwell, Smith en Wegner, 2004). Seksueel aktiewe leerders se risiko op swangerskappe en HIV is baie groot. Alkohol kan verlawend wees en jong mense is meer geneig om die teiken te wees by die verskaffers van alkohol. Madu en Matla het die selfmoordpogings in Limpopo ondersoek en bevind dat 37% van die leerders al gedagtes gehad het om hulle eie lewe te neem.(Bron) Daar is 19% leerders wat dit al oorweeg het om selfmoord te pleeg, 15.8% wat al gepoog het om selfmoord te pleeg en 17% wat op die ou einde selfmoord gepleeg het. Data het voorgestel dat leerders selfmoord pleeg as gevolg van verstandelike probleme en stres. In baie skole word daar te min aandag gegee aan fisiese ontwikkeling. Daar is aangedui dat 37.5% van leerders nie genoeg oefening kry nie. Nasionaal is daar net 54.3% leerders wat fisiese ontwikkel op hulle roosters het. Armoede veroorsaak ook dat leerders nie die regte nutriënte inkry wat hulle benodig om intellektueel vorentoe te beweeg nie. Al staar baie Suid – Afrikaanse leerders die bogenoemde probleme in die gesig bied Lewensvaardigheid vir hulle die geleentheid om optimisties te wees, doelwitte te hê vir die toekoms, te weet wat hulle uit die lewe wil hê en om in beheer van hulle lewens te wees. Lewensvaardigheid help leerders om veerkragtig te wees in situasies waarin hulle geen beheer het nie. Dit is tydens Lewensvaardigheid in die klaskamer waar leerders vaardighede ontwikkel om ingeligte en verantwoordelik besluite te neem. Al hierdie vaardighede sal leerders help om bo hulle omstandigehede uit te styg. Hierdie vaardighede sal ook leerders uit sterk sosio ekonomiese omstandighede help om hulle volle potensiaal te bereik en ook situasies te hanteer wat vir hulle moeilik is.

Definisie van pedagogie?Volgens (Donald, Luzarus &Lolwana, 2010 Nel & Nel 2012) moet die pedagogie van Lewensvaardigheid gebasseer wees op Piaget, Vygotsky en Bruner se konstruktivistiese teorie. Onderrig en leer moet aktief in die klas kamer plaasvind. Leerders moet eksperimenteer, die onderwyser moet vir leerders die geleentheid gee om self te dinge te doen, om vrae te vra en ‘n bespreking te doen. Tydens onderrig is dit belangrik dat die onderwyser minimaal gebruik maak van die “Talk-and-chalk method”. Die metode word gekenmerk aan die onderwyser wat slegs al die praat werk doen. Die onderwyser sien leerders as leë voorwerpe wat sy vol kennis en inligting moet stop. Wanneer direkte onderrig gebruik word om inligting weer te gee, demonstrasies gedoen word of verduideliking nodig is, word daar van die leerders verwag om steeds aktief te luister.
Die leer-deur-te-doen proses help leerders om iets te ervaar deurmiddel van min leiding deur ‘n volwassenes. Die antwoord word nie vir hulle gegee nie, die probleem,sitsuasie of aktiwiteit word aan die leerders gegee en leerders moet dit dan self oplos. Deur te leer terwyl jy besig is om iets te doen word verwys na die leer proses. Leerders leer deur ondervindings. (Keith G. Diem, Ph.D., Program Leader in Educational Design)( http://www.uwyo.edu/4-h/volunteers/leader-totes/youth_development/learn-by-doing.pdf)
Party leerders hou aarvan om in ‘n stil omgewing te sit met ‘n boek en so te leer. Ander leerders moet fisies betrokke wees by die leerproses. Wanneer ‘n kinde vir die eerste keer ‘n koek, kan die kind of daaroor lees of om self hulle moue op rol en self die koek te bak.Leerders leer ook by mekaar. ‘n Leerder wat reeds ervaring in ‘n sekere gebied het, kan aan ‘n ander leerder ‘n eenvoudiger tegniek aanleer om die begrip makiker te verstaan. Elke leerder leer op hulle eie manier. Mens moet van verskillende leerstyle gebruik maak om Lewenvaardigheid aan leerders te leer. http://lifeskills4kids.com/kb/2008/11/life-skills-teaching-techniques-wip/
Beide 1+2 staaf dat eksperimentasie en fisiese bebrokkenheid by ‘n sitsuasie belangrik is vir die onderrig en leer van Lewensvaardigheid.
Leerders van die Universiteit van die Vrystaat was na klaskamers toe gestuur om te kyk hoe Lewensvaardighede aangebied word. Die doel van hierdie eksperiment was om Grondslagfase studente te wys dat deur ‘n situasie self te ervaar kan mens ondervinding daardeur kry. (Biggs & Tang, 2007) Die onvoorspelbaarheid van die konteks het studente instaat gestel om ‘n nuwe leerervaring te ondergaan. Die ondervinding het studente gehelp om kennis en vaardighede saam te bring terwyl hulle probleme opgelos het. Dus het die eksperiment aan studente gewys dat ervarings en boek kennis saam gesmelt moet word om te leer. Dit is persies hoe dit werk met die leerders. In bogenoemde studie kon ons aflei dat leerders ook beter leer deur self betrokke te wees in ‘n leer situasie en nie net voorgeskryfde kennis deur ‘n onderwyser is nie.

Lewensvaardigheid kan op baie areas van die Grondslagfase van toepassing wees. Die Kurrikulum-en Assesseringsbeleidsverklaring (2011) bevat vier fokus areas rakende Lewensvaardigheid in die Grondslagfase. Die eerste fokusarea is aanvangskennis. Grondslagfase leerders word begrippe en vaardighede geleer wat uit sosiale wetenskap, natuurwetenskap en tegnologie bestaan. Sosiale wetenskap-begrippe leer aan die leerders wat bewaring, oorsaak en gevolg,aanpassing, verhoudinge en interafhanklikheid, diversiteit,verandering en individualiteit is. Natuurwetenskappe –begrippe behels die planeet aarde, materie en materiale, lewe en energie. Wetenskap-prosesvaardighede is klassifisering van data, meting, eksperimentering, waarneming en kommunikasie. Ondersoek,ontwerp, maak,evalueer en kommunikeer is tegnologie-prosesvaardighede wat tydens Tegnologie aangeleer word. Ondersteunende steierwerk volgens Vygotsky se sosiale leer teorie stel leerders instaat om hulle leer potensiaal te bereik (Hart, 2008). Die stelling word deur die Lewensvaardiheidsonderwys ondersteun, omdat hulle gebruik maak van steierwerk wanneer nuwe temas aangeleer word bv nuwe temas soos bewaring of diversiteit. ’n Voorbeeld is wanneer die begrip diversiteit aan die leerders geleer word, moet die leerders weet dat elke leerder uniek is en gerespekteer moet word.

Die tweede fokusarea wat in die grondslagfase gebruik word is persoonlike en sosiale welsyn. Die belangrikheid van die leerders se gesondheid word beklemtoon, leerders word ingelig oor verskillende siektes en verhoudings word aangemoedig. Leerders sal leer hoe om ‘n betekenisvolle bydrae tot ons demokratiese land te maak deur ander se kulture en geloofdiversiteit te respekteer.
Volgens Tech(2009) is vertroue, vrienskappe, ‘n sin vir humor, selfvertroue en om ander se gevoelens in ag te neem belangrik vir sosiale ontwikkeling. Die verhouding tussen ‘n kind en ‘n volwassene is die fondasie van emosionele en persoonlike ontwikkeling. Wanneer ‘n kind uitgesluit, verwerp of onveilig voel, ontwikkel hy/sy probleme om met ander leerders te sosialiseer. Die pedagogiese beginsels van Lewensvaardigheid vereis dat die onderwyser ‘n warm en veilige klaskameratmosfeer skep waar leerders ingesluit en nie uitgesluit word nie. Elke leerders moet gerespekteer word al is hy/sy anders. ‘n Voorbeeld hiervan is dat leerders in die grondslagfase gebruik maak van roetines. Tydens toiletroetines is daar ‘n wasbak en handdoek beskikbaar, sodat leerders hulle hande kan was, etenstyd bid die leerders voordat hulle eet. Lewensvaardigheidsonderwys maak gebruik van groepwerk, wat noodsaaklik is vir die grondslagfase leerders om sosiale vaardighede en interpersoonlike verhoudings te bevorder. Bogenoemde aspekte dra alles by tot die opvoeding wat leerders nodig het, om na hulself om te sien.
Die derde fokusarea wat belangrik is, is skeppende kunste. Die hoofdoel van skeppende kuns is om ‘n waardering vir kuns by die leerders te ontwikkel. Dans, musiek, drama en visuele kuns is vier kunsvorme wat gebruik word. Leerders word aangemoedig om materiale te manipuleer, musiek te maak en stories te vertel wat hulle verbeelding gaan bevorder. Tydens skeppende kuns moet daar gefokus word op die genot en sensoriese waarde van die aktiwiteit as om te fokus op die eindproduk. Die meeste navorsers stem saam dat skeppende kuns verbeeldingryke aktiwiteite behels, probleemoplossing vaardighede, die vermoё om ‘n produk te lewer wat waarde het. Ander sal argumenteer dat die produk korrek moet wees, prakties en bruikbaar (Sharp, 2001). Volgens Tegano(1991) is dit belangrik dat die proses geёvalueer word en nie die produk nie.‘n Voorbeeld van sy siening is dat daar in Lewensvaardigheidonderwys gereeld gebruik gemaak word van skeppende kuns wat grondslagfase leerders aanmoedig om hulle verbeelding te gebruik. Leerders word in groepe gedeel om ‘n dans uit te werk en op te voer, wat genotvol is en groot-motoriese vaardighede ontwikkel.

Die laaste fokusarea is liggaamsopvoeding, dit is belangrik vir die ontwikkeling van leerders se fyn- en groot-motoriese vaardighede. Dit dra by tot die kind se emosionele, persoonlike en sosiale ontwikkeling en bevorder die kind se houdings en waardes. Beweging kan gebruik word om probleemoplossing vaardighede, kritiese denke en ‘n verskeidenheid van akademiese konsepte te stimuleer (Gabbard,Ed.D en Rodrigues). ‘n Voorbeeld hiervan is dat die grondslagfase leerder oor, onder en deur apparate klim.

Daar word positiewe en negatiewe houdings deur leerders teenoor Lewensvaardigheid getoon. Dit wat in die skool in Lewensvaardigheid geleer word, hang af van watter boeke die lewensoriëntering-onderwyser gebruik. Volgens Dr. René Furgeson (Ferguson,2003) se aanname na vele besoeke aan skole koop die meeste skole die goedkoopste boeke aan, wat nie altyd die beste boeke vir Lewensoriëntering is nie en party skole besit nie eers Lewensoriëntering boeke nie. Dìt veroorsaak dat Lewensoriëntering nie op die korrekte en deeglike manier vir leerders aangebied word nie wat daartoe lei dat leerders Lewensvaardigheid as onnodig, vervelig en irrelevant beskou. Suid Afrikaanse leerders is gevra of hulle van Lewensvaardigheid hou of nie en hul antwoorde was as volg: “I basically see LO as a waste of time, ‘cause there, you don’t learn anything from it” en “Yes, I enjoy Life Orientation, ‘cause there’s lots of fun activities.” (Jacobs, 2011:1).Hierdie twee aanhalings verskaf vir ons ‘n goeie opsomming van die huidige debat rondom Lewensvaardigheid in Suid Afrikaanse skole. Sommige leerders beskou dit as ‘n waardevolle vak om hulle voor te berei vir hul lewens vorentoe en ander beskou dit weer as ‘n vak gelaai met onsin. Alhoewel meeste van die leerders ‘n negatiewe siening teenoor Lewensvaardigheid as vak het, was daar ‘n handjie vol wat wel van die vak hou. Daar is ook ‘n groepie leerders wat erken dat hulle van Lewensvaardigheids-periodes hou omdat hulle kans kry om dan te ontspan, sosialiseer of huiswerk te doen. In sommige skole word Lewensvaardigheid as ‘n “af periode” beskou omdat daar selde of soms glad nie tydens hierdie klas gewerk word nie. Tydens Dr. Ferguson se studie het sy verskeie vrae aan die leerders gevra. Een van die vra wat sy aan hulle gestel het, was wat hulle alles in Lewensvaardigheid leer. Een van die leerders het die vraag as volg beantwoord: “Things we learned, were things that we knew ourselves. Its just that they were just confirming it. Some of it, like, they just come up with their own theories. But I don’t think it helped us a lot.”(Ferguson,2003:273) Hierdie stelling gee vir ons ‘n aanduiding dat sommige leerders Lewensvaardigheid as tydmors beskou en hulle leer niks nuuts nie. Sommige leerders meen dat hul ouers hulle die nodige vaardighede by die huis leer, dit is nie nodig om dit weer in Lewensoriëntering te leer nie. ‘n Ander studie oor die ervarings van leerders teenoor Lewensvaardigheid het ook hierdie bevinding gemaak. Drie verskillende leerders in drie verskillende onderhoude is gevra wat hulle in LO leer en hulle het gesê dat hulle tot dusver basies niks in LO geleer het nie. Die een leerder se antwoord was as volg:”Oh, to be precise, we learned nothing.” (Jacobs,2011:1) Sommige leerders meen dat Lewensoriënteringonderrig geen doel het nie. Daar was ook leerders wat gesê het dat die vak swak aangbied word deur die onderwyser en dat die onderwyser geen entoesiasme wys teenoor die vak nie, dus gaan die leerders ook geen entoesiasme teenoor die vak toon nie. Die volgende aanhaling van een van die leerders bevestig hierdie stelling: “Uhm, mam, honestly it depends on what we are doing for the day. Honestly, most of the time a lot of the teachers aren’t even so enthusiastic about this subject. From them talking so boring, and everything just not clicking, mam...and then all of that together just makes you negative about the subject. That’s all I have to say.” (Jacobs,2011:3) Hierdie is vir ons net nog ‘n bewys dat daar wel ‘n negatiewe houding en wel ‘n probleem rondom Lewensoriënteringonderrig is.
In Jennifer Brown (Brown, J. 2013) se studie het sy bevind dat leerders nie aan die Lewensoriëntering klas wou deelneem nie en dat die blaam omdat leerders nie van LO hou nie, nie ten volle op die opvoeder geplaas kan word nie. Tydens Brown (Brown, J. 2013:75) se observasie in ‘n Lewensoriënteringklaskamer, het sy bevind dat die leerders eerder onderlangs met mekaar gesels en mekaar se aandag aftrek terwyl die onderwyser die klas aanbied. Een leerder het gesê “[the students] think they’re big enough to know what’s LO [Life Orenitation’s] all about, so they don’t take that much more interest...when we leave the gate it’s totally gone, that’s how most of us take it.” Hierdeur kan ons agterkom dat die leeders se houding teenoor Lewensvaardigheid geweldig negatief is en dat hulle geen nut in Lewensvaardigheidsonderrig sien nie. Dit veroorsaak dat die leerders nie die nodige kennis opdoen oor lewensvaardighede nie omdat hulle net eenvoudig nie daarin belangstel nie. Leerders voel dat hulle nuttelose werk in Lewensvaardigheid behandel en meen dat hulle reeds alles weet wat hulle tans in Lewensvaardigheid geleer word.

Bibliografie

Linda Caldwell , Edward Smith , Lisa Wegner , Tania Vergnani , Elias Mpofu , Alan J. Flisher & Catherine Mathews. 2004. Health Wise South Africa: Development of a Life Skills Curriculum for Young Adults, World Leisure Journal, 46(3):5

Bot, M., Wilson, D. & Dove, S. 2001. The education atlas of South Africa 2000. Johannesburg: The Education Foundation.

Children’s Institute. 2003. The situation of children in South Africa. Children Institute, University of Cape Town.

ROOTH, E. (2005). An investigation of the status and practice of Life Orientation in South African schools in two provinces. PhD Thesis, University of the Western Cape.

ANON. 2008. Life Skills Knowledge Base. [WWW] http://www.lifeskills4kids.com [Accessed: 11 March 2016]
(ANON, 2008:N.P.).
(Ebersöhn & Eloff, 2006: )
Ebersöhn, L., Eloff, I. 2006. Life-skills facilitation. Life Skills Assets. Van Schaik Publishers.
ANON. 2012. Life Skills: Child friendly schools. UNICEF. [WWW] http://unicef.org [Accessed: 11 March 2016]
(ANON, 2012:N.P.).

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