...Rural development, Economic sustainability, Trust, Farms, Retailers, United Kingdom Abstract ``Local food'' is attracting considerable policy and public interest, but evidence is lacking about the emerging contours of the local food sector. This paper offers a preliminary assessment of the local food sector in the county of Gloucestershire. Based on interviews with farmers and retailers, it investigates the scope of local food production in the county, assesses the nature of the local food chain and considers the potential of local food production and marketing for adding value for the various actors in the chain, from producer to retailer. Questions are raised in the conclusion about the coherence and sustainability of the local food sector in the county given the differences in the ways in which producers and retailers construct ``local'' and some unintended consequences of the efforts to promote local food. The local food sector Carol Morris and Henry Buller The local food sector 559 A growing enthusiasm for ``local food'' We believe that one of the greatest opportunities for farmers to add value and retain a bigger slice of retail prices is to build on the public's enthusiasm for locally-produced food, or food with a clear regional provenance (Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food, 2002, p. 43). The identification, by the Policy Commission, of ``local food'' as a rural development and farm income opportunity is...
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...INTRODUCTION TO LOCAL GOVERMENT IN MALAYSIA Local government is the grass-root in the government hierarchy of Malaysia. There are three branches of government in Malaysia, namely Federal, State and Local. The position of local government in Malaysia is stated in Federal Constitution. By virtue of items 4 and 5 of Ninth Schedule of Federal Constitution, local government outside the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya (latest) is a subject under the State List. All local authorities outside the Federal Territories directly under the exclusive jurisdiction of States Government. This mean local State Government have wide powers to control the local authorities and to ensure their effectiveness and efficient. 1.1 Definitions Local government can be defined as follows: Local Government is subsystem operating within or among a number of other subsystems. Higher government gave its one body handled on local issues that represent the power whether from federal government or state government, which has limited autonomy in terms of financial and administration, have power to sue and sued by others and have legal property1 Ministry of Housing and Local Government Local Government is infra. Sovereign, Geographic Sub-Division of a Sovereign nation or Quasi Sovereign Nation, exercising the power of jurisdiction in a particular area.2 Dilly M Hill 1 Government of Malaysia, 1970. Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry to Investigate into the Working of Local Authorities...
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...1.2 SUMMARY OF BACKGROuND OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY IN TANZANIA The United Republic of Tanzania is made up of two formerly independent countries, Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which united in 1964 to form a new nation called Tanzania. The two halves of the republic have somewhat different evolution and system of local government. The local government is divided into urban and rural authorities both on the mainland and Zanzibar. On mainland Tanzania, Urban authority consisted of city council, municipal council and town council, whereas included in the rural authority are district council with township council and village council authorities. District council coordinates the activities of the township authorities and village council which are accountable to the district for all received for day to day administrations. The village and township councils have the responsibilities for formulating plans for their areas. In Zanzibar urban authorities are made up of town councils and municipalities, while rural authorities are made up of town councils and municipalities, while rural authorities comprises of district councils. 1.3 DEFINITION OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN TANZANIA: Local government means district authority and urban authority. Urban authority means town council, municipal council or city council. And district Authority means district council a township authority or village council.1 1.4 ROLES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN ASSET MANAGEMENT; Asset Management; Refers to the situation...
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...Journal, Ethiopia Vol. 5 (3), Serial No. 20, May, 2011 ISSN 1994-9057 (Print) ISSN 2070-0083 (Online) Local Government Administration and Development: A Survey of Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria (Pp. 148-156) Otoghile, Aiguosatile - Department of Political Science, and Public Administration, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria Edigin, Lambert Uyi - Department of Political Science, and Public Administration, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria E-mail: lambertedigin@yahoo.com Abstract The need to escape conditions of underdevelopment by the provision of adequate facilities for its citizenry is the concern of any nation state. It has also been accepted that this is better done by bringing government closer to the people. This underscores the philosophy behind the creation of local governments. In Nigeria however, it is sad to note that local governments have performed far below expectations in the above direction. It is in this wise that this paper takes a survey of the opinions of people in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. Using simple percentages to analyze responses to questions, the authors found out that though funds available to local governments are grossly inadequate, there is the general impression that the little money made available are directed into private pockets. It is our recommendations that local governments should increase their revenue base and also ensure proper accountability. Copyright (c)...
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...globally optimal solution is attributable to certain properties of linear models. This is not the case for nonlinear optimization. Nonlinear optimization models may have several solutions that are local optimums. All nonlinear solvers converge to a locally optimal point. That is, a solution for which no better feasible solutions can be found in the immediate neighborhood of the given solution. Although better solutions can't be found in the immediate neighborhood of the local optimum, additional local optimums may exist some distance away from the current solution. These additional locally optimal points may have objective values substantially better than the solver's current local optimum. Thus, when a nonlinear model is solved, we say the solution is merely a local optimum, and the user must be aware other local optimums may, or may not, exist with better objective values. Consider the following small nonlinear model involving the highly nonlinear cosine function: MIN = X * @COS( 3.1416 * X); X < 6; (Note, graph not shown. Go to Lingo and click Help Topics. Select the “Index” Window and open Local Optima topic) The following graph shows a plot of the objective function for values of X between 0 and 6. You can see, if you're searching for a minimum, there are local optimums at X values of 0, 1.09, 3.03, and 5.02 in the "valleys". The global optimum for this problem is at X = 5.02, because it is the lowest, feasible valley. Graph of X * @COS( 3.1416 *...
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...Running Header: Ethics Ethics and Local Governance Tristanjay V. Llantada Dr. Amir Afzal CIS 106 OCT 28, 2012 Ethics and Local Governance Whether dealing with business or local government, having to follow an ethical standard can help create an environment for people to feel comfortable. In a society where your data can be manipulated and use wrongfully, feeling comfortable will be hard to consider. Having an unstable system on a local government level, those stores your data can have an impact on a person’s life. For a while, the London Borough of Brent in the U.K. (United Kingdom) has stored citizen’s data on 12 different databases. The council’s divisions have their own copy of a resident’s data. Those copies were either incomplete or incorrect. The council also has two customer relationship management systems that have their own data of the resident with incontinences. First problem in this situation is that all of the resident’s data are scattered across different databases. Second issue is each database has different information then what another database has. “Employees would spend much of their time calling other departments to find out supplementary information” (Hudson, H. 2011, November 3). Confusion to a resident may occur if one department knows that person has a disability but other departments might have them as having no disability. In order to fix this huge problem, the council used what was called the Brent Client...
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...THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES BOOK I GENERAL PROVISIONS TITLE ONE. − BASIC PRINCIPLES CHAPTER 1. − THE CODE, POLICY AND APPLICATION SECTION 1. Title. − This Act shall be known and cited as the "Local Government Code of 1991". SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. − (a) It is hereby declared the policy of the State that the territorial and political subdivisions of the State shall enjoy genuine and meaningful local autonomy to enable them to attain their fullest development as self−reliant communities and make them more effective partners in the attainment of national goals. Toward this end, the State shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization whereby local government units shall be given more powers, authority, responsibilities, and resources. The process of decentralization shall proceed from the national government to the local government units. (b) It is also the policy of the State to ensure the accountability of local government units through the institution of effective mechanisms of recall, initiative and referendum. (c) It is likewise the policy of the State to require all national agencies and offices to conduct periodic consultations with appropriate local government units, non−governmental and people's organizations, and other concerned sectors of the community before any project or program is implemented in their respective jurisdictions. SECTION 3. Operative...
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...Buying local food, eating local food is such a good thing we all should participate! I totally agree the benefits of eating local you mentioned, and there may some different opinion on limitation of local food model. First of all, the local food is not only associate with geographical concept, it is also about ecological system and social relationship. It is not simply about the distance you between the food production region, but also the perceptive of ecological unit in whole system and the relationship between consumers and producers. The "local" also in term of feeling closer to nature environment and see and trust the people who grown the food you and your family eating. Furthermore, in fact, local food is the same or less experience than supermarkets in general as far you chosen the seasonal and right food. People who buy food from supermarkets instead of local food stores are just too lazy to go to grocery store frequently and spend time to consider their food. Industrial food supply chain isolate people from their food and cause us to spent money on medical. Local food is greater quality and can fit anyone's budget, all take is willingness with your food purchases. Price is not a reason, it is a excuse. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLOGSX_l2B8 Watch this video from 00:14, it brief introduced a local grocery store, Sundance Natural Foods. It is also my one of my favorite stores in Eugene. This store is only sale organic and local food. One of their rules to selecting...
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..."State and Local Governments" Terence Bolt State & Local Government August 26, 2011 State and Local Governments The differences in culture of the early Americans played a significant role in shaping state government. It affected the level and type of role that its citizens participated in politics, the reach of the government governed its people and the direction of its public policy. The three aspects of the influence of culture on politics were determined by its newly formed citizenry. As the United States was being formed, immigrants from Europe and other countries with similar perspectives grouped together to form different political subcultures. Daniel Elazar, a distinguished political scientist at Temple University, has been one of the leaders in this school of thought. Elazar (1994) argues that, "... the nation has one general political culture, but that within it are three important subcultures, which he describes as individualistic, moralistic, and traditionalistic." (pg 28) The Individualistic subculture relies on the marketplace. Government's role is limited and was instituted to accomplish the demands of the people. Elazar (1994) says that, "government need not have any direct concern with questions of "the good society"; except to further economic prosperity of the market place. In other words, government should primarily be limited to, "...areas in the economic realm, that encourage private initiative...
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...general history of local government, three distinct periods present themselves for consideration which are during pre- British, British and post- Merdeka period. During the pre-British period, there is no local government. The political units were divided into three which are ‘Negeri’ or State, ‘Jajahan’ or Daerah and ‘Kampong’ or Village. In State, the Head of State was the Ruler that responsible for foreign relationship, welfare and act as a leadership in external wars with the help of his kinsmen in the Royal lineage and by executive assistants . The second tier of political unit is known as ‘Jajahan’ or ‘Daerah’ that have the Chief acting as a leader for district that responsible for the local government administration such as revenue collection, defence and justice. ‘Kampong’ or ‘Village’ was the last tier of political unit. However, for ‘Kampong’ it was actually more of social and economic unit rather than political unit. The head of ‘Kampong’ was known as “Penghulu” that act as the messenger for the villagers to the district. Local government election was first initiated during the British occupation. Malaysia inherited a British legacy in terms of local government objectives and style and has been influenced deeply by the British precedent . During its formative stage, the laws governing the local authorities in Malaysia mostly were based on English laws. Local government authorities in Malaysia have developed through time. The first states to form local government were...
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...Hewlett-Packard [Year] CORRUPTION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA: Introduction Nigeria is rich in natural and human resources, with a population of over 150 million people; the most populous country in Africa. At the time of her political Independence, on 1st October 1960, Nigeria excelled in production of agricultural produce such as groundnut, palm oil, cocoa, cotton, beans, timber and hides and skins. Then, during the oil boom period of the seventies Nigeria made headlines with her oil wealth, as a country richly endowed with oil and natural gas resources capable of financing a number of important projects to meet basic consumption and development needs (Salisu, 200:2). With per capital income of around $1,100 during the late 1970’s Nigeria was regarded as the fastest growing country in Sub-Sahara Africa (Salisu, Ibid). Yet it remains predominantly underdeveloped due to the scourge of corruption that has corroded it. Corruption denies the ordinary citizen the basic means of livelihood, it worsen unemployment and erodes our image as a nation and as individual (Danjuma Goje 2010:1). It has undermined Nigeria’s economic growth and development potential, with a per capital income of $340, Nigeria now ranks amongst the least developed countries in the World Bank League table (Salusi, op.cit). Nigeria’s higher education system once regarded as the best in Sub-Sahara Africa is in deep crisis. Health services are woefully inadequate, graduate unemployment...
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...University of Phoenix Material Government Comparisons Matrix Based on the readings from State and Local Government, review and summarize how each issue is managed at the state and local levels. Write 50 to 70 words for each response. |State |Local |Federal |How these entities | | | | |cooperate | |General |When it comes to general |Obviously, the local form|The federal government |These entities cooperate in| |Responsibilities |responsibilities, there |of government has an |has control over both the|that they set plans and | | |is not much difference |utmost responsibility to |state and local |itineraries for how they | | |between these forms of |the citizens. All money |governments when it comes|will attack the general | | |government, except the |that is spent is used for|to general |responsibilities within | | |size of the area that is |the best interest of all |responsibilities. When |each state and in the | | |covered. The state |citizens. Being local, |state or local government|United States as a whole. | | |government is responsible|it is the smallest form |are committing an act |They work...
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...com/info-resources/selecting-local-exchange-carriers-services/ One of the most important decisions a telecommunications manager needs to make with respect to establishing service for their external customers is who will provide the internal local service and what type of service(s) are required. Local exchange service is still at the heart of most companies’ telecommunications structure. The telephone system has grown up with procedures, interfaces, and is now designed for single ownership. The closed nature of the telephone network brings stability that is difficult to break. Competitors be allowed to connect to the ILEC at any feasible point. In fact, it carves into the heart of a system that was never designed for this kind of openness. The lowest unit in the local exchange is known as a wire center. In larger metropolitan areas, several wire centers combine to make up an exchange. An exchange is a telephone serving area that has uniform rates, services, and tariffs. Exchanges may be combined into an extended area service (EAS) serving area. Local Access Transport Area (LATA) is the area in which the BOC is permitted to complete toll calls until the regulatory restrictions are lifted. The purpose of the local tandem is to allow end offices to route traffic through the tandem if they have insufficient traffic to justify direct trunks or if traffic overflows from direct trunks. Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs’) networks are overlaid on the local calling...
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...PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT BILL 2012 (A CRITICAL ANALYSIS) By: Amjad Nazeer RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY INSTITUTE (RDPI) & PRACTICAL ACTION (August 2012) Islamabad PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT BILL 2012 (A CRITICAL ANALYSIS) Theoretical Context: Believed to be an integral part of democratic system of governance, it is the third tier of local governance that is highly argued about and advocated in contemporary times. Closer to the people and representatives of their essential needs and aspirations, it holds tremendous potential for civic comfort, environmental peace, social justice and economic development. One can hardly find any progressive or progressing state in the world that is either not evolving or thriving with an efficient and autonomous system of devolved governance. Not interchangeable though, notions like deconcentration, devolution and delegation hinge around the modalities and practices of decentralization. Richard Bird (1994) defines decentralization as “the degree of independent decision making exercised at the local level.” In theory decentralization is sometimes classified into three forms of governance i.e. delegation, deconcentration and devolution (Cheema and Rodinelli 1983). If the dispensation of services is removed from the centre and delivered through representatives of the central government, this is termed as ‘deconcentration’ (Smith 1967), while ‘delegation’ stands for a case, where local government functions as an agent of the federal...
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...The Local Food Movement: Going Green The food system is changing very fast nowadays. As we improve the quality of our life, we also develop the new ways to supply the population with food. Our growing population’s demand on food is enormous, and this demand led to the development of the processed food industry. This industry causes a lot of problems to humanity, harming the environment and health. But for the past decades our food system has significantly changed; new movements has occurred, and one them, the “locavore” movement, which supports the idea of the consumption of the locally grown food, is developing very fast. What do people mean by “local food”? According to the article “Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues”, “the local food system is a concept, used to describe the distance between producers and consumers” (10). Alisa Smith and J.B. MacKinnon, the authors of 100-Mile Diet: A Year of Local Eating, put the boundaries of 100-mile radius because as they say: “A 100-mile radius is large enough to reach beyond a big city and small enough to feel truly local” (qtd. in DeWeerdt 62). As this movement grows, more and more people are becoming interested in local food system, and in particular, in its benefits to society. People should eat the food, which was grown within 100 miles of their living place because the local food system can benefit the population in terms of health, environment and economy. Health is one of the most important issues in the local...
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