...century (Hirst, 2012). From here, the transition began from Feudalism to the early stage Capitalism, where the ordinary people broke away from the Feudal system and owned property and the means of production as well as the resources to make and maintain wealth (Dictionary.com, 2012). England in the 1800’s was hard in comparison to today. The life expectancy for a man aged 20 in 1850 was 60.1 years compared to 76.7 in 2004 (Geoff Canyon's Appeal to Authority, 2009). This was mainly due to the living conditions and especially those in the poor area of East London, where animals not only shared the often over crowed living area with humans but also the human waste that was thrown onto the streets. Often those who lived in the bottom apartments lived close to if not in the stench, more so than those who lived multiple stories above the streets. With the pollution of human waste in the streets and the polluted River Thames from the sewage of the West End, no matter where you lived in the East End, you still had to walk through the rising filth. These living conditions were the main reason for the various outbreaks of diseases, sores and premature deaths during the 1800’s (Engels, 2005). Engels (2005) further discussed that a lack of medical assistance was a major issue, those that needed help had no way of obtaining it. Therefore, many of the illnesses of today were undiagnosed then; this could have been a major cause to many of the problems experienced during those...
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...the "facts" about the stories have changed over time due to different writers or differing sources. The press changed Jack the Ripper from being a depressed killer of prostitutes to one of the most romantic figures seen throughout history. One fact that most sources agreed upon was that the Ripper was a killer who wanted nothing more than to strike fear into the entire city by horribly mutilating his victims and then leaving them in locations where they were sure to be seen. Jack was the type of killer that wants fame and loved the fact that his "name" was on everyone's lips and was able to strike fear into anyone and everyone's heart. In the late 1800's "Jack the Ripper" began his rampage of killings. He was a serial killer who murdered several prostitutes in the East End of London in 1888. The people of London, mainly the press at the time, dubbed this killer, "Jack the Ripper." The name was given to the killer because at the time of the murders, a person wrote a letter to the police and press claiming to be this serial killer, and he had called...
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...association for the private equity and venture capital industry and our unrivalled knowledge ensure our clients receive leading industry intelligence and training delivered by industry experts. If your objective is to enrich your own skill set, or support the development of your team through investment in training, so that their enhanced knowledge increases operational efficiency and contributes to your company’s long-term success, we are committed to providing outstanding development solutions. Full details of our comprehensive training programmes, which have been specifically created for the private equity & venture capital industry, follow. For further information or to book your place, please telephone the BVCA training team on +44 (0) 20 7420 1800 to discuss your needs. CPD points available on all BVCA programmes. Visit www.bvca.co.uk/training/cpd for details. • Use of case studies and participative break-out sessions to ensure skills can be directly applied • Courses for every level of experience: from foundation through to advanced • Highly participative courses to enable sharing of best practice and...
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...policing. Although policing seems ubiquitous today, formal public police services did not appear in the US until the late 1700s and 1800s. Prior to this period, policing efforts consisted of volunteer groups that were charged with a variety of responsibilities including: “social services, including lighting street lamps, running soup kitchens, recovering lost children, capturing runaway animals, and a variety of other services…” (Sagepub, 2014) As the country began to grow and populations increased during the 1700s, these watch groups were expanded to have daytime and nighttime groups. But as the country grew, problems such as riots and social unrest proved to be too much for these groups to handle. Watch groups were also highly ineffective at crime fighting and because they were comprised of volunteers, these groups were often irresponsible and remiss in their duties. “Policing in England and Colonial America was largely ineffective, as it was based on a volunteer system and their method of patrol was both disorganized and sporadic.5 Night watch groups in Colonial America, as well as day watch groups that were added at a later time, were largely ineffective; instead of controlling crime in their community, some members of the watch groups would sleep and/or socialize while they were on duty.11 (Sagepub, 2014):” During the late 1700’s and early 1800s, formal police departments were beginning to form (Sagepub, 2014). These were the first organized publically funded efforts to control...
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...Introduction to Corrections Michele Lira CJS/230 May 16, 2012 James Pepin Development of Corrections Before the 1800’s there really wasn’t any women prisons. Jails before the 1800’s had often treated women exactly as they treated men. The numbers of women in custody were very small- often just a handful among a much larger number of male prisoners. “Corrections The Fundamentals, author: Foster, Burk. Pg.32, par.4”. The women were mixed with male prisoners, and supervised by male jailers. The prisons began to change in the early 1800’s because of a woman by the name of Elizabeth Gurney fry. She began a ministry for women of Newgate and other London jails and prisons. Fry organized the Association for the improvement of the female’s prisoners in Newgate in 1817. She argued for separate prison facilities for women, run by women, and shaped for the needs of women prisoners. The United States reformers took up the separatist cause. Eliza W. B. Farnham was head matron of the women’s wing at sing sing prison. She made the prisons environments look more like a middle-class home. The first prison for women only was called the Indiana State Reformatory which was established in 1873. The three basic arguments that were established in the 1800’s that supported the separation of juvenile’s from adults were, (1) The penitentiary regimen was too hard on tender youth, (2) Juveniles would learn bad habits from older criminals...
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...against the worth of gold. Since gold was highly sought-after, it was a fair measurement of how a currency would hold its value. The gold standard came and went, over a matter of 100 years and is no longer used today. Arguments have been made for the return of the gold standard, to no avail the fall out in the late 1970’s still carries its weight. After World War II, the Bretton Woods agreement controlled the European and American economy, with the intentions of repairing damage after the war. Eventually, the strategy failed and thus gave way for the start of the foreign exchange market and the free-floating system. The gold standard began in the early 1800’s and was used as a measurement of the worth of currency. The idea was that as gold held a certain value according to the demand and supply of itself, the currency of a country would be worth a fraction of the worth of gold. For example, if one ounce of gold was worth $100 then one U.S. dollar would be worth 1/100th of an ounce of gold. It also kept a hold on any country from printing too much money, so that it would not lose its value over time. This measurement could also be used with any metal, as in the 1800’s silver was also a precious metal (Moffatt, n.d.). During the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, in 1933 the gold standard had come to an end due to the discontinuance of gold as a personal asset. Gold was no longer available for personal ownership, aside from jewelry. After this further relationship between...
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...Ada Lovelace, born as Augusta Ada Byron, was a genius mathematician. She is known for writing the instructions to the first computer program in the mid 1800’s. Ada created so many computer techniques, and is the first computer programmer. Ada’s parents, Lord George Gordon Byron and Lady Anne Isabella Milbanke did not have a very happy marriage. Lord Byron left England a few months after separating from his wife, and Ada never saw her father again. He then died in Greece when Ada was 8 years old. Ada had an unusual childhood, as an aristocratic girl. Ada's mother forced her to sit still. Lady Byron believed this would help Ada develop self control. Even though such subjects were not common for women to learn in the 1800’s, Ada had tutors...
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...communities upheld this responsibility and implemented effective ways to enforce the law and maintain order. This is where law enforcement was originated after the Code of Hammurabi took place and soon England formed law enforcements based on individuals and tribal justice. After the collapse of the England law enforcement, in the early nineteenth century Sir Robert Peel became an important person on having an impact on American policing which has been used until this day. Sir Robert Peel served as Home Secretary in 1828 in which he wanted to set law enforcement in the city which later would be London Metropolitan Police. He served in “Ireland for many years and successfully organized the Royal Irish Constabulary, Peel was keen to reform the way in which law was enforce in England and create a new police force for the city of London (Grant and Terry, 2012).” By 1829, parliament passed the London Metropolitan Act in which it provided funds for establishing 1,000 police officer force and strict standards of discipline and conduct. Peel created three core elements in modern policing which involved mission, strategy and organization of the structure. The mission of Peel’s new structure was crime prevention. He wanted to prevent crime and respond to the after fact of the result. “The strategy for implementing the mission of crime prevention was preventive patrol. Peel introduced the idea to officers...
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...WOMEN IN SOCIETY, HISTORY. Writer Hester Eisenstein, claim that Feminism or feminist thoughts is traceable back to the fifteenth century and also to earlier times, such as the age of Sappho. However, it is mainly observed from the mid 1960’s and 70’s, when the organised women’s movement began to revitalise itself and make a statement, that feminist perspectives began to influence the outpouring of publications on women history and female education. (Purvis June 1985). This piece of work is taken from the document written about Medieval Education in England. It shows that what little education given was mainly received by boys and girls hardly ever got any sort of education or as little as possible, instead they where to stay at home and learn home keeping. My commentary is focused on the history of women from the Roman to Medieval times. Except for a few exceptions, all Roman women were for their entire lives subject to some degree of limitation on the capacity for independent legal actions. (Jane Gardner 1986). Authority to act must either be obtained from, or was ordered by a man, which could either be a father, husband or guardian. For girls, puberty was written in law, and a girl is said to have reached it at the age of twelve, and to be of marriageable age at 12 and sometimes before they actually reach puberty. A woman married with Manus (creation) was effectively in the position of an adopted daughter and a part of the family, she had no legal independence and no independent...
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...The profound economic change that occurred in the early 1900’s was largely influenced and formed by the industrial revolution, in particular the second wave that occurred in the late 1800’s. The revolution as a whole resulted in the change from economies based on agriculture and farming, to industry based profits. This second wave of the revolution not only refined and improved the prior inventions of iron and coal, but brought with it new highly developed technologies such as steel, electricity, oil and chemicals that lead to the creation of new industries that had not existed prior. The introduction of large scale steel and iron production, as well as advanced railway systems and the opening of the Suez Canal, allowed countries to export vast amounts of resources easily, therefore boosting economies. The introduction of electricity into society during this time also had a profound impact on the economic situation of many countries and individuals by allowing possible work hours to be increased dramatically. In 1914, Britain, Germany, France and the US owned 72% of the world’s manufacturing output, having a profound impact on the economies of the countries but also creating a climate of competition between the strong industrial powers. To a certain extent, this economic change throughout the world had a significant impact, and acted as a catalyst for increasing social and political change. Political change was evident during the early 20th century given that dynastic rulers...
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...regional cuisines, Shandong Cuisine, Sichuan Cuisine, Guangdong Cuisine (Cantonese Cuisine) and Fujian Cuisine. Sichuan cuisine mainly uses the chili peppers and prickly ash to increase the flavor of the food. One of the most famous dishes Kung Pao Chicken coming from the Sichuan cuisine. There are several Cantonese snack restaurants which also called dim sum restaurants in the London. Compared with the Cantonese snack, Sichuan snack mainly serves a different kind of spicy noodles and dumplings. It is common to see a Sichuan snack restaurant fill with customers in China. As the center of global economy and culture, London has a large population of 8.623 million (Ukpopulation2016.com, 2016). In addition, London is a vibrant and receptive city, the residents live in the London dare to try the new things and eating is a must activity that everyone will do every day. Therefore, it has a large market for the restaurant especially a Chinese restaurant. This new business plan is about to open a Sichuan snack restaurant in London. In fact, there are some Sichuan restaurants served several Sichuan snack in London. Compared with those Sichuan restaurants, Sichuan snack restaurant only concentrates on the range of snack. For example, in Sichuan snack restaurant, it does not offer...
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...Nestled within suburban London is a picturesque necropolis housing the graves of both the famous and the forgotten. Spanning over 12 acres and containing thousands of graves, Highgate Cemetery is perhaps most popular for its celebrity residents, such as philosopher Karl Marx and novelist Douglas Adams. The cemetery has wormed its way into pop culture with rumors that the recently deceased George Michael will be buried there alongside his mother. However, the park itself boasts a rich history, and has been a striking piece of London for nearly two centuries. Highgate Cemetery’s overgrown flora, beautiful graves, and thriving wildlife makes it a breathtaking destination for anyone interested in rethinking their relationship with death. London in the 19th century was a minefield of dead cholera patients and plague victims. After a population boom in the early 1800’s, an already corpse-ridden London faced a dilemma: more living residents means more dead bodies. As a result, “Graveyards and burial grounds were crammed in between shops, houses and taverns — wherever there was space.” (“History,” Highgate Cemetery) Eventually, the stench became so unbearable and the health risks became so great that Parliament...
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...intention of stimulating the economy after war destruction. In the late 1970`s most western countries experienced stagflation and the new neo-liberal capitalist started to emerge. Neo-liberalism emphasized the importance of the free economy and the policies to stimulate market. The role of the state was to provide infrastructure and its intervention in the economy was to be kept minimum (Campbell and Marshall, 1999). This concept focused more on economic sectors...
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...victors at the Battle of Trafalgar. Where is this battle most highly commemorated and why? Map of the battle and deployment of ships during the battle of Trafalgar from National Geographic. [1] “Six thousand Frenchmen and Spaniards were killed or wounded at Trafalgar as well as 1,700 Britons; nineteen enemy ships were taken and one sunk; but the immensity of the victory at Trafalgar transcended such mundane calculations. It guaranteed British control of the oceans, and the creation of a unique global power that would endure for more than a century. The iconic value of the two names Nelson and Trafalgar for the British state was immense: they would be combined in many forms, most obviously in the centre of imperial London.”[2] This quote taken form Andrew Lambert’s article on the lasting effects of the battle of Trafalgar illustrates the significance of that battle of the world’s stage. The battle reinforced British supremacy of the seas and set forth the uncontested dominance of the British Empire throughout the globe. The fact that the British Empire then dominated the seas led directly to their ability to develop as a nation state and to influence the political landscape of Europe. Nations of Europe that had any interest in maritime trade with others now had to contend with the British Empire. The maritime supremacy of Great Britain, secured at the Battle of Trafalgar, is arguably one of the most important aspects of what shaped the...
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...Qihui Zheng 01/28/2011 EH205 Essay 2 When and why did London grow so much faster than other early modern capitals? By examine the key differences among Paris, Madrid, and London, I argue that from1650 to1750, the reason why London boosted in terms of demographic expansion and market integrations is that -- instead of creating market disorder by demanding cheap supply of goods from other places, emphasizing social privileges and over consumptions, London attracted spontaneous business exchange in market among different groups of people. In section I, by doing a brief literature review on E. A. Wrigley, D. R. Ringrose and other important authors, we may have a basic understanding of the demand and supply market mechanism and its relationship with population, internal market and functions of capitals. In section II, we will analyze how the functions of capital, such as exercising political power to satisfy a particular interest, can affect the demand and supply of market and demographic composition. In section III, we study further how the functions of capital such as price determination can change the economic development of the capital itself and its surrounding industrial and agricultural areas. At the end, we should see that London did a better job integrating the urban-rural market during 1650-1750. Literature Review From 1650 to 1750, London grew much faster than other continental capital cities. There is little debate on the time as shown in table 1 and 2 below...
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