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Management and Information Systems

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Rifky Hamdani
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Tugas Komputer

ESSAY
1. Sebutkan pengertian dari Program Komputer !
2. Sebutkan contoh-contoh Software Bahasa Pemrograman ! ( minimal 5 )
3. Sebutkan Langkah-langkah membuka Program Borland C++ !
4. Sebutkankan tipe data pada program C++ !vi
5. Sebutkan pengertian Variabel !
6. Sebutkan pengertian dari Konstanta !
7. Sebutkan Operator-operator pada C++
8. Sebutkan kegunaan perintah dibawah ini !
#include
cin cout getch()
9. Siapakah pembuat program C++ , dan sebutkan tujuan utama dibuatnya program C++ !
10.Perintah atau lambang yang digunakan untuk mengeksekusi kode program yang sudah dibuat dengan C++ adalah
Klik Debug –> Run
Atau CTRL + …….

Jawaban 1. Program komputer adalah kumpulan dari instruksi-instruksi yang memandu komputer untuk menjalankan tugas tertentu. 2. Visual Foxpro,Java,C++,Pascal, dan Pyton 3. Klik tombol start pilih All Program Borland C++ klik Borland C++ 4. Tipe data bilangan bulat:
-Char
-Int (integer)
-Short(Short Integer)
-Long(long Integer)
Tipe data bilangan real:
-float(real)
-double(real double)
-Long double
Tipe data unsigned Tipe data bilangan bulat:
-unsigned char
-unsigned int(integer)
-unsigned short(short integer)
-unsigned long(long integer) 5. Variabel Merupakan suatu tempat untuk menampung data atau konstanta di memori yang mempunyai nilaiAStau data yang dapat berubah – ubah selama proses program . 6. Konstanta menyatakan suatu nilai yang bersifat tetap. 7. Assignation ( = )

Operator Assignation digunakan untuk memberikan nilai ke suatu variabel. contohnya :

a=5

Pernyataan di atas berarti kita memberikan nilai integer 5 ke variabel a. Sisi kiri operator disebut lvalue (left value) dan sisi kanan disebut rvalue (right value). lvalue harus selalu berupa variabel dan rvalue atau sisi kanan dapat berupa konstanta, variabel, hasil dari suatu operasi atau kombinasi dari semuanya.

Aturan yang paling penting pada assigning (operasi sama dengan) adalah aturan kanan-ke-kiri: Operasi assignment selalu terjadi dari kanan ke kiri, dan tidak pernah sebaliknya.

a = b

Pernyataan ini memberikan arti variabel a (lvalue) di beri harga b (rvalue).
Contoh penerapannya begini : a = 10; //berarti a bernilai 10 b = 4; //berarti a bernilai 10 dan b bernilai 4 a = b; //berarti a bernilai 4 dan b bernilai 4. Ingat aturannya, Kanan ke Kiri. b = 7; //berarti a bernilai 4 dan b bernilai 7.
Bagaimana, sudah paham belum? jangan bilang tidak paham ya sobat. hehehe
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Operator Aritmatika
Operator aritmatika yang dapat digunakan di C++ ada 5, yaitu : * + Penjumlahan * - Pengurangan * * Perkalian * / Pembagian * % Modulo atau modulus
Wah pasti tidak perlu di jelaskan satu persatu sobat juga pasti sudah paham. Mungkin yang sedikit bingung adalah operator ( % ) atau modulo. Modulo adalah operasi yang memberikan sisa dari pembagian dua nilai. Misalnya begini: a = 11 % 3
Variabel a akan bernilai 2. Nilai 2 didapat dari sisa pembagian 11 dibagi 3. Coba saja di cek kalau tidak percaya. Tetapi jangan menggunakan kalkulator, karena hasilnya akan bilangan desimal. Capek deh.
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Increase ( ++ ) and Decrease ( -- )

Di C++ kita dapat memperpendek operasi :
Increase (++) a++; a+=1; a=a+1; Decrease (--) a--; a-=1; a=a-1; Masih bingung? begini sobat. Misalnya a=3; a++; maka nilai a yang baru adalah 4. Nah paham kan?

Operator Increase (++) dan Decrease (--) dapat digunakan sebagai prefix atau suffix. Dengan kata lain dapat dituliskan sebelum identifier variabel (++a) atau sesudahnya (a++). Operator increase yang digunakan sebagai prefix (++a), begini perbedaannya:

Contoh 1
(Prefix) | Contoh 2
(Surfix) | B = 3;
A = + + B;
// A berisi 4, B berisi 4 | B = 3;
A = B + +;
// A berisi 3, B berisi 4 |

Pada contoh 1, B ditambahkan sebelum nilainya diberikan ke A. Sedangkan contoh 2, Nilai B diberikan terlebih dahulu ke A dan B ditambahkan kemudian.
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Relational operators ( ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= )

Untuk mengevaluasi antara 2 ekspresi, dapat digunakan operator Relasional di atas. Hasil dari operator ini adalah nilai Boolean yaitu hanya berupa True atau False, atau dapat juga dalam nilai int, 0 untuk mereprensentasikan "false" dan 1 untuk merepresentasikan "true". == | Sama dengan | ! = | Tidak sama dengan | > | Lebih besar dari | < | Kurang dari | > = | Lebih besar dari atau sama dengan | <= | Kurang dari atau sama dengan |

Contoh :
(7 == 5) // evaluates to false atau hasil perbandingan salah.
(5 > 4) // evaluates to true atau hasil perbandingan benar.
(3 != 2) // evaluates to true atau hasil perbandingan benar.
(6 >= 6) // evaluates to true atau hasil perbandingan benar.
(5 < 5) // evaluates to false atau hasil perbandingan salah.

Selain menggunakan konstanta numerik seperti di atas, kita dapat menggunakan ekspresi yang valid, termasuk variabel. Misalkan a = 2, b = 3 dan c = 6 :

(a == 5) // "evaluates to false" karena a tidak samadengan 5.
(a*b >= c) // "evaluates to true" karena (2*3 >= 6) adalah benar.
(b+4 > a*c) // "evaluates to false" karena (3+4 > 2*6) adalah salah.
((b=2) == a) // "evaluates to true".

Hati-hati! Operator = (satu tanda sama) adalah tidak sama dengan operator == (dua tanda yang sama), yang pertama adalah operator penugasan (memberikan nilai pada haknya untuk variabel di sebelah kiri) dan yang lainnya (= =) adalah operator kesetaraan yang membandingkan apakah kedua ekspresi dalam dua sisi itu adalah sama satu sama lain.
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Logic operators ( !, &&, || )

Operator Logika digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua buah operasi relasi menjadi sebuah ungkapan kondisi. Hasil dari operator logika ini menghasilkan nilai numerik 1 (True) atau 0 (False).

! | Operator logika NOT | && | Operator logika AND | || | Operator logika OR |

Operator logika NOT ( ! )
Operator logika NOT akan memberikan nilai kebalikkan dari ekspresi yang disebutkan. Jika nilai yang disebutkan bernilai BENAR maka akan menghasilkannilai SALAH, begitu pula sebaliknya.
Misalnya :
Jika nilai a = 3 pada a + 4 < 10 :
Pada ekspresi relasi akan bernilai 1 (true), karena 7 < 10, sedangkan jika digunakan operator NOT akan menjadi !(a + 4 < 10) dan bernilai 0 (false).

Operator logika AND ( && )
Operator logika AND digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua atau lebih ekspresi relasi, akan dianggap BENAR, bila semua ekspresi relasi yang dihubungkan bernilai BENAR.
Lihat :
Operator && a | b | a && b | true | true | true | true | false | false | false | true | false | false | false | false |

Contohnya :
Ada 3 relasi, yaitu a + 4 < 10 ; b > a + 5 ; c - 2 >= 4 ; . Jika a = 3 ; b = 3 ; c = 7 ; . maka penggunaan operator logika AND seperti berikut :

* a + 4 < 10 ==> 3 + 4 < 10 ==> 7 < 10 ==> Benar * b > a + 5 ==> 3 > 3 + 5 ==> 3 > 8 ==> Salah * c - 2 >= 4 ==> 7 - 2 >= 4 ==> 5 >= 4 ==> Benar
Jika menggunakan Operator Logika AND pada ketiga relasi di atas akan bernilai Salah ( 0 ), karena ada satu relasi yang bernilai Salah, maka semuanya akan bernilai Salah. a + 4 < 10 && b > a + 5 && c - 2 >= 4 ==> Salah ==> 0 nol

Operator logika OR ( || )
Operator logika OR digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua atau lebih ekspresi relasi, akan dianggap BENAR, bila salah satu ekspresi relasi yang dihubungkan bernilai BENAR dan bila semua ekspresi relasi yang dihubungkan bernilai SALAH,maka akan bernilai SALAH.
Operator || a | b | a || b | true | true | true | true | false | true | false | true | true | false | false | false |

Contonya saya buat masih sama seperti pada kasus Operator Logika AND ( && ).

* a + 4 < 10 ==> 3 + 4 < 10 ==> 7 < 10 ==> Benar * b > a + 5 ==> 3 > 3 + 5 ==> 3 > 8 ==> Salah * c - 2 >= 4 ==> 7 - 2 >= 4 ==> 5 >= 4 ==> Benar
Jika menggunakan Operator Logika OR pada ketiga relasi di atas akan bernilai Benar ( 1 ), karena jika ada satu relasi saja yang bernilai Benar, maka semuanya akan bernilai Benar. a + 4 < 10 || b > a + 5 || c - 2 >= 4 ==> Benar ==> 1

_____________________________________________

Conditional operator ( ? )

Conditional operator atau operator bersyarat akan mengevaluasi ekspresi dan memberikan hasil tergantung dari hasil evaluasi (true atau false). Sintaks :

condition ? result1 : result2

Jika kondisi true maka akan menghasilkan result1 , jika tidak akan menghasilkanresult2.

Perhatikan :
7==5 ? 4 : 3 // hasil 3, karena 7 tidak sama dengan 5.
7==5+2 ? 4 : 3 // hasil 4, karena 7 sama dengan 5+2.
5>3 ? a : b // hasil bernilai a, karena 5 lebih besar dari 3. a>b ? a : b // hasil tergantung nilai variabel mana yang lebih besar, a atau b.
_____________________________________________

Bitwise Operators ( &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>)

Operator Bitwise memodifikasi variabel menurut bit yang merepresentasikan nilai yang disimpan, atau dengan kata lain dalam representasi binary.

operator | asm equivalent | Keterangan | & | AND | Bitwise AND | | | OR | Bitwise Inclusive OR | ^ | XOR | Bitwise Exclusive OR | ~ | NOT | Unary complement (bit inversion) | << | SHL | Shift Left | >> | SHR | Shift Right |

_____________________________________________

Explicit type casting operators

Type casting operators memungkinkan untuk mengkonversikan tipe data yang sudah diberikan ke tipe data yang lain. Ada beberapa cara yang dapat dilakukan dalam C++, yang paling popular yaitu tipe baru dituliskan dalam tanda kurung ().

Contoh : int i; float f = 3.14; i = ( int ) f;
Contoh diatas, mengkonversikan nilai 3.14 menjadi nilai integer (3). Type casting operator yang digunakan ( int ).
_____________________________________________

Precedence of operators ( Prioritas pada operator )

Maksudnya operasi yang di dahulukan terlebih dahulu. Misal :

a = 4 + 8 / 2 ;
Jawaban atau nilai a adalah 8. Mengapa bukan 6 ? Ya karena pada C++ pengerjaan operasi di lakukan dari level yang tinggi ke level yang lebh rendah.

Berikut ini adalah prioritas operator dari tinggi ke rendah : Level | Operator | Description | Grouping | 1 | :: | scope | Left-to-right | 2 | () [] . -> ++ -- dynamic_cast static_cast reinterpret_cast const_cast typeid | postfix | Left-to-right | 3 | ++ -- ~ ! sizeof new delete | unary (prefix) | Right-to-left | | * & | indirection and reference (pointers) | | | + - | unary sign operator | | 4 | (type) | type casting | Right-to-left | 5 | .* ->* | pointer-to-member | Left-to-right | 6 | * / % | multiplicative | Left-to-right | 7 | + - | additive | Left-to-right | 8 | << >> | shift | Left-to-right | 9 | < > <= >= | relational | Left-to-right | 10 | == != | equality | Left-to-right | 11 | & | bitwise AND | Left-to-right | 12 | ^ | bitwise XOR | Left-to-right | 13 | | | bitwise OR | Left-to-right | 14 | && | logical AND | Left-to-right | 15 | || | logical OR | Left-to-right | 16 | ?: | conditional | Right-to-left | 17 | = *= /= %= += -= >>= <<= &= ^= |= | assignment | Right-to-left | 18 | , | comma | Left-to-right | 8. #include=sebagian proses dari bagian kompilator,kompilator dari C++ menjalankan program yang dinamakan preprosesor cin=Fungsi cin merupakan sebuah objeck didalam C++ digunakan untuk memasukkan suatu data dapat berupa teks ataupun angka. cout=adalah sebuah object dari p pustaka perangkat lunak standart C++ yang di gunakan untuk mencetak string ke piranti output standart getch()=fungsi getch() ini hanya digunakan untuk menghentikan suatu proses yang berjalan. Namun kegunaan fungsi getch() sebenarnya lebih dari itu, fungsi getch sebenarnya merupakan fungsi yang digunakan untuk membaca input dari keyboard. 9. Program C++ diciptakan oleh Bjarne Stroustroup dari laboratorium Bell,AT&T pada tahun 1983.Tujuan utama C++ di buat adalah untuk meningkatkan produktivitas pemrograman dalam membuat aplikaasi.

10. pilih menu Build > Compile atau Ctrl +. F7.

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...MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM TO HELP MANAGERS FOR PROVIDING DECISION MAKING IN AN ORGANIZATION 1G.SATYANARAYANA REDDY, 2RALLABANDI SRINIVASU, 3SRIKANTH REDDY RIKKULA, 4VUDA SREENIVASA RAO 1Professor & HOD-MBA in CMR College of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India 2Professor & Director –PG Studies. St. Mary’s Group of Institutions, Hyderabad, India. 3Associate Professor, MCA Dept. St.Mary’s College of Engg. & Technology, Hyderabad ,India. 4Professor & Head CSE, IT Dept. St.Mary’s College of Engg. & Technology, Hyderabad ,India. E-mail: satya3831@yahoo.com, rsrinivasusas@gmail.com, rikkula@gmail.com, vudasrinivasarao@gmail.com ABSTRACT Management Information System (MIS) provides information for the managerial activities in an organization. The main purpose of this research is, MIS provides accurate and timely information necessary to facilitate the decision-making process and enable the organizations planning, control, and operational functions to be carried out effectively. Management Information System (MIS) is basically concerned with processing data into information and is then communicated to the various Departments in an organization for appropriate decision-making. MIS is a subset of the overall planning and control activities covering the application of humans, technologies, and procedures of the organization. . The information system is the mechanism to ensure that information is available to the managers in the form they want it and when they need...

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Management Information System

...by Barbara J. Ellestad Chapter 1 Business Information Systems in Your Career Computers continue to change every aspect of our lives from entertainment to shopping, from the work we do and where we do it, to how we communicate with friends, relatives, and business associates. As you can see from the opening vignette in the text, many businesses are remodeling their products and services to take advantage of expanded channel outlets such as the Internet, cell phones, and even iPod devices. This chapter gives you an overview of many of the subjects we’ll touch on in this course. It will help you understand how information technology is being used by many businesses worldwide to increase efficiency, save money, and create better relationships with suppliers and customers. 1.1 The Role of Information Systems in Business Today Ask managers to describe their most important resources and they’ll list money, equipment, materials, and people—not necessarily in that order. It’s very unusual for managers to consider information an important resource, and yet it is. As electronic business and electronic commerce grow in popularity and more firms digitize their operations, having useful information is becoming even more important to the global business community. This chapter will begin to explain why you need to manage your information resources as closely as any other in your organization. How Information Systems Are Transforming Business The next time you’re...

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Management Information System Assignment

...SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ISD 556: management information systems ASSIGNMENT: CASE STUDY: MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND E-COMMERCE COURSEWORK (30%) NAME INDEX NUMBER EVELYN BOAITEY PG7600212 PETER BONSU PG8373512 KELVIN KYEI TUFFOUR PG7605212 DATE: 2ND APRIL, 2013 A. All businesses share one common asset, regardless of the type of business. It does not matter if they manufacture goods or provide services. It is a vital part of any business entity, whether a sole proprietorship or a multinational corporation. That common asset is information. Information enables us to determine the need to create new products and services. Information tells us to move into new markets or to withdraw from other markets. Without information, the goods do not get made, the orders are not placed, the materials are not procured, the shipments are not delivered, the customers are not billed, and the business cannot survive. But information has far lesser impact when presented as raw data. In order to maximize the value of information, it must be captured, analyzed, quantified, compiled, manipulated, made accessible, and shared. In order to accomplish those tasks, an information system (IS) must be designed, developed, administered, and maintained. An information system is a computer system that provides management and other personnel within an organization with up-to-date information regarding the organization's performance;...

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