...Assess the reasons why Thatchers economic policies were controversial Thatchers economic policies throughout her premiership change the post war consensus completely and some of her most controversial economic policies included privatisation, poll tax, the Big Bang and the switch from Keynesian economics to monetarism. Her tough control of trade unions was another controversial issue that Thatcher made an economic policy because the power of trade unions could destroy any recovery she was trying to make. Thatcher believed that government spending had led to excessive taxation, inflation and borrowing and she wanted a free market economy. Howe reduced income tax by 3% and raised VAT from 8% to 15% which reduced inflation from 22% in 1980 to 4.5% in 1983. This was controversial because it moved away from the post-war economic consensus of full employment, stable prices and Keynesian economics. Monetarism increased the consumer culture and a generation of voter’s who’s goals were purely materialistic. In the 1981 budget Alan Walters increased taxes during the worst recession in 50 years which received criticism from both the Labour and Conservative parties. However in later years the monetarist policies have since been credited with the sustained economic growth of the 90’s but at the time it was still a very controversial policy because it helped shaped the culture of consumerism and unemployment was not tackled. Privatisation started in 1981 and 82 by selling shared...
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...by Robert Reich is about the disparity in income levels in the Americans economy. The author is concerned about the increasing gap between the filthy rich Americans and the middle-class citizens who are the majority with the capacity to promote economic growth in the American economy. In his works, Reich expresses his sentiment over wealth concentration of the bigger part of the economy in a few hands. He argues that the disparity is the sole reason as to why the American economy is experiencing a recession and not the 1980 crisis. Statistics show that the period between 1930 and 1990 the total income was more distributed equally between the different classes of people. By then the top one percent richest people own below nineteen percent of the overall economy income. Since then the gap between the rich has continued to widen with the top one percent owning more than 23% of the total revenue. The great depression experienced between 1913 and 1928 saw a drastic increase in private credit and clash of the Dow Jones stock index. With time, the American experienced significant recession up to the period between 1947 and late 1970s when rage flattened. At that time for many Americans to survive they drew down savings, more women joined the workforce, and many people worked for long hours. Repair the broken bargain Robert Reich, therefore, recommends rectification of the broken basic bargain as his first idea. He suggests progressive tax rate to boost the bargaining power of the...
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...such as Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, etc. Philippines, as a developing country has set various economic policies & strategies over time with a view to seeking development. In course of time it has adopted a wide variety of economic policies, many of which had long term effects (both positive and negative impacts) on the lives of its people. The crucial policies that the government of the country adopted over time are – Fiscal policy, Monetary policy, Income distribution strategy, Government policy, Tax policy, Trade policy, etc. The impacts of these policies have had widespread effects on various macroeconomic variables of the country. Various surveys and reports show that the economic growth has not been as expected. Growth of the variables has gone at a slow pace. GDP increases over time but with a high fluctuating rate. Rate of educated people, standard of health care, standard of living have improved but it is still poor in comparison with other countries of the region. It is one of the countries whose economy is based on agriculture. A huge portion of the country’s GDP comes from agriculture. But yet it has some major constraints due to what it is still facing some problems and fails to have that much development. Natural calamities are a fact to mention as one of the major constraints in way of agricultural development. It is natural that limitations or constraints appear in the way of development. But achieving success needs to address these constraints properly and...
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...policies. Hidden underneath the manufactured depiction of Reaganomics policies by mass media lies a controversial observation: these policies may have created a permanent shift in American society which, as a result, disenfranchised minorities since they went into effect over thirty years ago. This particular idea or theory is exceptionally contradictory and has been distorted by not only various media outlets but by subsequent pro-Reaganomics politicians over the years. A closer look at the actions taken place under Reagan’s administration will explicate Reagan’s administration detrimental effect on members of minority groups which, in some cases, still affects these groups today. These policies include but are not limited to the reduction of social programming, the impoverishment of black people, the “War on Drugs”, the administration’s response to crises such as AIDS, and its approach to Civil Rights and LGBT rights (or lack thereof). When former President Ronald Wilson Reagan was first elected into office in 1980, the country’s inflation rate was the highest it had been since 1947. After his election, President Reagan wasted no time in implementing his domestic policies for the economy. His economic policies were based on a school of thought called supply side economics. His economic plan included the following propositions: “reduce the growth of government spending, reduce marginal tax rates on income from labor and capital, and reduce regulation, and control the money supply...
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...The people in America want honesty, loyalty, and change for the next four years, that’s why during this election numerous people are turning out to vote so that they can have a powerful influence in who their next national leader will be. Throughout each election every candidate is evaluated on who proposes better ideas on how the future of this country should run. Both Democratic candidates Clinton and Sanders have similar issues that they say they want to focus on, however they both have different approaches in addressing a corrupt economic system, mass incarceration, and educational opportunities. Some people believe that Clinton will do more to take down a corrupt economy, because she has went to lower income communities and talked to the...
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...poultry production. This would extend Hygeia’s profitable agricultural activities even more in that West African country. CORPORATE BASE HYGEIA International is pseudonym for one of the 10 leading pharmaceutical companies of the world. Based in the United States, Hygeia also has laboratories and plants in many countries. Over a third of its net income is earned outside the U.S., and because of growing federal regulation, Hygeia looks abroad for a rising percentage of its future income. Like other large pharmaceutical films, Hygeia has converted drugs designed for humans to use in farm animals. This opens up a large market with relatively low R & D expense. In addition to veterinary products for the control and treatment of disease, Hygeia produces a variety of feed supplements. Currently, about 15 percent of Hygeia’s total sales of over a billion dollars come from agricultural activities! Hygeia’s agricultural business includes active participation in mass production of poultry. Today, frying chickens are raised in 100,000-chick batches. Thanks to genetic selection. Scientific feeding, and a strictly controlled environment, fries can be ready for market in 10 weeks. Egg production is similarly engineered. Significantly, these mass production methods provide one of the most efficient conversions of cereal grains into protein known on earth. Of course, two essential features of such operations are drugs for disease control and feed supplements. Hygeia makes both...
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...distress in the country. The conflict arising from the disputed presidential elections has roots in inequality, poverty, poor governance and a host of other issues. However the major underlying issue is clearly the perception of deliberate unfairness and inequality in the distribution of national resources. However it can also be argued that beyond the real biases in resource allocation is the widespread failure of the State due to deliberate policies of retreat compounded by unchecked corruption. Poverty has progressively deepened as the state has reduced its provisioning of social services. This retreat of the state has been coincident with the slow and persistent decline that characterized the country’s economic performance from the 1980’s until the turn of the century. Thus narrowing economic perspectives due to declining economic growth, deepening inequality and pauperization due to Structural Adjustment and the arbitrary ravages of corruption have combined to create a multidimensional social crisis. The DPMF’s research on Social Policy Development and Governance has hinted at the inherent dangers of the ever yawning gap between the elite and marginalized majority in this country. Public policy has failed to gauge the...
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...poultry production. This would extend hygeia’s profitable agricultural activities even more in that West African country. CORPORATE BASE HYGEIA International is pseudonym for one of the 10 leading pharmaceutical companies of the world. Based in the United States, hygeia also has laboratories and plants in many countries. Over a third of its net income is earned outside the U.S., and because of growing federal regulation, Hygeia looks abroad for a rising percentage of its future income. Like other large pharmaceutical films, Hygeia has converted drugs designed for humans to use in farm animals. This opens up a large market with relatively low R & D expense. In addition to veterinary products for the control and treatment of disease, hygeia produces a variety of feed supplements. Currently, about 15 percent of Hygeia’s total sales of over a billion dollars come from agricultural activities! Hygeia’s agricultural business includes active participation in mass production of poultry. Today, frying chickens are raised in 100,000-chick batches. Thanks to genetic selection. Scientific feeding, and a strictly controlled environment, fries can be ready for market in 10 weeks. Egg production is similarly engineered. Significantly, these mass production methods provide one of the most efficient conversions of cereal grains into protein known on earth. Of course, two essential features of such operations are drugs for disease control and feed supplements. Hygeia makes both (as do...
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...Country Risk Analysis: Philippines As trade barriers continue to fall and technological advances accelerate, the offshoring trend will continue as companies strive for operational efficiencies by outsourcing production and labor and taking advantage of capital markets. International business is not a new phenomenom, however the volume of international trade has increased dramatically over the last decade. Today, every nation and an increasing number of companies are investing abroad. Private and public investors must determine which countries offer the best prospects for sound investments. The decision to invest overseas begins with a determination of the riskiness of the investment climate in the country under consideration. In this paper we will evaluate the country risk analysis of investing in Philippines. The Philippines is the third-largest English speaking country in the world, enabling its manpower to have a unique edge over neighboring countries in terms of labor quality. Flanked by the Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea, its strategic location makes it a critical entry point to some 500 million people in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) market, offering vast trade opportunities, and an ideal base for business. It is also the best Asian country in terms of overall quality of expatriate life, considering its cultural compatibility with expatriates, housing, sporting and recreational facilities, quality healthcare, and first-rate educational institutions...
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...STOCK BUYBACKS Five years after the official end of the Great Recession, corporate profits are high, and stock market MANIPULATE THE booming. Yet most Americans the not sharing inis are the MARKET AND LEAVE recovery. While the top 0.1% of income recipients— MOST AMERICANS which include most of the highest-ranking corporate executives—reap almost all the income gains, good WORSE OFF. BY WILLIAM LAZONICK jobs keep disappearing, and new employment opportunities tend to be insecure and underpaid. COPYRIGHT © 2014 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL PUBLISHING CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. September 2014 Harvard Business Review 3 THE BIG IDEA PROFITS WITHOUT PROSPERITY Corporate profitability is not translating into widespread economic prosperity. The allocation of corporate profits to stock buybacks deserves much of the blame. Consider the 449 companies in the S&P 500 index that were publicly listed from 2003 through 2012. During that period those companies used 54% of their earnings—a total of $2.4 trillion—to buy back their own stock, almost all through purchases on the open market. Dividends absorbed an additional 37% of their earnings. That left very little for investments in productive capabilities or higher incomes for employees. The buyback wave has gotten so big, in fact, that even shareholders—the presumed beneficiaries of all this corporate largesse—are getting worried. “It concerns us that, in the wake of the financial crisis, many companies have...
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...occasional paper no. 7 world summit for social development after the golden age: the future of the welfare state in the new global order by gøsta esping-andersen unrisd united nations research institute for social development UNRISD work for the Social Summit is being carried out with the support and co-operation of the United Nations Development Programme. Proof-reading and layout: Rhonda Gibbes Dissemination: Adrienne Cruz UNRISD/OP/94/7 ISSN 1020-2285 Copyright United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). Short extracts from this publication may be reproduced unaltered without authorization on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to UNRISD, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNRISD welcomes such applications. UNRISD publications can be obtained from the same address. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute. after the golden age: the future of the welfare state in the new global order occasional paper...
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...The War on Drugs: A War on People Dr. Carl Hart is a world-renowned neuropsychopharmacologist and professor at Columbia University. He conducts groundbreaking research into the nature of drug addiction and often swims against the mainstream, using empirical data to rein in the hyperbole and hysteria that often is associated with certain drugs. Dr. Hart is not your average university professor though. He was one of the first African-Americans to get a tenured position at a major institution and overcame impossible odds to get there. Growing up in dire poverty near Miami, Dr. Hart experienced first hand the crack cocaine epidemic that swept across the nation in the 1980s and 1990s, and was firmly convinced by it that drugs were the primary cause...
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...Unit 21: Nutrition Concepts of health eating and diet The key to a healthy balanced diet is to consume the right amount of food from all food groups. It is important that a good diet must include most food groups as one single group cannot provide everything human’s needs for good health. A good diet and eating healthy is a nutritional lifestyle that helps to promote good health. Eating healthy helps to maintain a healthy body weight, good wellbeing and reduces the risk of various diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. 5 a day It is important that we have at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day as they are a part of a healthy balanced diet and can help us maintain good health. It is recommended by a worldwide health organisation that we should consume 400g of fruit and vegetables a day to lower the risk of serious health problems such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and obesity. Fruit and vegetables are a good source of vitamin c and dietary fibre, which helps to maintain a healthy gut and lower the risk of bowel cancer and constipation. Food Food is a nutritious substance that people eat in order to maintain life and growth. Food is needed by the human body for energy, to repair and build muscles and to prevent sickness and help recover from it. Food can be divided into energy content and nutrients. The breakdown of fats, proteins and carbohydrates will determine how much energy the body can derive from a given amount of food. Fats and carbohydrates...
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...Zambia’s agriculture has the potential of enhancing economic growth and reducing poverty. Good agricultural policies and a well performing agricultural sector translates into significant improvements in the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment generation, and broadens the country’s tax base since the livelihoods of the majority of Zambians depend on agricultural-related activities such as farming. The sector, if well developed, should contribute significantly to welfare improvement. In the colonial period, the government paid particular attention to provinces which were accessible by railways and also to large estate farmers within these provinces. After independence, attempts were made to redress the imbalance between these provinces and the less accessible ones. This essay sets to highlight certain agricultural policy considerations which were taken into account in the evolution and development of Zambia’s post independence. It will further indicate which policy direction the author would have taken if he were part and parcel of the Zambian team responsible for policy formulation. In trying to discuss this, the author will start by defining what an agricultural policy is, highlight agricultural policy considerations in the post independence regime of the Second Republic (1964-1991) and also the policy direction the author would have taken if he were part and parcel of its formulation and draw a conclusion. An agricultural policy usually comprises a...
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...HEALTH RISKS & COSTS The Effects Of Obesity, Smoking, And Drinking On Medical Problems And Costs Obesity outranks both smoking and drinking in its deleterious effects on health and health costs. by Roland Sturm ABSTRACT: This paper compares the effects of obesity, overweight, smoking, and problem drinking on health care use and health status based on national survey data. Obesity has roughly the same association with chronic health conditions as does twenty years’ aging; this greatly exceeds the associations of smoking or problem drinking. Utilization effects mirrors the health effects. Obesity is associated with a 36 percent increase in inpatient and outpatient spending and a 77 percent increase in medications, compared with a 21 percent increase in inpatient and outpatient spending and a 28 percent increase in medications for current smokers and smaller effects for problem drinkers. Nevertheless, the latter two groups have received more consistent attention in recent decades in clinical practice and public health policy. M a n y b e h a v i o r a l r i s k f a c t o r s , chief among them smoking, heavy drinking, and obesity, are known causes of chronic health conditions. Chronic health conditions, like cancer, diabetes, or heart disease, in turn are primary drivers of health care spending, disability, and death. This paper compares the associations of smoking, problem drinking, and obesity with health care use and chronic conditions....
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