...Memory Management Requirements Cynthia Thompson POS/355 July 27, 2015 E’ Forrest Boyd Memory Management Requirements. Memory management is essential to a computer system. Memory management is the location of memory for a system that helps transmit information to programs when need it. It is the center of memory organization. Including the main memory and secondary memory. Main memory being smaller and less permanent, leaving the secondary memory being larger and for long term memory. The memory management requirements are relocation, protection, sharing, logical organization, and physical organization. To begin, relocation is to remove or uninstall a program once it is established in the main memory and then reinstalling it to a different part of the main memory. These programs are usually unknown and easy to swap. Next, protection that ties in with relocation. Relocation, especially unpredictable relocations, weakens the protection by swapping programs to different areas. Protection prevents all interference whether intentional or not. The requirement of protections helps keep everything running smoothly. Enforces specific programs to run their own specific instructions and denies access if not. And before programs run, they are checked. When it comes to sharing it makes the protection be flexible. Although, sharing allows access without with out threatening the protection, making it possible. Sharing gives you the ability to work...
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...Linux is an open source operating system. Considering the difficulties and risks in developing an operating system, is it surprising that Linux has been as successful as it has? What makes it so successful, despite these difficulties? Write a short paper answering this question. OpenSorce Operating systems:- Opensource operating systems are the operating systems that are designed and licenced in such a way that they are free to use, free to change the os and can be distributed for free.the source code used to design the os is made free to public so that people can change and modify depending on their needs and can create their own custom versions and re entitiled to be mostly free the examples of the open source are linux operating systems like Ubuntu,Free BSD.The contrary of the opensource os are the regular copyrighted os and software where source code is not entitiled to be realsed and the os is completely copyrighted with the publisher like the windows and macos. Developping an Operating systems. An operating system is a software that will interact with the hardware resources of the computer and effectively use them inorder to input from the user/interface and get the desired results. Developping the early OS began in early 1950’s where the initial code is written in assembly language but soon after the evolution of C language most of the design for early unix is done in C language and the evolution lead to the opensource linux kernel which may or may not...
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...Introduction Computer systems are extremely complex objects. Even the smallest systems consist of millions of individual parts. Each part is relatively simple in its function and easy to understand. It is only when these millions of simple parts interact with each other that we develop the complex structures that comprise our modern computing systems. In this lesson, we take a brief look at the major components of a computing system. In subsequent lessons, we will study each component in more detail. Many people have tried to classify computing systems in different ways, always with difficulty. We will look at some of the terminology used to describe different types of computing systems, from the ubiquitous micro to the extremely powerful supercomputer. Common terms, such as hardware and software, will be discussed. Different methods of processing data and information will be explained. After this brief survey, we will come back, in later lessons, and explore in greater detail the topics introduced here. Data and information processing have been previously defined as the transformation of unorganised raw material or data into useful information. This processing may be done manually or with the help of mechanical and electronic devices. It is common to refer to the collection of personnel, equipment, software, and procedures that perform the data and information processing functions as an information processing system. Very often, when a computer is used, the system is referred to...
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...Part 1 Introduction 1.1 What is an operating system 1.2 History of operating systems 1.3 Computer hardware review 1.4 The operating system zoo 1.5 Operating system concepts 1.6 System calls 1.7 Operating System Structure 1 1.1 What is an operating system 2 What is An Operating System A modern computer consists of: • • • • • One or more processors Main memory Disks Printers Various input/output devices Managing all these components requires a layer of software – the operating system 3 What is an Operating System 4 The Operating System as an Extended Machine - Hides the messy details which must be performed - Presents user with a virtual machine, easier to use 5 The Operating System as a Resource Manager • • • Allow multiple programs to run at the same time Manage and protect memory, I/O devices, and other resources Includes multiplexing (sharing) resources in two different ways: • In time • In space 6 1.2 History of Operating Systems 7 History of Operating Systems • First generation 1945 - 1955 – vacuum tubes, plug boards • Second generation 1955 - 1965 – transistors, batch systems • Third generation 1965 – 1980 – ICs and multiprogramming • Fourth generation 1980 – present – personal computers 8 History of Operating Systems First generation 1945 - 1955 • Computers:ENIAC, UNIVAC… • Operating System: No OS, • Machine Language: plugboards • Single group: designed, built, programmed...
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...History of operating systems From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) History of computing Hardware Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present Hardware in Soviet Bloc countries Software Software Unix Free software and open-source software Computer science Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Software engineering Modern concepts Graphical user interface Internet Personal computers Laptops Video games World Wide Web Timeline of computing 2400 BC–1949 1950–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 more timelines ... Category Category v t e Computer operating systems (OSes) provide a set of functions needed and used by most application programs on a computer, and the linkages needed to control and synchronize computer hardware. On the first computers, with no operating system, every program needed the full hardware specification to run correctly and perform standard tasks, and its own drivers for peripheral devices like printers and punched paper card readers. The growing complexity of hardware and application programs eventually made operating systems a necessity. Contents [hide] 1 Background 2 Mainframes 2.1 Systems on IBM hardware 2.2 Other mainframe operating systems 3 Minicomputers and...
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...ABSTRACT AN AUTOMATED HOSTELS AND ROOMS ALLOCATION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY OF YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY) This Project work intends to address some of the problems encountered in the allocation of hostels and rooms to students manually in Yaba College of Technology. The growing number of students in higher institutions posed a lot of accommodation problems on the part of students and School Management. Some of the problem caused includes, few hostels that exist in the College are not properly managed, Statistic of rooms required to match the growing numbers of students are farfetched, Student pays fee for hostel and may end up not getting rooms because of lack of bed space, Hostel administrators cannot give accurate information of the occupancy of a particular room. In respect to all these existing problems, a system will be designed to manage a database for allocating hostel and room to student. The system designed will keep track of all the available rooms, their occupants and funds generated from hostel fees. The New system will be implemented using Visual Basic 6.0 and Ms Access Database. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In 1912, in Altena Castle in Germany, Richard Schirrmann created the first permanent Jugendherberge or "Youth Hostel". These first Youth Hostels were an exponent of the ideology of the German Youth Movement to let poor city youngsters breathe fresh air outdoors. The youths were supposed to manage the hostel...
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...Chapter 1: Introducing Operating Systems TRUE/FALSE 1. The operating system manages each and every piece of hardware and software. True 2. An operating system is a special type of hardware. False 3. The Memory Manager, the Interface Manager, the User Manager, and the File Manager are the basis of all operating systems. True 4. Networking was not always an integral part of operating systems. True 5. The Memory Manager is in charge of main memory, also known as ROM. False 6. The high-level portion of the Process Manager is called the Process Scheduler. False 7. The Device Manager monitors every device, channel, and control unit. True 8. The File Manager is responsible for data files but not program files. False 9. When the Processor Manager receives a command, it determines whether the program must be retrieved from storage or is already in memory, and then notifies the appropriate manager. True 10. Operating systems with networking capability have a fifth essential manager called the Network Manager that provides a convenient way for users to share resources while controlling users’ access to them. True 11. The central processing unit (CPU) is the brains of the computer with the circuitry to control the interpretation and execution of instructions. True 12. Until the mid-1970s, all computers were classified by price alone. False 13. The supercomputer was developed primarily for government applications needing massive...
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...1. Heterogeneous Systems Support Not only should cloud management solutions leverage the latest hardware, virtualization and software solutions, but they should also support a data center's existing infrastructure. While many of the early movers based their solutions on commodity and open source solutions like general x86 systems running open source Xen and distributions like CentOS, larger service providers and enterprises have requirements around both commodity and proprietary systems when building out their clouds. Additionally, cloud management providers must integrate with traditional IT systems in order to truly meet the requirements of the data center. Companies that don't support technologies from the likes of Cisco, Red Hat, NetApp, EMC, VMware and Microsoft will fall short in delivering a true cloud product that fits the needs of the data center. 2. Service Management To productize the functionality of cloud computing, it is important that administrators have a simple tool for defining and metering service offerings. A service offering is a quantified set of services and applications that end users can consume through the provider — whether the cloud is private or public. Service offerings should include resource guarantees, metering rules, resource management and billing cycles. The service management functionality should tie into the broader offering repository such that defined services can be quickly and easily deployed and managed by the end user. 3. Dynamic...
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...Computer Memory 1.Introduction: Just like humans, computers rely a lot on memory. They need to process and store data, just like we do. However, computers store data in digital format, which means the information can always be called up exactly the way it was stored. computer memory - an electronic memory device; "a memory and the CPU form the central part of a computer to which peripherals are attached" 1.1History of memory: In the early 1940s, memory technology mostly permitted a capacity of a few bytes. The first electronic programmable digital computer, the ENIAC, using thousands of octal-base radio vacuum tubes, could perform simple calculations involving 20 numbers of ten decimal digits which were held in the vacuum tube accumulators. The next significant advance in computer memory came with acoustic delay line memory, developed by J. Presper Eckert in the early 1940s. Through the construction of a glass tube filled with mercury and plugged at each end with a quartz crystal, delay lines could store bits of information within the quartz and transfer it through sound waves propagating through mercury. Delay line memory would be limited to a capacity of up to a few hundred thousand bits to remain efficient. Two alternatives to the delay line, the Williams tube and Selectron tube, originated in 1946, both using electron beams in glass tubes as means of storage. Using cathode ray tubes, Fred Williams would invent the Williams tube, which would be the first random...
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...BACKGROUND This Samsung Electronics (hereinafter referred as “Samsung”) case illustrates the history of Samsung’s success in their strategy in getting into the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), the high growth memory market segment in 1980s when then-key player, Intel had chosen to exit the business. Despite Samsung’s high internal production cost ($1.30 for a single 64K DRAM chip) which exceeded the prevailing market price which is below $1.00, consistent with its strategy, Samsung went ahead to build its large manufacturing fabrication facility amidst Samsung’s unproven technical knowledge in memory manufacturing business, uncertain industry performance then, harsh environment to build the semiconductor facility from ground zero which is highly sensitive to dust and electronic shock. All these coupled with Samsung’s vision, perseverance and determination has seen Samsung grown to a $25.1 billion of semiconductor exports as of 2004 commanding a 10.4% of the country’s export volume. In this report, we will analyze in depth Samsung’s production cost advantages that brought this chaebol to where it is today, and how Samsung’s competitive advantage has translated to Samsung commanding a price premium in DRAMs in 2003 before providing recommendations to Samsung’s senior management to respond to the threat of large-scale Chinese entry into the industry in order to continue differentiating itself as a market leader over its competitors. QUESTION 1: WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF SAMSUNG’S...
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...NAME : FARAN MUNIR ENROLLMENT : 01-134132-045 CLASS :BSCS-4B DBMS ASSIGNMENT NO.1 Q1: In the new industrial era how the databases made the information management easier as compared to the manual systems ? Ans : In Industrial Era the database made the information management easier as compare to the manual systems following way : DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(DBMS): Dbms is a collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database. In a sense, a database resembles a very well-organized electronic filing cabinet in which powerful software, known as a database management system, helps manage the cabinet’s contents. IMPROVED DATA SHARING : The DBMS helps create an environment in which end users...
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............................... 4 EVGA nForce 780i SLI Motherboard ....................................................................... 5 Hardware Installation ....................................................................................................9 Safety Instructions.................................................................................................... 9 Preparing the Motherboard .................................................................................... 10 Installing the CPU .............................................................................................. 10 Installing the CPU Fan ....................................................................................... 11 Installing Memory...
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...is AMD’s Heterogeneous System Architecture? By Ralph Efftien Polytechnia Institute CGS-1280C Computer Hardware Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) evolved from the SetiAtHome screensaver program created by Dr. David Anderson at University of California – Berkeley. BOINC over the major revisions has gone from running scientific applications during a CPUs idle time to also running the apps on the GPU (BOINC, 2013). They first started with NVIDIA’s CUDA routines and added ATI’s CAL routines to enable projects applications to perform scientific calculations on their various GPUs. With the acquisition of ATI by AMD, AMD has since dropped support for the CAL routines and has gone with supporting OpenCL for running general applications of the graphics coprocessor. The following list are some of the projects that use the GPU: 1. http://einstein.phys.uwm.edu/ 2. http://boinc.thesonntags.com/collatz/ 3. http://milkyway.cs.rpi.edu/milkyway/ 4. http://boinc.fzk.de/poem/ 5. http://www.primegrid.com/ 6. http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/ 7. http://setiweb.ssl.berkeley.edu/beta/ 8. http://moowrap.net/ These projects are the first that use the GPU to perform calculations on work units. They all started with applications that BOINC ran CPUs and the programmers at the various projects then adapted to run on the GPU. BOINC being a multi-threaded program is able to run one project on each core of a systems CPU and anywhere from one...
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...AMIBIOS8™ Check Point and Beep Code List Version 2.0 – June 10, 2008 American Megatrends, Inc. Checkpoint & Beep Code List 2.0 Copyright (c) 2008 American Megatrends, Inc. All Rights Reserved. American Megatrends, Inc. 5555 Oakbrook Parkway Suite 200 Norcross, GA 30093 (USA) This publication contains proprietary information which is protected by copyright. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language or computer language, or transmitted in any form whatsoever without the prior written consent of the publisher, American Megatrends, Inc. American Megatrends, Inc. retains the right to update, change, modify this publication at any time, without notice. For Additional Information Call American Megatrends BIOS Sales Department at 1-800-828-9264 for additional information. Limitations of Liability In no event shall American Megatrends be held liable for any loss, expenses, or damages of any kind whatsoever, whether direct, indirect, incidental, or consequential, arising from the design or use of this product or the support materials provided with the product. Limited Warranty No warranties are made, either express or implied, with regard to the contents of this work, its merchantability, or fitness for a particular use. American Megatrends assumes no responsibility for errors and omissions or for the uses made of the material contained herein or reader decisions based on such use. Trademark and Copyright...
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...Similarities Between Operating Systems POS/355 Intro to Operating Systems November 5, 2012 Differences and Similarities Between Operating Systems There are many similarities and differences among the top desktop operating systems UNIX/Linux, Windows, and Mac. An operating system is the software which operates the basic functions of a computer. Among these functions are task scheduling, I/O, and the execution of programs. There are key areas in which these operating systems must function. Memory management, processor management, file management, and security are the main focus of an operating system. Memory management refers to the way an operating system manages the computer memory. Processor management is the way the computer handles processing of programs. File management is the way an operating system allows files to be saved, deleted and handled by the user. Security is addressed by the operating system to ensure that the files on a computer are safe from unwanted intrusion and manipulation. Each of the three operating systems confronts these functions in their own way. In some ways they are similar and there are also specific differences. Memory management is the function of a computers operating system responsible for managing the computers primary memory. The memory management function keeps track of the status of each memory location, either allocated or free. It determines how memory is allocated among competing processes, deciding who gets memory, when they receive...
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