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财务管理案例一翻译稿

Midland Energy Resources, Inc.: Cost of Capital

2007年1月下旬,负责Midland能源项目融资的高级副总裁,Mortensen,正在编制Midland及其三个主要业务部门的年度资金成本估算报告。Midland是一个全球性的能源公司,其主要业务为石油和天然气勘探生产(E&P),炼油与销售(R&M),以及石化业务。综合起来看,该公司2006年营业额和营业收益分别为248.5亿美元和42.2亿美元。 在Midland内部,很多的分析需要用到资金成本估评,包括:资本预算和财务核算,绩效评估,M&A 提案,以及股票回购的决定。这些分析有些是在部门或业务单位层面来完成的,有些是在公司层面来完成的。早在20世纪80年代初,Midland的企业财务人员就已经开始为公司以及各部门编制年度资金成本估算。然而,由财务人员编制的估算却常受到批评,公司的各部门领导有时会对特定的假设以及使用的数据提出质疑。 2002年,Mortensen,一位直接受命于CFO的资深分析师,被指派去完成Midland公司股票回购资金成本的估评。半年后,她被指派去计算公司和各部门资本的成本,旨在将公司高层执行机构和赔偿委员会一并纳入计划绩效评估。从那时起,Mortensen便每年开展类似的工作,只要是她做出的估评,即便是公司没有正式要求过的估评,就会成为广泛认可的公司标准。2007年,Mortensen意识到她的报告已成为公司权威,便倾注了更多的精力,精心准备。最近,她在思考,这些估算是否适用于所有的场合,因此,她在考虑对2007年的各种计算增设一套类似于“使用者指南”的文件。 Midland的业务 Midland已经开门做生意120多年了,截止2007年,公司共计80000雇员, Exhibits 1 and 2是Midland的综合财务报表,Exhibit 3是公司2004年至2006年的选定业务分部数据。 勘探与生产 Midland从事勘探,开发和生产各个阶段的业务,然而,生产却是E&P部门的年度经营业绩报告的主体。在 2006年期间,Midland每天大约开采2.1 millon桶油,较2005增长6.3%,每天生产大约7.28 billion立方英尺天然气,相比2005年,增长率略低于1%。这些生产为公司带来22.4 billion美元的营收和12.6 billion美元的税后盈利。 E&P是Midland最赚钱的业务,其在过去五年的净利率达到业界最高水平。 Midland预测全球人口和经济将继续增长,未来全球对其产品的需求将进一步上升。不过,来自于非传统领域的产品,如深水钻井,稠油开采,液化天然气(LNG),以及极地开采技术预计是增长的一部分。此外,产品出产地的地理结构也在发生偏移,如中东,中亚,俄罗斯,西非地区的出产地呈增加趋势。 07年,油价达到历史性的高位,Midland加大了对未开发的新兴资源储备的投资以扩大生产。持续走高的价格,刺激了其对精细开采技术的投资,这些技术能延展现存油田和海洋资源的生命期。07和08年,公司在E&P部门的投资预计将超过$8 billion。 炼油与销售 Midland在全球拥有40个炼油厂,炼化能力达5.0 million 桶/天,如果以营业收入来衡量的话,炼油与销售在其全球营收上占据大笔江山。2006,炼油与销售的营收为$ 203 billion,较2005年减少约1.8%。由于这些产品已高度商业化,这个部门面对着激烈的竞争。其税后利润仅为$4.0 billion。20年以来,这部分的收入已大幅减少,但整个行业的长期趋势也就是这样。 尽管Midland大部分的炼化产出是车用汽油,但它也具备生产120,000桶/天润滑油的能力,Midland相信自己是行业的技术领先者,其先进的技术和垂直的资源整合将它打造成为行业领袖。 对于炼化市场,Midland将一直保持稳健的投资,即使是在市场疯狂的07,08年,它对炼化市场的投资也没有实质性的增加过。这既反映出整个炼化行业盈利萎缩的历史趋势,也是受制于开一家新炼厂所需要的繁琐审批。然而,大多数的分析师预测,从长远看,全球炼化能力是有缺口的,这种缺口最终会刺激该领域里的投资增加。 石化业务 石化是Midland的最小的部门,但仍然是一块重大业务。世界各地的8个国家,Midland完全或部分拥有25个生产设施和5个研究中心的权益。该公司的化工产品,包括聚乙烯,聚丙烯,苯乙烯,聚苯乙烯,以及烯烃,1 - 己烯,芳烃,以及燃料和润滑油添加剂。 2006年,其营业收入和税后收益分别为23.2亿美元和2.1亿美元。

在石化产品方面的投资近期预计将有所增加,因为几个老厂已被出售、退役并由新的,产能更高的厂子所取代。大多数的投资将由美国以外的合资公司来操作,在这些公司中,Midland石化产品部门实际上只占有少数股东权益。

Midland财务与投资政策 2007年,Midland的财务战略建立在四大支柱上:(1).为有显著增长的海外项目提供资金;(2).在所有部门中能创造价值的项目上投资;(3).优化资本结构;(4).相机而动,回购被低估的股票。

海外增长 国内最易开采的资源在之前几十年就已经投产了。因此,对于大多数美国生产者而言,海外投资是主要的增长引擎,Midland也不例外。Midland投资海外工程往往是与外国政府或当地企业合作。通常,这些投资有专门的财务和合约规划来运行财务,这些规划在很多方面是相似的。多数情况下,Midland是项目的领导者,为此,它收取项目管理费或者土地使用费。Midland和其外国合作者分享股权,外国合作者往往至少得到50%的股份(加上优先股)。尽管投资项目在国外,但Midland用美元分析评估这些项目(通过把外币的现金流折合成美元并应用美元折现率)。2006年,Midland股权收益接近47.5亿美元,其中77%来自美国以外的投资项目。

创造价值的项目的投资 Midland用折现现金流量法来评估大多数投资。Midland的折现现金量量法主要涉及无负债现金流和预设回报率(来自于项目或部门的WACC)。但是,Midland部分海外业务的利润用未来股权现金流量和基于股权成本的折现率来衡量。 给定时期内一个项目或部门的业绩主要用两种方法衡量:第一种方法是1年期、3年期和5年期的实际业绩与计划相比较;第二种方法基于“经济增加值”(EVA),在这种方法里,无负债现金流要减去资本要价,用美元计价。资本要价这么计算——业务或部门的WACC乘以当期利用的资本量。

优化资本结构

Midland公司对其资本结构进行优化,主要是靠谨慎地利用其能源储备以及类似于炼油设备这样的长期生产性资产的借贷能力。公司对负债水平进行定期评估,长期目标也根据评估结果而重新设定。尤其是,将能源价格水平的变化和公司的股票价格变化挂钩,也使公司对最佳的负债水平的定期评估成为必要。2007年,在油价创出历史新高的同时,公司的股票价格也创出历史新高,并因此增加了公司的借贷能力。这反过来也代表了将公司的额外利润进行避税的机会。

米兰公司下属的每个部门都有自己的负债比率目标。负债比率目标的设定是参照了各个部门的年度营运现金流以及可确认资产的抵押价格等多方面因素。目标本身是倾向于不轻易变动,然而,特定的抵押物,如原油储备的市价变动,或者整个公司的市场资本的市值变化,将导致实际负债比率偏离负债比率目标。

Mortensen的团队并不设定指标——这些目标是由公司各个部门,管理层以及董事会协商设定的。但Mortensen的团队根据每个部门设定的债务比率目标预估了一个债务比率,还预估了相应的超过国债收益率的溢价,以计算部门和公司的借贷成本。表1为Mortensen的团队为米兰公司2007年所作的预估:

表一

信用评级 负债率 高于国债收益率的差幅(风险溢价) 业务部门:

综合 A+ 42.2% 1.62%

勘探及开采部门 A+ 46% 1.60% 炼油及营销部门 BBB 31% 1.80% 石油化工部门 AA- 40% 1.35%

注:负债率,即负债除以公司市值。

2006年12月31号,公司负债等级被标准普尔公司评为A+等级。表二为2007年一月美国国债的到期收益率。

表二

期限 收益

一年期 4.54% 十年期 4.66% 三十年期 4.98%

结论是:米兰公司对于举债能力的谨慎使用,是影响公司资本结构的首要因素,但其他因素同样扮演着重要的角色。特别是公司的综合资产负债表的稳固程度以及对全球金融市场及大宗商品市场的参与,后者有时会导致诱人的机会,通过交易有价证券及大宗商品来获利。相比米兰公司的几个主要竞争对手,米兰公司是比较保守的,但米兰公司拥有自己的交易团队,这个交易团队在董事会一系列的指导规则下,专门负责积极管理货币市场,利率市场以及大宗商品市场的风险。管理某些风险,或者是利用内幕消息以及特殊的价格关系的动机也是导致实际的资本结构有时暂时性地偏离计划目标的一个附加原因。

股票回购 在过去,Midland有时回购自己的股票,而且声称每当有吸引力的机会出现,它将再次回购。因此,公司通过从公司基本价值减去负债的市场价值,并用实际的股票数量除以该结果的方式来定期估算股票的内在价值。整个公司的基本价值是使用DCF分析法以及公司股票的交易倍数与同行的交易倍数的对比来估计。当股票价格低于股票的内在价值, Midland公司就会考虑回购自己公司的股票。少量的股票可以在公开市场上购买;大宗购买则会通过自招标。自从2002年起,Midland就没有大量回购过股份,而且考虑到公司的高股价,分析家预测在近期也不会有大宗回购。不过,Midland执行官指出,股价上升的事实并不意味着股票没有被低估—内在价值很显然也上升了,一旦股票被低估,Midland依然承诺会回收股票。表4显示Midland的历史股票价格,每股股息以及2001-2006年期间的有选择的财务数据。

估算资金成本 Mortensen的主要计算是基于如下所示的加权平均资金成本公式。 在表达上,D和E分别代表负债和股权的市场价值,V代表公司或部门的企业价值(V = D + E)。同样, rd和re分别是负债和股权的成本,t代表税率。

WACC=rd(D/V)(1-t)+re(E/V)

负债成本 Mortensen通过在美国国债或者类似期限的债券上加上溢价来计算各部门的负债成本。溢价取决于多种因素,包括部门从业务中获得的现金流,部门资产的抵押价值,以及整体信用市场情况。对Midland的一些经营来说,长期的预计现金流和抵押价值会受到政治风险的影响。这种风险在勘探和生产部门是最明显的。E&P很大一部份的生产性资产和探明储量位于政治波动的国家,在这些国家,国有化或重启产权谈判的风险是很大的。

股权成本/权益成本 为了估计股权成本, Mortensen使用资本资产定价模型(CAPM),如下所示,r表示无风险回报率,ß是系统风险测量值, EMRP表示了股本市场风险溢价,即在某一特定持有期间,广泛多样的风险资产的投资组合的回报预计超过无风险收益的数量。 re=rf + ß(EMRP) Mortensen意识到, ß系数是从个别股票回报对市场回报的回归中测量出来的,且有一定的错误。她和她的团队使用公布的商业数据库中的ß系数,而不是他们自己的回归结果。例如,Midland的贝塔是1.25。然而,Midland各个部门的ß系数是无从获得的,因为这些部门并没有交易股票。为了估算各部门的ß系数,Mortensen依靠那些业务可以和各部门的业务相匹配,且有公开交易的公司的ß系数,对这些数据的选择,连同相关财务数据,列示在附表5。

在2006年Midland使用股票市场风险溢价为5.0%,但过去不同时期使用的EMRPs较高—— 6.0%到6.5%。如表6呈现的股票收益和债券收益率的历史数据,支持使用较高的EMRP估计。其他的数据,诸如表6显示的调查结果,建议降低数字。在审查了最近研究以及和专业顾问--主要是其银行家和审计员—以及华尔街该领域的分析师磋商后,Midland采用了5.0%的当前估值。

翻译贡献者:张亮、姬秋爽、孙海溟、李晓凯、李超、孙婧媛、姚春艳

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...1. How are Mortensen’s estimates of Midland’s cost of capital used? How, if at all, should these anticipated uses affect the calculations? Mortensen’s cost of capital estimates are used for a variety of purposes at both the divisional and corporate levels. Examples include internal analyses such as financial accounting, performance assessment and capital budgeting, while others are used for strategic planning purposes such as merger and acquisition, as well as stock repurchase decisions (Luehrman and Heilprin, 2009, pg.1). When used at the divisional rather than corporate level, special consideration should be given to the fact that Midland’s divisions are not publicly traded entities, and therefore do not have individual Beta figures. In order to properly assess the cost of capital for Midland’s divisions, Mortensen collected beta estimates from several businesses with operations similar to those of Midland’s divisions and used the average of these estimates to derive a beta estimate for divisional beta estimates (pg.6). 2. Calculate Midland’s corporate WACC. Be prepared to defend your specific assumptions about the various inputs to the calculations (risk-free rate, equity market risk premium (EMRP), beta). Is Midland’s choice of EMRP appropriate? If not, what recommendations would you make and why? Midland’s corporate WACC is 9.17%. Please see exhibit 1 for supporting calculations. The risk-free rate for 2006 came from the Department of Treasury’s website...

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Midland

...Question 1: A, The risk free rate used to calculate the cost of equity of Midland company is the 30-year yield to maturity for US Treasury Bonds: Rf = 4.98%. The company has long term projects for the future; it’s relevant to use a long-term risk free rate. The equity market risk premium is 5% that the company already used in 2006 and obtained after research and consultation with professionals. On Exhibit 6, the respondents’ risk premium of three surveys showed that the range is about 2% to 5.6% in 2006. Despite the average market risk premium is 6.4%, which is higher than the range on the surveys, the EMRP of 5% that we choose seems to be reasonable compared to other companies. In 2006, the debt over equity ratio is 59.3%: D/E = 59.3% D=59.3%E D+E=1.593E = V  E/V = 1/1.593= 62.8%  D/V = 1-62.8% =37.2%. In the estimates of 2007, D/V = 42.2%  E/V = 1-42.2% = 57.8%. The capital structure of the company in 2006 and 2007 is below: Unlverved beta : Bu= Bl(1+1-TDE) Bu= 1.25(1+1-.39737.2%62.8%)=0.921 Levered beta in 2007:Bl=Bu (1+(1-T)(DE) Bl=0.921 (1+(1-.397)(42.2%57.8%)=1.32 Cost of Equity: Re = Rr + β(EMRP) = 4.98% + 1.32*5% = 11.58% Cost of Debt = Spread to Treasury + US T-Bond rate Based on exhibit 1, we calculate the arithmetic average tax rate over 3 years (2004-2006) to forecast the tax rate in the future: Tax rate = Taxes/Income before taxes = 13741417910+1283032723+1174730447 = 0.397 = 39.7% WACC=Rd 1-TDV+ Re EV WACC=0...

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Midland

...Demica Report Series April 2009 Issue no.10 Research Report Strengthening the Links issue no. 10 Supply Chain Finance A Third Report from Demica Demica Report Series April 2009 Issue no.10 Summary Continuing tight credit conditions have made liquidity scarce. Corporations want to extend payment terms for their supply chain, but suppliers are finding it difficult or impossible to accommodate this requirement. Demica’s latest research report into Supply Chain Finance (SCF) compares the situation in the UK and Germany and reveals that 88% of UK firms and 55% of German companies have identified that key suppliers are unable to sustain further lengthening of payment periods. As a solution to this situation SCF is generating much enthusiasm amongst banks and their corporate customers as a means of substituting for lower credit availability. Supply Chain Finance structures not only allow large corporations to extend their credit terms with suppliers, but their suppliers can also use the credit quality of their receivables debtors to finance their receivables at favourable rates based on the individual debtor credit profile. Some 43% of German companies and 61% of British firms are planning to monetise their receivables/payables to provide liquidity within their supply chain. This report updates Demica’s first two Supply Chain Finance research projects from 2007 and 2008 and reveals that the majority of Germany and UK firms believe their banking relationships...

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Midland

...The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0307-4358.htm Analysis of the effects of ESOP adoption on the company cost of capital Stoyu I. Ivanov Accounting and Finance Department, College of Business, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA, and ESOP adoption 173 Janis K. Zaima Accounting and Finance Department, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine whether employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) add or destroy value from a new perspective by examining the relation of the adoption of ESOP and the company cost of capital. Design/methodology/approach – The capital asset pricing model is used to estimate the company’s cost of equity capital, and the cost of debt is estimated using bond yield spreads. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is calculated as the weighted percentage of the firm funded by equity, preferred stock, and debt multiplied by the individual costs of capital. Univariate and multivariate analyses are conducted around the event of adoption to determine if the cost of capital changes after the adoption of ESOP. Findings – Results from the univariate analysis show that firms adopting leveraged as well as non-leveraged ESOP plans experience decreases in costs of equity and debt capital as well as decreases in their WACC. However, the multivariate analysis demonstrates that only the non-leveraged common ESOPs...

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Midland Corporation

...Case Analysis: Midland Energy Resources, INC.: Cost of Capital Midland’s consolidated balance sheet and its access to global financial and commodity markets Midland Energy Resources, Inc. was a global integrated oil and gas company. It had sometimes presented attractive opportunities to trade securities and commodities. Midland was been incorporated more than 120 years with more than 80000 employees in 2007. Midland conservative compared to some of its large competitors, but it did have a group of traders in-house had three main divisions, which were exploration and production (E&P), refining and who actively managed currency, interest rate, and commodity risks within a set of guidelines marketing (R&M), and petrochemicals. Each division engaged in different operations and approved by the board. The desire to manage certain risks, or to take advantage of private had unique characteristics. For instance, E&P concentrated on oil exploration, information or unusual pricing relationships, was an additional reason that the actual capital development, and production. It was Midland’s most profitable division with anticipated structure sometimes departed, temporarily, from planned targets. heavy investment in future expanding projects, but it was also the most exposed division to geopolitical risk. R&M was the largest division by revenue, but with small profit margin. Stock Repurchases The projected capital spending for this division was expected to be stable. The smallest ...

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Midland Case

...Midland Energy Resources, Inc.: Cost of Capital This case describe an global energy company, whose name is Midland, with three operations in oil and gas exploration and production (E&P), refining and marketing (R&M), and petrochemicals. We are going to calculate the cost of the capital of this company, and answer the following three questions. What are the cost of capital for Midland debt and equity? What is the WACC for Midland? What should be the cost of capital for Midland operational divisions? Cost of Debt Assume the business is on-going for a long period of time. We use 4.98% rate as Rf from 30 years U.S. Treasury bond. Rd=Rf+Spread to Treasury Consolidated: Rd=4.98%+1.62%=5.6% Exploration & Production: Rd=4.98%+1.60%=6.58% Refining & Marketing: Rd=4.98%+1.80%=6.78% Petrochemicals: Rd=4.98%+1.35%=6.33% Cost of Equity To calculate the cost of equity, we use the Capital Asset Pricing Model. Rf stands for the risk-free rate of return, B is a measure of systematic risk, and EMRP denotes the equity market risk premium. For EMRP, Midland adopted the estimate of 5.0%. We assume the Beta for Exploration & Production and Refining & Marketing is the average of the companies listed in Exhibit 5, which are 1.15 and 1.20, respectively. We also assume the company’s Beta is the weighted average of the three operations an assets level, which is 1.25. Then the Beta for Petrochemicals is calculated to be 1.91. Consolidated: Re=4.98%+1.25(5%)...

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