...Chapter I Background of the Study Introduction Cases of Dengue caused by insects especially mosquitoes are increasing year by year. Dengue is a disease caused by any 1 of 4 related dengue viruses. The viruses are transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. There are 2 types of dengue, with dengue hemorrhagic fever being the more severe, and sometimes fatal, though much less common form of the infection. Dengue is endemic in at least 100 countries such as Asia, the Pacific. Dengue cannot be spread directly from person to person, so you can’t catch it from shaking hands, a sneeze, a doorknob or a toilet seat. Dengue is spread from person to person by the bite of an infected mosquito. The mosquito becomes infected with dengue virus when it bites a person who already has the dengue virus in their blood, typically in the time frame just before the infected person starts to have symptoms of the disease. About one week after biting an infected person, the mosquito can transmit the virus while biting a healthy person. A single infected mosquito can infect multiple people, who in turn can infect multiple mosquitoes — and the cycle continues. A bite from a female carrier mosquito can cause you fever, often as high as 104 - 105 degrees Fahrenheit, fatigue, headache, and swollen nymph nodes and might lead to death if it was not treated immediately. A total of 54,659 dengue cases were reported nationwide from January 1 to August 14, 2010, much higher than the recorded...
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...Toxicity tests of different plant crude extract on Mosquito Larvae by Martinez, Jose Djairus Mari C. Oclarit, Jaymee Navora, Jane Andrea Baquiran, Sushmica Cruz, Krystian Wilson Lee A special problem submitted to Ma’am Teodora Ballancod University of the Philippines Baguio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Botany 109: Plant Taxonomy Department of Biology October 2011 Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………… 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Statement of Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Statement of Hypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Significance of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Scopes and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Review of Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...Chapter I: The Introduction A. Introduction Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection that has become a major international public health concern. Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world, predominantly in urban and semi-urban areas. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), a potentially lethal complication, was first recognized in the 1950’s during dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. DHF affects most Asian countries and has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children. There are four distinct, but closely related, viruses that cause dengue. Recovery from infection by one provides lifelong immunity against that virus but confers only partial and transient protection against subsequent infection by the other three viruses. Sequential infection increases the risk of developing DHF.1 1 “Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever,” World Health Organization, March 2009, 15 Oct. 2011 <http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en>. 2 There is no specific medicine or antibiotic to treat DHF. For typical dengue, the immediate concern is the relief of symptoms. Adequate fluid intake for proper body hydration and rest is important. All else will depend on the person’s immune system. However, since the Philippines is abundant with herbal medicines, the Tawa Tawa is being touted as an alternative cure to DHF. The Tawa Tawa is described as having numerous flowers which measures about 5 to 8 centimeters each with...
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...html"OvicideHYPERLINK "http://sip-mnhs.blogspot.com/2011/10/makahiya-mimosa-pudica-root-extract-as.html" against Dengue Mosquito (HYPERLINK "http://sip-mnhs.blogspot.com/2011/10/makahiya-mimosa-pudica-root-extract-as.html"AedesHYPERLINK "http://sip-mnhs.blogspot.com/2011/10/makahiya-mimosa-pudica-root-extract-as.html" HYPERLINK "http://sip-mnhs.blogspot.com/2011/10/makahiya-mimosa-pudica-root-extract-as.html"aegyptiHYPERLINK "http://sip-mnhs.blogspot.com/2011/10/makahiya-mimosa-pudica-root-extract-as.html") Eggs ------------------------------------------------- Submitted to: Myrna H. Conol SSR-III Caraga Regional Science High School San Juan, Surigao City ------------------------------------------------- In partial fullfilment of the requirements of Advanced Statistics Research ------------------------------------------------- Mary Ladyniel O. Apalisok III-Newton Introdution The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. Over 2.5 billion people – over 40% of the world's population – are now at risk from dengue. Recently the number of reported cases has continued to increase. Dengue is caused by any one of four related viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. There are not yet any vaccines to prevent infection with dengue virus and the most effective protective measures are those that avoid mosquito...
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...period (time from infection to illness) can be 2-12 days, but is usually 3-7 days. "Silent" CHIKV infections (infections without illness) do occur; but how commonly this happens is not yet known. Acute chikungunya fever typically lasts a few days to a couple of weeks, but some patients have prolonged fatigue lasting several weeks. Additionally, some patients have reported incapacitating joint pain, or arthritis which may last for weeks or months. No deaths, neuro-invasive cases, or hemorrhagic cases related to CHIKV infection have been conclusively documented in the scientific literature. CHIKV infection (whether clinical or silent) is thought to confer life-long immunity. Spread of Chikungunya CHIKV is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on a person infected with CHIKV. Monkeys, and possibly other wild animals, may also serve as reservoirs of the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to other humans when they bite. Aedes aegypti (the yellow fever...
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...TOLEDO CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL IPIL-IPIL (Leucaena leucocephala) LEAVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE MOSQUITO LARVICIDE An Investigatory Project Presented to the FACULTY MEMBERS Of TOLEDO CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL Ilihan Heights, Toledo City In Partial Fulfillment of the Coarse Requirements in Reseach II by: Rhenzon Alpas Eduardo Habon Llahona Fajardo Researchers TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement…………………………………………………..v Abstract…………………………………………………………….vi-vii I. Introduction a. Background of the Study …………………………….2 b. Statement of the Problem…………………………….2 c. Significance of the Study…………………………….3 d. Scope and Limitation…………………………………3 e. Review of Related Literature…………………………3-5 II. Materials and Methodology a. Materials……………………………………………...6 b. Procedure……………………………………………..6 III. Results and Discussion……………………………………7-8 IV. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation a. Summary……………………………………………...9 b. Conclusion…………………………………………….9 c. Recommendation……………………………………..10 V. Bibliography……………………………………………….11 Vi. Appendix……………………………………………………..12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research paper is made possible through the continuous tributes, support and advice that people generally gave the researchers. First and foremost, they would like to thank God above all for his guidance to help the researchers. Thanks for the protection you gave for them to be able to conduct their experiment, and for them to think well in...
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...OBJECTIVE 9.6 Transmission and control of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Gonorrhea. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by Human . Virus (HIV) which can only survive in body fluids. AIDS is said to have originated in Central Africa. It is transmitted by blood or semen during any activity which results in blood or semen of an infected person mixing with the body fluids of another person. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome can be controlled by: 1) Ensuring not to have any sexual relationships with an infected person. 2) Keep to one sexual partner. 3) Use condom during sex 4) Education about the disease. Gonorrhea is a contagious disease transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person. Gonorrhea may also be spread by contact with infected bodily fluids. For example, a mother could pass on the infection to her newborn during childbirth. Both men and women can get gonorrhea. The infection is easily spread and occurs most often in people who have many sex partners. Gonorrhea can be controlled by: 1) Keeping to one sexual partner 2) Treatment by using antibiotics e.g. penicillin. 3) Abstain from engaging in any form of sexual activity until your doctor has told you that the gonorrhea infection has cleared up. 4) Remain in close communication with your doctor throughout the treatment process. Implications of Sexually Transmitted Infections People with AIDS may be scorned and alienated from society. The family...
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...Microbiology Biology 299 9/18/2015 West Nile Virus The height of the summer months brings high temperatures in late afternoons. We are all smacking, swatting and spraying - knowing it’s that time of year for mosquitoes. Mosquito bites are a nuisance. Many people fear contracting the West Nile Virus. A virus is described as “a genetic element that contains either RNA or DNA and that replicate only in host cells; has an extracellular form.” (Brock Biology of Microorganism’s) A virus is also an ultramicroscopic infectious agent which replicates itself only within cells of living hosts. (Webster Dictionary) Along with being classified as a virus West Nile shows that it only infects certain and specific cells [Secondary Source]. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describes a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, about 5,000 viruses have been described in detail. [Secondary Source] Although there are millions of different types, viruses also undergo cycles in order to reproduce and harm and/or help organisms. There are two types of viral cycles known to men, the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle the virus attaches itself to the host cell and nucleic acid is inserted into the cell. Next it makes copies of DNA and capsid and more viruses are assembled. Finally the viruses are released by bursting the cell and destroying it. The lysogenic cycle is slightly different...
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...The West Nile is a virus that is often spread to people through the bite of a mosquito. The virus causes illness that ranges from mild to severe flu-like illness. The West Nile virus occur throughout the summer and fall seasons in North America. There have been reports of the virus in all states in the United States and there are no vaccines or medications available to treat the virus. Though The primary hosts of West Nile Virus are birds, so that the virus remains within a "bird-mosquito-bird" transmission cycle, it is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes mostly species of the genus Culex. Humans are infected with the West Nile Virus when bitten by an infected mosquito. According to the CDC, 47 states have reported the West Nile Virus as...
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...that yellow fever is endemic to 30 sub-Saharan African countries and 13 Central and South American countries. In the 1900’s research discovered that yellow fever is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito and the development of a vaccine followed shortly after (Hill, 2009). Despite the development of a vaccine, today yellow fever is a serious health risk to the inhabitants of tropical South America, Africa, and to any travelers visiting these areas. This paper will discuss the infectious process of yellow fever, how yellow fever is diagnosed, and its’ signs and symptoms. Next, the pathophysiological changes caused by yellow fever will be explained. Lastly, available treatments and education to prevent yellow fever will be explored. Disease and Infectious Process The vector of the yellow fever virus is the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Meanwhile, humans and monkeys are the principle reservoirs for the virus. The process of infection starts with a female mosquito that feeds on an infected carrier of the yellow fever virus. The mosquito then enters an incubation phase of twelve to twenty one days; resulting in a buildup of the virus within the salivary glands of the mosquito. Now, whenever the mosquito bites, the virus is spread into a new host. Furthermore, when the infected female mosquito dies; the virus remains dormant within her ova until the new season, making it very difficult to eradicate...
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...number of novel methods have been used to reduce mosquito numbers with some success including the placement of the guppy or copepods in standing water to eat the mosquito larvae. Attempts are ongoing to infect the mosquito population with bacteria of the Walachia genus , which makes the genetically modified male and there are ongoing programs working on a dengue vaccine to cover all four serotypes. Dengue fever or also known as break bone fever , is an infectious tropical disease caused by the dengue virus . There are many symptoms include fever, headache , muscles and joint paints and a characteristics skin-rashes that is similar to measles . In a small proportion of cases the virus develops into the life threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting bleeding , low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage or into dengue shock syndrome , where dangerously low blood pressure occurs treatment of acute dengue is supportive , using either oral or intravenous rehydration fusion for ore serve cases . There are ongoing programs working on a dengue vaccine to cover all serotypes . One of the concerns is that a vaccine could increase the risk of severe disease and the most developed is based on a weakened combination of the yellow fever virus and each of the four dengue serotypes. It is hoped that the first products will be commercially. Apart from attempts to control the spread of the aedes mosquito and work t develop a vaccine against dengue , there...
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...damages in the pet’s organs, and is very popular in the United States. This disease can be transmitted only by a mosquito bite and is not contagious to another pet’s, not even humans. However, they can get it if they are bitten by an infected mosquito. This condition can be treated with different types of medications, but the most important is to get the knowledge about how this dangerous disease is developing and how it can affect our pet’s health. Also can destroy the dog or cat immunologic system causing the death of this same, so learning about this dangerous disease many people can get the requirements, knowledge, and practice on how to prevent and treat this illness. Heartworm Disease Canine and Feline Heartworm Disease is caused by the Filarioid Nematode Dirofilaria Immitis. The parasite can be found in warm climates worldwide and is widespread through the United States. This disease can be fatal for pets and can be develop quickly causing different symptoms that easily can be confused with any other diseases. This disease can be contracted by a mosquito bite, affect Dogs and Cats, and can be treated and prevented. First, the life cycle of Dirofilaria Immitis begins when a female mosquito bites an infected animal ingesting microfilariae (Larvae) circulating in the bloodstream. Microfilariae develop within the mosquito, and then this mosquito bites an uninfected dog or cat. The rate of development dependent on the ambient temperature the animal lives...
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...Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) Invasive Species according are plants, animals or other organisms that are introduced to a given area outside of their original range and cause harm in their new home.” Since they were brought into this new environment, they have no natural enemies to slow down and limit their reproduction, causing the species to spread uncontrollably. Invasive Species are recognized as one of the leading threats to biodiversity and impose enormous cost to agriculture, forestry, fisheries and other human enterprises as well as human health. As example of invasive specie might be taken Asian Tiger Mosquito. This Asian tiger mosquito is characterized by its distinctive black and white stripe pattern, and while it's native to tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia, scientists believe it has quickly become one of the planet's most widely-distributed animal species, spreading to at least 28 countries outside its native range in the last two decades alone. The tiger mosquito is believed to be spread through — of all things — the international tire trade, as tires stored outside tend to retain rainwater, and provide the ideal breeding and living conditions for the mosquito. The first recorded invasion of the Asian tiger mosquito was in 1985, when a breeding population was found in a used tire yard in Houston, Texas. In only two years, the population had already spread into 17 states. The current species range extends from Texas all along the Southern...
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...Possibility of Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaf Extract to Increase Platelet Count Background of the Study Nowadays, many people especially children under the age of 15 are suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever with about 2.5 billion (2/5 of the world population) are at risk and 50 million are infected worldwide annually, and a mortality rate ranging from 1 percent to 2.5 percent, for those who receive treatment. For those without treatment, the death rate could be 20 percent or higher. This viral illness is cause by a bite from a female Aedes Aegypti which lives in places that store water such as in the tires, bottles and cans. Dengue lowers the number of platelets in the blood and it may lead to bleeding or death since it cannot supply clotting due to thrombocytopenia (lower than normal number of platelets in the blood). In the Philippines, dengue is now one of the leading causes of the increase of mortality rate. It is the seventh leading cause of death in the country with more than 60,000 cases hospitalized and nearly 500 others died as of the year 2010 and it is said that it was the highest percentage ever recorded in the history of this problem in the country. It is thought to increase until the present time especially that today, weather is changing and El Niño phenomenon is occurring very often. Hence, the researchers came up of an idea on how to increase the number of platelets...
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...BASF-Grameen launches magic mosquito net in Bangladesh by News Desk March 24, 2012 |[pic]Print |[pic]Send |[pic]Comment |[pic]RSS |Share: [pic] [pic] |[pic] | | | | | |[pic] | | Click Image to Enlarge[pic] A joint venture project of world-famous German company BASF and Nobel Prize winner Dr. Yunus' Grameen has started commercial production of Magic Mosquito net in Bangladesh from March 23, 2012. Effective up to 20 washes, depending on local conditions, the fendozin-rich net would kill mosquitoes and other bugs within 20 minutes after they come in contact with it, said officials. The nets are already available across the country and cost TK 650~700 [US$ 8-9] a piece. The nets meet the requirements of the World Health Organization and are "extremely safe" for humans and other mammals, said Saria Sadique, managing director of BASF Bangladesh. The country's first Long Lasting Impregnated Net [LLIN] plant, which has been set up in the industrial park, cost TK 124 million and has created jobs for 800 people. The plant owned and operated by Grameen Fabrics and Fashions will manufacture the nets under the brand name Interceptor. BASF Grameen Limited will market the product. In near future, this magic mosquito net will also be exported to a number of countries in the world. The plant can now produce up to 3,000 nets a day and its capacity would enhance in days to come...
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