...Norah Carr Co-ordination and movement Lo3. March 2012. 3:1 eplain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction with reference to the antagonistic muscles of the upper arm. 3:2. Draw and label a diagram of a synovial joint, explaining the functions of each structure. 3:3. Distinguish between a hinge, pivot and a ball and socket joint with reference to named examples, shapes of bones and the ranges of movement possible. To understand the sliding filament theory, one should first look at the muscles. All movement through the body is created and stopped by muscles. Muscles work in antagonistic pairs, that means that when one muscle relaxes, it antagonistic pair will contract and vice versa. Muscle fibres are found in bundles wasting very little space. The muscle fibres which have bunches of myofibrils, which house myofilaments within.(thick myosin and thin actin filaments). Once the brain decides it wants to contract a muscle, it sends a series of electrical impulses via chemical reactions called Action potentials, down to motor neurons which innervate muscle fibres. through a process called 'lateral inhibition' the brain will send an exictatory (contract) signal to one motor neuron and an inhibitory (relax) signal to the other. Once the 'signal' (action potential) reaches the muscle fibre a series of events takes place, and very quickly: The Action potential travels along the axon of the motor neuron to the synaptic end bulb. This is an area of the neuron...
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...Top 5 Signs of Deficiency of Calcium Since calcium is an essential element for bones, a deficiency of calcium affects bones the most severely. One of the initial symptoms of calcium deficiency is muscle cramps. This sign of deficiency of calcium occurs as the initial alarm towards the decrease of calcium in the body. Muscles ache, especially those of the thighs, arms, and underarms while moving and walking around may be a sign of calcium deficiency. Another important sign of the deficiency of calcium in the body is insomnia. In many cases, people who do not consume enough calcium in their diet suffer from loss of sleep. In certain cases, it is seen that a person, due to calcium deficiency, may fall asleep, but will not have a satisfactory or deep sleep. Calcium is also an important constituent for our teeth. Thus, deficiency of calcium in the body affects the teeth as well. Tooth decay is another sign of calcium deficiency in the body. Due to calcium deficiency in childhood, there may be delay in the initial start of tooth formation. Calcium deficiency results in poor bone density. This can be quite a serious condition for children as it may lead to easy fractures, muscular aches, and spasms, and – in extreme cases – rickets. Our nails also require calcium in adequate amounts to grow healthy and remain strong. Weak and brittle nails are another important sign of calcium deficiency in the body. Late signs of puberty in the case of adolescent females are also...
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...Muscular System The muscular system is made up muscles, joints, tendons, bones, ligaments and connective tissue that help to support the body’s internal organs. They work together to perform a variety of functions. These include; stability, posture, motion, heat, circulation and digestion within the body. Essentially the muscular system provides power for movement of all body parts. It is the muscles within our body which provide us with movement via contractions and without this vital system life would completely stop. Stability and posture Our skeletal muscles attach to our bones through tendons where bones act as levers. This causes our muscles to contract, relax, effectively it controls the bone. Muscles also provide strength for stability and posture by allowing the bones to align properly. If muscles are too tight or loose then this causes the bones to become misaligned which creates poor posture. Skeletal muscles can be stretched or strengthened to support the bone correctly, allowing maximal stability. Finally, skeletal muscles are also important for providing the body with balance and coordination which is also important because they aid fluid body movement for physical skill performance which is key when taking part in sport. Good balance and coordination also improves posture and prevents injury because you will have good postural responses to a stimulus e.g putting your hands in front of your face to protect yourself. http://www.childdevelopment.com.au/home/90 ...
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...The strength and conditioning philosophy can be wrapped up in one statement; to train for sport-specific power. The definition of power is: strength x speed= power. Strength training, Olympic weightlifting, sprint speed, agility, plyometrics, flexibility, balance, and core/stability training all need to be performed to achieve maximum sport-specific power. A strong core is necessary to maintain back strength throughout all ranges of motion. Proper posture in the core can significantly increase the force production of the arms and legs and keep the athlete's back strong and healthy throughout all training. This can especially be important in today’s society where kids walk around all day with their shoulders slumped forward to hold a back pack on their shoulders comfortably. Flexibility to comfortably go through the full range of motion with proper technique in all lifting and running drills is also necessary. A good total body flexibility test would be a properly executed overhead squat where the athlete gets all the way down with their hips below their knees. Sprinting, agilities, and plyometrics are all important components of speed training. This is also where the coach can get very sport specific with agility drills and sprinting distances. The weight room is critical to maximize strength, power, and speed training. Lifts such as the deep squat and bench are great for lower and upper body strength and all the Olympic weightlifting will work to maximize speed and power. ...
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...* Skeleton- made of 206 bones (300 at birth), used for structure, protection, and support * Axial Skelton- 80 bones; comprised of areas close to the trunk of the body * Appendicular Skeleton- 126 bones; the appendages * Muscle Tissue- collection of cells that shorten during contraction, resulting in movement * Skeletal Muscle- Attached to bones by tendons or other tissues; striated; voluntary * Cardiac Muscle- muscle of the heart ;striated; involuntary * Smooth Muscle- remains contracted for longer period of time; contracts slowly; involuntary * Neuromuscular System- the complex linkages between muscular and nervous systems * Muscle Twitch- A single nervous impulse and the resulting contraction * Motor Unit- the collaboration of the muscle fibers working together * Neuromuscular junctions- nerves that transmit the messages directing the muscle to move that come into contact with muscles at that specific point. * All or None Principle- The motor unit contracts to its 100% potential, or not at all * Concentric Muscle Contraction- When muscle fibres shorten (shortening) * Eccentric Muscle Contraction- When muscle fibres lengthen (lengthening) * Isometric Muscle Contraction- when muscle fibres don’t change in length (static) * Isotonic Exercise- controlled shortening and lengthening of...
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...Tractions When a person has a fracture, there is many process that he or she has to go through. An major process in which it helps with the healing of an fracture involves tractions. Traction is a technique in which it uses weight to pull the muscle or skeleton. It requires the pull of the client's natural force and the forces of the weights. By having the two forces pull, it aligns the muscle and the skeleton. It is use for clients who have a fracture, muscle spasm and keep alignment of the bones. There are two kinds of Tractions. The first one is the skin traction, it is implement by devices on the skin which noninvasive. It affects the muscles and bones. The second is skeletal traction, which is use by direct control...
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...Identify the location of the major muscles in the human body Muscular system: Bicep brachii In human anatomy, the biceps brachii generally known as the biceps, is a two-headed muscle that lies on the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. Both heads arise on the scapula and join to form a single muscle surface which is attached to the upper forearm. Triceps brachii The triceps brachii muscle is the large muscle on the back of the arm. It is the muscle mainly responsible for extension of the elbow joint. Deltoids The deltoid muscle is constructed with three main sets of fibers: anterior, middle, and posterior. These fibers are connected by a very thick tendon and are anchored into a V-shaped network held in the shaft of the humerus...
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...Portfolio Task: Module 3 (546 Words) “Give a detailed description of the theory that explains how a muscle fibre shortens” Sliding-Filament Theory proposes that a muscle shortens or lengthens because the thick and thin myofilaments sliding past each other without filament lengths being affected. Thus, muscle, fibre, and myofibrils change lengths, but not myofilaments. Processes of muscle contraction: First Stage: The first stage is when the impulse gets to the unit. The impulse travels along the axon and enters the muslcle through the neuromuscular junction. This causes full two to regulate and calcium channels in the axon membrane to the open. Calcium ions come from extra cellular fluid and move into the axon terminal causing synaptic vessels to fuse with pre synaptic membranes. This causes the release of acetylcholine (a substance that works as a transmitter) within the synaptic cleft. As acetylcholine is released it defuses across the gap and attaches itself to the receptors along the sarcolemma and spreads along the muscle fiber. Second stage: The second stage is for the impulse spreads along the sarcolemma. The action potential spreads quickly along the sarcolemma once it has been generated. This action continues to move deep inside the muscle fiber down to the T tubules and the action potential triggers the release of calcium ions from the sacroplasmic reticulum. Third Stage: During the thrd stage calcium is released from the sacroplasmic reticulum and actin...
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...muscular tension first, All muscular tension means is as you go down in the splits position your muscles panic because the position is new territory to them and they think (oh I don’t think this is a good idea, this is going to hurt or injure me) The result is as soon as the fear of pain kicks in or your muscles feel uncomfortable they will contract or tense up with all their might to stop you going any further. You have to admire the little buggers because they are only trying to protect you but the fact is your own muscles deliberately stop you from doing what you want to do. So what’s the answer? It is simple all you have to do is learn to control muscular tension so that you can delay and eventually stop your muscles from contracting. How do you control muscular tension? There are several methods and you will use all of them in the 6 weeks to splits plan. One, Waiting out the tension, This one is great because it is so easy but works like magic. All you have to do is slide into your splits position and keep going until your muscles tense up and act like breaks to stop you going any further. When this happens and it will unless you can already do the splits perfectly and I’m guessing you can’t or you wouldn’t be reading this article, then the solution is easy you simply stay in the same position and do nothing but relax and wait out the tension (by the way the muscular contraction that stops you going any further is know as the stretch reflex). When I say relax I mean you use...
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...resistance training that may keep people from living healthier lives. To clarify, resistance training, as defined by wikipedia, is a “physical exercise that specializes in the use of resistance to induce muscular contraction which builds the strength, anaerobic endurance, and size of skeletal muscles”. Resistance training has numerous benefits, all of which are helpful in maintaining a fit physique, lowering body fat, and reducing the chance of problematic medical diseases. The first and least vital benefit of resistance training is its impact on the body’s natural physique. The best part about this is its simplicity: resistance to muscle contraction causes the muscles to break down which then allows for them to be rebuilt even stronger. This explanation however does not cover the vast and ever changing methods which can be used to achieve this muscle break down. Furthermore, it is apparent that any method will yield positive results for the user as long as it is done in a way that demotes injury. If one were to tailor fit a certain method to match their muscle gaining goals then they should see even grater results, possible even in less time. Most people can successfully associate weight lifting with building muscle, but forget that the energy for building muscle must come from somewhere. Thankfully this happens to be the body's fat stores,so when working out it will lower one's body fat percent during the recovery period. Which provides another fantastic reason for the...
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...or stressor. Then, once triggered, this disease induces a drastic and uncontrolled increase in skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism which overwhelms the body’s capacity to supply oxygen, regulate body temperature, and remove carbon dioxide. When this occurs, you may observe muscle rigidity, rapid heartbeat, high body temperature, muscular breakdown, and an increase in acid content (MHAUS, 2014). If not treated in a quick manner, Malignant Hyperthermia will kill. What makes this disease into a horror story is the fact that it arises upon certain triggers that are either environmental or certain types of drugs administrated from the veterinarians orders. The most common triggering agents are anesthetic gases like sevoflurane, halothane, enflurane, desflurane, and isoflurane. Certain types of muscle relaxants that are commonly added to anesthetic gases have also been known to trigger the disease as well as catecholamines, phenothiazines, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors which inhibits the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme family and is usually used to treat depression. That’s right! People can get Malignant Hyperthermia as well as are little furry friends. It’s not all bad news though, Some local anesthetics have been considered safe like; lidocaine, bupivacaine, and mepivacaine. Also, common opiates like morphine and fentanyl, and non depolarizing muscle relaxants are deemed to be safe. Other triggers that have been known to cause Malignant Hyperthermia include...
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...2) The human body system's activity that was least affected by exercise was the muscular system. It was the muscular system because it only increased by 9% after exercise. I think this is the case because it didn't have a lasting effect on the body. Q 3) On a separate sheet of paper, please type an essay fully explaining how all of the following concepts are related to each other. Include the necessary equations, name any body systems involved. Effectively, create a story linking all of these terms together. • amount of glucose usage • oxygen intake () • heart rate () • rate of breathing () • number of repetitions of a certain muscular-moving exercise • muscle cramping • rate of ATP production () • carbon Dioxide output () A 3) When you Exercise you notice several things about your body. You breathe heavier and faster, you take in more oxygen and let out more carbon dioxide, your heart beats faster, your muscles hurt and might cramp, and you sweat. During exercise almost all of your body systems focus their efforts on helping the muscles do their work. Other systems, like the digestive system for example, just shuts down so that it doesn't waste energy that the muscles could use. The heart is a good example in the circulatory system that shows how your systems in your body work to help the muscular...
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...RUNNING HEAD: Fitness 1 Fitness 2 Muscular strength and endurance are very essential parts to the body’s ability to move. Muscular strength is the amount of force a person can put out or the amount of weight they can lift. Muscular endurance is how many times you can move that weight without getting exhausted. Through muscle training it can increase muscle mass and the cross-sectional area which is also known as hypertrophy. Aerobic training is nonstop exercising such as running, swimming, as we as circuit training. These exercises are designed to improve the effectiveness of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to working muscles. Aerobic training involves the larger muscle groups to combine with the cardiorespiratory system to supply an innovative volume of oxygen to the working muscles to recover performance. Anaerobic training is high intensity and short amount of time of exercise. There are frequent rushes over short distances at high force and are designed to increase the two energy pathways as the major supply of energy and is aimed to rise acceptance to lactic acid. The tests that I used were the push up test and the YMCA half sit up test. For the push up test I gave myself enough room and I had my wife set a timer. I got down on the ground my hands apart as far as my shoulder width, and I had my toes on the ground. My back, hips, and arms were straight. I then went down and came back up and I repeated this. I then did the YMCA...
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...| Chapter 8 Muscular System | |The Muscles: Each muscle is an organ, comprised of skeletal __muscle__ tissue, several ___connective____ tissue coverings, __nervous_ tissue to cause it | |to contract, and __blood___ to nourish it. | | Connective Tissue coverings: | |The muscle has several dense connective coverings. | |Layers of dense connective tissue, called __fascia___, surround and separate each muscle. | |This connective tissue extends beyond the ends of the muscle and gives rise to cord like | |__tendons___ that are fused to the periosteum of bones. | |Sometimes muscles are connected to each other by broad sheets of connective tissue called | |___aponeuroses___ ...
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...disorder that causes a hypermetabolic state after administration of volatile anesthetics. When a patient is under anesthesia, the muscles are usually relaxed, but when a patient is experiencing Malignant Hyperthermia crisis, certain IV anesthesia causes the opposite effect. Most inhaled anesthetics other than nitrous oxide, cause or trigger Malignant Hyperthermia. More specifically, the anesthetic agents: Halothane, Chloroform, and Succinylcholine. The genic condition of Malignant Hyperthermia only becomes apparent when a patient is exposed to certain anesthetics such as halothane, which causes muscle rigidity. During the relaxed phase of muscle contraction, adenosine triphosphate and phosphate (ADP and Pi) are bound to the myosin S1 fragment, which is in a strained vertical position. Depolarization to the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs followed by the depolarization of the triad region which initiates the release of calcium into the cytosol. This calcium then binds to troponin. A conformational change in the actin-tropomyosin interaction is induced by the troponin-calcium complex, which allows myosin to bind to actin. The binding allows the S1 to move to the unstrained position, causing muscle contraction. During this process, ADP and Pi are released. The muscle contraction results from the shortening of every sarcomere in every muscle fiber of the motor units that is recruited. ATP, if available, then binds to the S1. The ATP is then broken down to ADP and Pi...
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