...Infants grow and change as they progress into a preschooler, middle aged child and into adolescents. Physical growth, intellectual/cognitive growth, psychosocial changes, social development, moral development, and the personality all changes and evolves as the infant makes its way through these stages of life. During infancy, children attach to others. “Attachment, a strong, positive emotional bond that forms between an infant and one or more significant persons, is a crucial factor in enabling individuals to develop social relationships” (Feldman, 2014, p. 198).They normally form their initial primary relationship with their parents and other family members. “Research suggests an association between an infant’s attachment pattern and his or her social and emotional competence as an adult” (Feldman, 2014, p. 198). Through the process of “reciprocal socialization, in which infants’ behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers,” infant’s social world starts to take form (Feldman, 2014, p. 188). Infants express their sociability, at first, in nonverbal ways. They smile, laugh, stare, and with age make vocalizations and imitate others. A mothers’ interactions with her baby is important for the babies’ social development. As mothers’ respond appropriately to their babies’ social cues, the infant’s attachment is strengthened. A father’s expression of positive emotions is also important to the infant’s social well-being. Personality includes those...
Words: 1903 - Pages: 8
...before the muscles in the extremities. In childhood growth is slow yet steady. Later in adolescence or puberty the body reaches great increases in hormones (endocrine glands powerful chemical secretions) and physical maturation. Growth spurts in weight and height reach girls two years faster than boys. Sexual organs testes in male and ovaries in female are developed by the pituitary gland. Strength and muscle tone develops in teens and twenties yet may begin to decline in the thirties. In the forties and fifties muscle tone and elasticity steadily decrease leading to wrinkles and sagging skin. In later adult hood the body begins to deteriorate with markedly decreases in the cardiovascular system, lung elasticity, and circulatory system eventually leading to disease and death. The brain has two hemispheres; the forebrain and the outer layer the cerebral cortex. Important developments in the brain in the first two years are myelination and laterization. Myelination is the development of a thin sheath of fat cells called myelin that aid in faster information processing and neuron connections. Laterization is localization of a specific function of one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. For example, the development of speech and grammar (left hemisphere) over humor and wit (right hemisphere). The greatest changes in growth of the brain occur from childhood to early teens. In adolescence the corpus callosum (fibers that connect left and right brain) thicken and...
Words: 595 - Pages: 3
...In regards to child development Piaget has come up with a theory called cognitive development. The cognitive theory development theory basically shows that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. (Berk 2014) Piaget broke this theory up into four categories. The first category is called the Sensori-motor stage. This stage usually occurs from birth until 2 years of age. Here infants learn by exploring their world using their eyes, ears, hands and mouth. Because of this learning style they are able to solve simple Sensori- motor issues. An example of this would be children learning to put things and take things out of a box. The next stage according to Piaget’s theory would be called the Preoperational stage. This age group is ranged from 2 to 7 years of age. Here pre-school children would use symbols to represent their earlier discoveries. During this stage language and make believe starts to develop. The next phase is called the concrete operational stage. This stage is grouped from 7 to 11 ears of age. During this stage children become more logical with their reasoning. The last stage according to Piaget is called the formal operational stage. This stage is grouped from 11 years of age and on. Piaget’s theory has caused many researchers to not only study and learn tremendously but to challenge him as well. According to research, Piaget underestimated the capabilities of infants and preschoolers. Researchers found that...
Words: 988 - Pages: 4
...Equally, both adolescents and toddlers want to display that they can be independent from adults. Whether it’s a teen wanting to drive themself to the mall, or a toddler attempting to tie their own shoes, kids desire to do it themselves with as little assistance from parents. Forensic psychologist Daniel L. Davis announced, “A toddler is beginning to develop a sense of identity—that can be sometimes seen when the child says ‘no.’ He’s really saying ‘I’m my own person here.’ In adolescence, we see individualization and the development of personal identity” (Bender). Moreover, both groups of kids hope that when they are accomplishing tasks by themselves, their parents will develop trust in their child. Toddlers and teens may rebel against the set rules, when in reality they secretly want those safe boundaries that parents provide to feel safe and secure. “‘Adolescents will test limits, in the same ways that toddlers test limits,” says Davis (Bender). Teens have acquired a certain set of skills at saying something hurtful that penetrates right into the parent's soul, while toddlers will look them right in the eye as they do an arm sweep across their highchair tray, sending their dinner high flying across the kitchen. ...
Words: 1044 - Pages: 5
...Jonathan Lopez Professor Lucia English 111 November, 2014 Social Media Society has changed. The digital age has transformed the way humans are supposed to socialize. It’s no longer about human interactions. It’s an enslaved society that has succumbed to the power of technology. Technology-and its consumption of life-has become Big brother. Society has changed. Social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and other forms of entertainment lead to an uncontrollable urge to use one’s cellular device. Identity control. Information control. Emotion control. A world where everything is monitored and kept under control. Society has changed. The age of technology has become the age of control, and for he who controls technology, controls humanity. How far can technology go? What makes it so addictive? It all comes down to the functions of the brain. As the human brain develops over time-from birth to adulthood- the sudden change is relative to the way humans respond to stimuli. The human brain, in particular, is one of the most complex of all biological systems. In the early stages of brain development, at birth most specifically, the brain is composed of glial cells and 100 billion neurons (Nguyen). Glial cells provide structural and metabolic support for the brain. Neurons are excitable cells which chemically transmit electrical signals through connections called synapses (Nguyen). Essentially, it is the way we respond to different situations and execute actions. While...
Words: 1002 - Pages: 5
...as a teenager? Yes, During adolescence, I went through many changes as I moved from childhood. This video is educational for teens and parents because it explains in general the changes the body and brain adolescents have and why this is happening, also covers risky behavior that these teenagers are prone to have such alcohol, drugs, multiple sex partners, speeding etc. This video is great because I feel identified since I felt some of those symptoms and also saw some of those risky behaviors in my friends and other neighbors of the same cohort. I can understand my nephews and nieces that are teenagers better at this time. I love this video because talks in general way about developmental changes in middle age children, this video is taught by is a young boy, which uses thir same language, that makes it more interesting for teenagers. Highlight some of the key points made by the author Video “the teenager brain explained” Some of the behaviors that teens experiments in adolescence are anger, depression, and sleep depravation. This video explains the adolescent body changes and behaviors why it happens. The change of the body starts with the release of hormones that make the body to grow and change. Also the brain goes for changes that increase with de Prefrontal cortex region that is responsible for controlling impulses, emotions and forming judgments, in teenagers this region is not fully developed until mid-twenties. The myelinations of the axons are responsible...
Words: 496 - Pages: 2
...Journey of the brain-Birth to late adulthood Child development is crucial throughout the early years, during this time the development of the brain occurs and continues through late adulthood. The development of the brain contributes to the functioning of the body. The anatomy of the brain is made up of neurons and divided into four different lobes. The temporal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes control a variety of cognitive functions (Santrock, 2013). The brain controls simple functions such as fine and gross motor skills, vision, and memory. For instance the frontal lobes are involved in the voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose. The occipital lobes are responsible for vision. The temporal lobes are responsible for hearing, language processing and memory. The parietal lobes plays role in registering spatial location, attention and motor control. (Santrock, 2013). Brain development in children is vital during the early years. During the early years, children brains are active enabling children to learn a variety of information. However, as individual ages there are changes in the brain which influence cognitive functioning learned throughout the years of development. At birth the newborn’s brain is about 25 percent of its adult weight; by the 24 months the brain is about 75 percent of its adult weight (Santrock, 2013). The brain is very delicate and needs a lot of protection for its safety...
Words: 1311 - Pages: 6
...INTRODUCTION The human brain is a complex organ that begins to grow and develop at just four weeks prenatal and continues on changing and developing until a person’s death (Boyd & Bee, 2012). A person’s heredity and genes play a part in this development however a person’s experience also shapes the development of the brain. The age old debate of nature verse nurture can be applied to brain development. The following discussion will take the reader on a journey through the development of the brain from its prenatal development to its development in old age. The reader will see that it is the combination of both genes and the environment which shapes the brain. The report will show that both nature and nurture are required to develop a healthy brain. DISCUSSION The human brain is set apart from other animal in its ability relay thoughts and mental states including desires, ideas, and intentions to other individuals. This concept is referred to as theory of mind and to date has not been seen in any other animal (Harmony, 2008). The question is what shapes the brain? Is it shaped by a person’s genes or is it the environment that person lives in. The answer is both. The human brain needs both genes and experience in order to develop healthily and to its fullest potential. Brain Development Prenatal The human brain begins to development well before birth. By the sixth week of pregnancy, an embryo’s brain is able to move in response to stimuli and by week eight the brain connects...
Words: 2184 - Pages: 9
...Authoritarian Parenting Style: The Negative Effect On Children Abstract The Authoritarian Parenting Style is one of four parenting styles used to rear children. Authoritarian Parenting style is described by Feldman (2011) as “parents that are controlling, punitive, rigid, cold. Their word is law, and they value strict, unquestioning obedience……; they do not tolerate expressions of disagreement (p.251).” Because children are unable to explore their own feelings, values and opinions, they, grow up with various negative effects. Some of those effects are anxiety, low self-esteem, lack of social skills and bullying other people. The negative effects, that these children inherit, naturally follow them into their adulthood. Feldman (2011) confirms “Children of authoritarian parents tend to be withdrawn…..they are not very friendly….boys are unusually hostile (p. 251).” The parenting style we choose to raise our children is so pivotal because it will shape the traits, personality and mannerisms of our children. As parents, ultimately we want to produce Godly, respectable, successful children that will one day be an asset to society. Parenting Styles Children reared with an authoritarian parenting style are laden with various negative effects that produce: anxiety, low self-esteem, over-aggression in males, dependence in females, lack of social skills, and becoming a bully. Although for this paper we will be focusing primary on the negative effects...
Words: 2479 - Pages: 10
...Neuromarketing: The New Frontier of Marketing Throughout our class discussions and papers written, we have debated opposing arguments about the ethical repercussions of marketing to children. In this paper I have decided to take it to an alternative level and evaluate the forefront of marketing, where it is heading, how it works, and attempt to bridge the gap on how this form of research affect children of various ages. Along with all of this, another debatable topic is the moral and ethical issues faced with this expanding sect of marketing. Neuromarketing: What is it? Neuromarketing is a new field of marketing research that studies consumers' sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective response to marketing stimuli. According to some, neuromarketing will change market research and marketing fundamentally. This new form of research is derived from the argument that people don't and can't really know what motivates them, because much of our mental processes are unconscious. However, the truth is that most decisions do involve both automatic, instinctive reactions, and elements of control and consideration. Tools of Neuromarketing: There are many tools used in the study of neuroscience to determine specific chemical changes as well as neurological changes in the human brain. It is the understanding that the researcher’s use of these tools can measure various levels of change in the human body when visually confronted with images and/or video clips. The results of these...
Words: 2850 - Pages: 12
...ISSUE BRIEF November 2009 Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development What’s Inside: • How the Brain Develops This issue brief provides basic information on brain development and the effects of abuse and neglect on that development. The information is designed to help professionals understand the emotional, mental, and behavioral impact of early abuse and neglect in children who come to the attention of the child welfare system. • Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development • Implications for Practice and Policy • Summary U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Information Gateway Children’s Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 800.394.3366 Email: info@childwelfare.gov www.childwelfare.gov Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development www.childwelfare.gov In recent years, there has been a surge of research into early brain development. New technologies, such as neuroimaging (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging or MRI), provide increased insight into how the brain develops and how early experiences affect that development. One area that has been receiving increasing research attention involves the effects of abuse and neglect on the developing brain, especially during infancy and early childhood. Much of this research is providing biological explanations for what practitioners...
Words: 8037 - Pages: 33
...Slide 1 Hi everyone! My presentation will be about brain development and plasticity. Slide 2 “The human brain is estimated to have about a hundred billion nerve cells, two million miles of axons, and a million billion synapses, making it the most complex structure, natural or artificial, on earth.” Tim Green, Stephen F. Heinemann and Jim F. Gusella (from a paper in Neuron, 1998) Slide 3 Brain development. Slide 4 What we know about human brain? The human brain is the most complex of all biological systems. It is made of a hundred billion information processing cells called neurons. The neurons communicated with each other by making connections. This connections called synapses. It is estimated there are 60 trillion connections in the adult brain. It has about 200 000 neurons. Slide 5 Brain has right and a left hemispheres. They connected by a fiber bundle that leads to the two sides of the brain that connect to each other. Average human brain weighs about 2-3 pounds. If we will look inside of adult brain we will see two kinds of tissue: grey matter and white matter. It contains of the cell bodies of the neurons. We can see grey matter along the entire surface of brain. Thats the neocortex. Cortex the brain's outer layer, which is essentially our gray matter. The white matter consist other fiber that connect neurons into information processing networks. Each neuron extends a connecting fiber called axon. Axons covered with a fatty substance called mylan that...
Words: 2071 - Pages: 9
...cause a person to do things out of the ordinary. When a person suffers from trauma it can affect them for the rest of their life. In this essay I will discuss how trauma can affect a person through development as well as spiritually. Neural Development Trauma can affect a child’s neural development and will attack their fine motor skills in a way where it is hard for them to function. In young children, gross motor, fine motor, and cognitive development are intertwined processes related to the maturation timetables of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neurons are migrating, proliferating, and making more complex connections. Children become capable of more sophisticated communications with the production of neurotransmitters. Myelination, the sheathing of neurons in protective layers of fatty and protein substances, increases the rate of neuronal firing and facilitates faster, more complex signals between brain cells and from the brain to the rest of the body (Roehlkepartain, 2006). Children who are tested for ADHD are normally given a false reading, which causes a since of not know for sure how many children have the disorder. There are drug treatments for this type of disorder such as Ritalin or Dexadrine. However, some studies suggest that after a few years, children treated with drugs do not perform any better academically than untreated children with ADHD (Feldman, 2014). Trauma and Spiritual Development Spiritual development is the process of growing the intrinsic...
Words: 696 - Pages: 3
...ACOM 115 ASSIGNMENTS 2 DISCUSSION ESSAY Topic: Iron deficiency anaemia is a condition which affects many women during pregnancy, in developing countries. Discuss the causes and effects of iron deficiency anaemia on both mother and baby. Introduction Anaemia in pregnancy continues to be a major public health problem and it affects more than 56 million women worldwide (Imdad, & Bhutta, 2012). The world health organisation estimates that 58% of pregnant women in developing countries are anaemic. The greatest burden of anaemia is borne by Asia and Africa where it is estimated that 60% and 52% of women, respectively, are anaemic, and between 1% and 5% are severely anaemic (Guidotti, 2000). Multiple factors lead to anaemia in pregnancy, nutritional iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia (Guidotti, 2000). Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is due to insufficient iron, without enough iron, human body can't produce enough haemoglobin, which a substance in red blood cells, so that they cannot carry oxygen to body tissues (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Yong children and pregnant and postpartum women are the most commonly and severely affected because of the high iron demands of infant growth and pregnancy. IDA in pregnancy can be a risk factor for preterm delivery and subsequent low birth weight, and possibly for inferior neonatal health (Allen, 2000). This essay will discuss some of the causes and effects of iron deficiency anaemia on both mother and baby. Body...
Words: 1105 - Pages: 5
...Describe the characteristics and signs of high-quality education in elementary school. Describe the U.S. No Child Left behind Act, and discuss the pros and cons of high- stakes testing. High quality education in elementary schools depends on different things, first the class size, a class of no larger than 18 is the perfect size so that each child can get the quality education that is needed. The physical setting of the class is also important such as an activity center, for reading, writing, games, working on computers and playing the child needs that perfect setting to learn. The curriculum is also important; it plays a part in helping the children achieve their academic standards and helps them to understand what they are learning. Daily activities is also important, it helps the children become independent while having small group with their class mates. Groups are put together based on the children’s learning needs. The children are evaluated regularly and given a progress report through written observations that help children and parents decide on how to improve in what areas that needs improvement. Seeking information on from parents on how they children are learning includes the parent’s view’s in evaluation and the teacher parent relationship , such as holding conferences to encourage parents and encouraging parents to visit the classroom anytime and become involved. The attitude of the staff is very important, when you walk into a school...
Words: 2274 - Pages: 10
