...Running Head: The Carter Doctrine and the Cold War The Carter Doctrine and the Cold War United States Diplomatic Efforts During James L. Carter’s Presidential Time in Office In 1976 Americans chose James L. Carter versus Gerald Ford as their new president. The former governor of Georgia was appointed in hopes of defending American interests in the midst of the Cold War. Of President Carters’ administration, one of its most resilient adversities was faced Iran. Former President Dwight D. Eisenhower overthrew the leader of Iran in the 1953 Iranian coup d'etat, and used nuclear threats to conclude the Korean War with China. The New Look policy, the national security policy of the United States during his administration, called the New Look policy gave priority to inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing the funding for the other military forces; the goal was to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. Carter collaborated in this conquest. In response, Iran installed oppression of fanatical Moslem ayatollahs. This new government seized the American embassy in violation of the diplomatic law, withholding 66 hostages for the rest of the Carter administration. On November 14, 1979 President Carter immobilized the sale of weapons to Iran, banned all oil imports from them, and froze Iranian assets in the United States. The following year conditions for the release of the hostages were announced by the Shah but only in January 20th, 1981 when Ronald Reagan...
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...Environmental Impact of the Gulf War The Gulf War of 1990-1991 seemed to have been a decisive victory from a militarily and tactical point of view. From an environmental point of view the Gulf War was a disaster that ravaged the local ecosystem that the conflict touched. Both the Iraqi aggressors and the allied forces committed crimes against the environment ranging from use of minerals such as depleted Uranium for weapons manufacturing, and deliberate dumping of oil into the Gulf. The dumped oil spills had a major impact on the ecosystem around the Gulf region and in the Gulf itself. The actions that were taken and not taken from both parties (Iraqi troops, and allied forces) had a negative implication on the resources, and ecosystem of the Gulf. There were three reasons as to why the Gulf war came about. First, Iraq had long claimed that Kuwait was a part of its own country. This claim led to many confrontations and hostility between the two countries. Along with Saddam Hussein’s defeated invasion attempt of Iran, it can be argued that he sought to find a weaker foe in order to conquer which happened to be Kuwait. Second, rich deposits of crude oil had straddled the borders of the ill-defined desert area, and Iraq claimed that Kuwaiti oil riggers were illegally tapping this rich reserve that was claimed to be part of Iraqi fields. The Middle Eastern deserts make it so that border differences between local countries are hard to distinguish, thus leading to conflicts. Finally...
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...C100 Foundations MAJ LeAngela Jones C112 Stage Setter Essay Thomas Barnett The Pentagon War:” It explains why we’re going to War and why we’ll Keep Going to War” CGSC 1. Critique the Author’s thesis: Thomas Barnett has briefed many people on The Pentagon’s New Map: It explains why we’re going to war and why we’ll keep going to war” as part of the Non-Integrating Gap. The Pentagon's New Map was intended to provide direction for the Pentagon in search of a strategy following the 1927 Post War and how globalization has affected this world. Is Thomas Barnett way of thinking about war the way most Americans think about war? I agree with the majority of Barnett’s article on “The Pentagon New Map”. He talks about how the threat of the disconnectedness of the Gap will reduce the level of disconnectedness and shrink the Gap. Protecting American citizens at home and abroad is one of the toughest tasks the President and Congressional leaders assume after they assume the oath of office. Disconnectedness can be seen among the citizens of the United States. Some of the same reasons identified by Barnett as causal factors are also applicable on a lesser scale. Take a look at the disadvantage people living in the United States; some in projects and others in trailer parks. Many of them are somewhat educated and want success; however, they take the wrong course of action to be successful. When they witness the success of others and the personal property owned by successful people...
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...To what extent was the Iraq-Kuwait Gulf War Conflict provoked by internal forces? International History Ben Aston 24.04.03 Iraqi forces invaded and annexed Kuwait on 2 August 1990. Within twenty four hours Kuwaiti military resistance had effectively ceased, and the government and emir of Kuwait had fled to Saudi Arabia. A puppet administration was installed and Kuwait was declared to be a province of Iraq. The Persian Gulf War, more commonly referred to as the Gulf War, which began in 1990 and continued through to 1991was driven by a myriad of internal factors. But to what extent were external factors instrumental in the provocation of war? Can some blame be attributed to external forces or would the conflict have occurred despite their involvement and influence? In this essay, the Iraq-Kuwait Gulf War will be understood to mean the conflict which began with Iraqi incursions into Kuwait in 1990 and the subsequent events and conflict which continued during early 1991 until 28 February when a ceasefire was declared. Many Gulf War theorists believe the Gulf War was internally provoked and believe a large portion of the blame can be held to Saddam. Lawrence Freedman suggests “real responsibility [for the Iraq-Kuwait conflict] lies with Saddam Hussein, for the origins of the crisis are to be found in his chronic political insecurity and the lengths to which this drove him.”[1] Although there were many factors which led to Saddam’s...
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...The Nixon Doctrine of 1969 Kerri Richards POL 300 November 11, 2012 Revision made 12/9/12 The Nixon Doctrine was an American foreign policy set forth by President Nixon in 1969. It was also known as the Guam Doctrine for the country in which it was announced. The strategy of the Nixon Doctrine allowed Nixon to devise a way for the United States to exit that very unpopular conflict, the Vietnam War. It also stated that the United States would provide aid to its allies in times of need. A reassessment of American foreign policy, and a move to the era of negotiation was a must. Nixon needed to first extricate the country’s forces from Vietnam. Secondly, the country needed to ease the overall tension in Berlin and the Middle East. Thirdly, according to domestic ideological demands, and due to the increasingly threatening possibility of a surprise attack, nuclear arms controls had to be carried out. Removing these problems would remedy the damage done in such a period. The problem was to figure out how. The existent schools of diplomacy did not suggest a favorable method. Nixon’s foreign policy advisors decided not to stick on preceding principles or theories, but adhere to only one basic priority, National Interest. This doctrine tried to adjust the degree of U.S. intervention in various regions by adopting three criteria in its diplomatic decision: - The United States would keep its treaty commitments - The United States would "provide a shield if a nuclear power...
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...Ben Schenk Mrs. Trista Pyeatt English 015 5 October 2015 Don’t Blame Bush Following the September 11, 2001 terrorists attacks, Tom Harkin, former United Sates senator from Iowa stated, “The planes were hijacked, the buildings fell, and thousands of lives were lost nearly a thousand miles from here. But the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were an attack on the heart of America.” The immediate effects from 9/11 like death and destruction are very disturbing, and that leaves Americans wondering why someone would kill thousands of innocent civilians. The causes of 9/11 have been a topic of debate for many years, and many of the effects are quite evident in our society. The September 11th attacks performed by the Al-Qaeda were caused by certain motives that root from conflicts with the United States and the effects run deeper death and destruction and are displayed through changes in American law and culture. First, a leading cause towards the 9/11 attacks is the United States’ foreign policy which favors Israel over Palestine in the Israel-Palestine Conflict. Israel and Palestine have been been conflicting since the mid 20th century due to issues that involve the control of the Gaza Strip and Jerusalem. Primarily, the issue involves the Israeli Jews and the Palestinian Muslims Osama Bin Laden, the leader of the Al Qaeda was anti-Semitic (a hatred of Jews), took favor of the Palestinians. United States military supporting Israel, which led to deaths...
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...Theories 3/13/2016 Marxist theory: War on Terror Marxist theories of international politics are commonly dismissed out of hand as being outdated, preoccupied with economics rather than politics, and concerning itself more with domestic rather than international social relations. Viewed from the perspective of Marxism however, both liberalism and realism are profoundly limited, for each takes as its premise a world of pre-constituted social actors (whether self-interested individuals or security-seeking states). These theories are therefore unable to consider the social processes through which these kinds of actors have been historically constructed. Thus in analyzing the so-called war on terror, Marxism forces us to understand the development of the structures of global capitalism and the ideologies and agents situated within these structures. This essay therefore evaluates whether Marxist theories of international politics offer convincing explanations of the war on terror. I start with the Marxist understanding of capitalism as a historically particular way of organizing social life that entails political, cultural and economic aspects that need to be understood as a dynamic ensemble of social relations not necessarily contained within the territorial boundaries of nation states. I then apply this understanding to frame the war on terror through the context of economic security which has animated US policy-makers from the Second World War to the Bush administration, and in...
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...ANALYSIS OF GULF WAR II-LESSONS FOR THE INDIAN ARMED FORCES INTRODUCTION 1. From time immemorial the land known today as Iraq has been the scene of conflict. Iraq has been, not only a strategic highway linking the Eastern Mediterranean lands with those of the Orient, but also the scene of frequent clashes between empires and great powers. It has seldom been the master of its own destiny, and in the numerous conflicts that stud its history, it has more often than not, been a pawn or the prize of other powers seeking regional hegemony. Until the beginning of twentieth century, most conflicts in the region were imperialistic in nature and involved Iraq because of its strategic important position. However, the discovery of vast oil deposits in the region in 1907 added another element to the equation, and conflicts, since have sprung from imperialistic motives as well as from a desire to protect or control sources of much of the world’s most important strategic resource. 2. Iran-Iraq war and the misadventure in Kuwait bear testimony to the misuse of power by Saddam Hussein. Saddam had always been labeled by the West as a producer of weapons of mass destruction. Ultimately a stage had reached where US and UK convinced themselves that Saddam was stockpiling these weapons. They demanded a change of regime and when threats were not taken seriously by Saddam, they launched Operation Iraqi Freedom or Gulf War II, despite all the opposition the world over, to attack and liberate...
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...several billion dollars were made public. Yemen's close neighbor, Saudi Arabia, the superpower of oil exports in the region, is becoming more uneasy, especially after rough estimates predicting that soon Yemen could be “home to much of the world's oil and gas resources, maybe just as much as Saudi Arabia itself”(Yemen Post). Experts from Yemen Post are also speculating that the newly discovered fortune could be the answer to Yemen's current unemployment rate, poverty, illiteracy and other problems. With vast natural resources, arable lands, key geographical location and military potential, Yemen could soon challenge the superpower of Saudi Arabia in the region. The disputes over borders between the two countries dating back to the Saudi-Yemen war in 1934 could soon resurface especially with Saudi Arabia resuming its construction of the fence along the Yemen border (Yemen Post). Current Situation in the Region: The shared history of violence between Yemen and Saudi Arabia is already resurfacing with public acts of violence. In May of 2013, 5 Yemenis were executed in Saudi Arabia for committing robberies and “their bodies were left hanging in public following the execution in the south-western...
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...sometimes, the dog is the people and the tail is the government. So, Coppens stated that the phrase “tail wagging the dog” is the same as “any case where something of greater significance (such as war) is driven by something less (such as sex scandal)”. Moreover, it was believe that the moment before the start of the press conference in which Monica Lewinsky was about to give information of her presence in the Congress, White House announced the missile strikes against Sudan and Afghanistan. Critics argue that the operation was made to draw away the publics’ attention from the scandal of Clinton and Lewinsky. Barry Levinson’s film was a product of inspiration from the book of Larry Beinhart, American Hero. American Hero was about President George Herbert Walker Bush and Desert Storm, a fake war and the first war in Iraq. Bush planned the Persian Gulf to guarantee re – election in 1992, but he failed. Situational Analysis Parallelism Conclusion Personal Learning and Insights References Ebert, Roger. Wag the Dog. Feb. 24, 2009. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19980102/REVIEWS/801020302/1023 Coppens, Philip. _Conspiracy Times: Wag the Dog._ Feb. 24, 2009. http://www.philipcoppens.com/wagthedog.html Lu, Mimi._ Movie Analysis: Wag the Dog (1997)._ Feb 26, 2009....
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...The Effects of Alternative & Renewable Energy The Effects of Alternative & Renewable Energy The United States has massive dependency fossil fuels. Based on the US Department of Energy 2010 information, an incredible eighty five percent of the U.S total energy needs are directly related to the use of fossil fuels and seventy percent used for transportation needs. As stated by Lefton, R. & Weiss, D.J. the U.S accounts for three percent of the world’s population, however the U.S gulps down twenty three percent of the world’s oil. To satisfy its thirsty needs the U.S imports fifty seven percent of its oil needs. Fossil fuels come in three different forms, coal, oil and natural gas. This is a result of fossil remains of prehistoric plants and animals that have been in place for millions of years and trapped in sediments and rocks well below the earth surf. The leading exporting of crude oil are Canada, Mexico, ……..(Name top 5) Alternative/renewable energy are common “water cooler” conservation at work and dinner parties, they were also major discussions about alternative/renewable during the last presidential race. As we go about our everyday lives we constantly hear about the subject, from the evening news and our local to national print media. The increased use of alternative/renewable energy can ease the dependency on foreign oil from unstable counties and improve national security. Alternative/renewable would play a key in our efforts to also aid in reversing...
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...speeches, morality and priorities. This manipulation is done through the media. Media and subjects like censure are going to be discussed in this report. I will show how the Persian Gulf War can be set on as an example of the media spreading government propaganda and psychological warfare. This report also includes an analysis on propaganda and it’s denotative and connotative meanings. This report is also going to show us it’s effect and importance in our community and society. Whats Propaganda All of us, know about the horrors and the devastation that are a result of wars. Despite these horrors, we act indifferent towards war and it’s effect on the world community. Countries’ governments manage to manipulate us and make us think that their war actions against another nation, race or culture are well justified. Nations make the members of the society believe, that they are doing the right thing, and that this military action against a declared enemy is the most desirable thing to do in order to keep “the world’s stability and peace”. For this reason people say we are “meant” to help and serve our country, in it’s war against their enemy which changes into being our enemy too. Propaganda and psychological warfare are elements which are used by the government to accomplish their war objectives and win the war. Propaganda is when a one sided statement is shown to a mass audience. This means that propaganda is meant to show a statement from only one side, for it to manipulate and...
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...This is a good article. Click here for more information. Page protected with pending changes level 1 Bahrain From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page. Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Bahrain (disambiguation). Kingdom of Bahrain مملكة البحرين Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn Flag Coat of arms Anthem: نشيد البحرين الوطني Bahrainona Our Bahrain Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player. You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser. Location of Bahrain (circled in red)in the Arabian Peninsula (light yellow) Location of Bahrain (circled in red) in the Arabian Peninsula (light yellow) Capital and largest city Manama 26°13′N 50°35′E Official languages Arabic Ethnic groups (2010[1]) 46% Bahraini 45.5% Asian 4.7% other Arabs 1.6% African 1% European 1.2% Other Religion Islam Demonym Bahraini Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy - King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa - Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa - Prime Minister Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa Legislature National Assembly - Upper house Consultative Council - Lower house Council of Representatives Independence - Declared Independence [2] 14 August 1971 - from UK [3] 15 August 1971 Area - Total...
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...currently being dominated by the issue of the Middle East and the US relationship. It is, therefore, important to look at the factors that have resulted in a fragile relationship between the world superpower and the Middle East. For decades, the Middle East has been dealing with power struggles, Israeli-Palestinian border conflict, and the Arab-Israeli war. Some states in the region are pushing for constitutional monarchies or liberal democracies. My essay will examine the underlying animosity between these nations. It will also look at the pros and con of the American policies towards the Middle East and the ways it has succeeded. Hypothesis The USA is doing enough in its dealings with the Middle East. Analysis There has been an ongoing debate regarding the question of what the US’s foreign policies are towards the Middle East. Two main defense strategy objectives were resulting from the Pentagon’s Defense Planning Guidance between the year 1994 and 1999 (Reveron et al., 2014). This period was prior to President Bush Jr. Administration and has since then become more relevant. The primary objective was to deter another world war or an extreme enmity like the one portrayed between the former Soviet Union towards America. A new region strategy has therefore been put in place to prevent a hostile power from dominating the Middle East. If such a power controls this area with a consolidation control potential, then it can utilize the available resources resulting in the generation...
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...John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, "An unnecessary war," Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb 2003 In the full-court press for war with Iraq, the Bush administration deems Saddam Hussein reckless, ruthless, and not fully rational. Such a man, when mixed with nuclear weapons, is too unpredictable to be prevented from threatening the United States, the hawks say. But scrutiny of his past dealings with the world shows that Saddam, though cruel and calculating, is eminently deferrable. Should the United States invade Iraq and depose Saddam Hussein? If the United States is already at war with Iraq when this article is published, the immediate cause is likely to be Saddam's failure to comply with the new U.N. inspections regime to the Bush administration's satisfaction. But this failure is not the real reason Saddam and the united States have been on a collision course over the past year. The deeper root of the conflict is the U.S. position that Saddam must be toppled because he cannot be deterred from using weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Advocates of preventive war use numerous arguments to make their case, but their trump card is the charge that Saddam's past behavior proves he is too reckless, relentless, and aggressive to be allowed to possess WMD, especially nuclear weapons. They sometimes admit that war against Iraq might be costly, might lead to a lengthy U.S. occupation, and might complicate U.S. relations with other countries. But these concerns are eclipsed by the belief...
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