...Hunter Bowen ID#:50241787 Clinical Practicum 3: Microbiology Case Study Number 1: 1. What is the common term for “decubitis ulcer”? * Bedsores or pressure ulcers 2. What does the term “tachycardia” mean? * Abnormally fast resting heart beat, usually at least a 100 beats per minute 3. What does “hypokalemia” mean? * A condition of below normal levels of potassium in serum levels 4. What is the significance of the fact the larger decubitis on the left hip is necrotic and exuding pus? * Necrotic tissue is the ideal place for bacterial growth, which can greatly compromise the healing process for that wound. * Surgical excision of black necrotic tissue may be necessary to reduce infection and smell. Pain in a deep pressure sore is unusual and suggests pus under a necrotic slough, which can be painlessly excised without local anesthetic to release the pus. * Pus contains that person’s dead or dying white blood cells, and the fact that they there are in such abundance leads one to believe that they are indeed fighting an infection. 5. Does the fact numerous pus cells seen on the Gram stain support your conclusion? * Yes, there are many white blood cells (pus cells) to help fight of that person’s infection. 6. What type of white blood cells are “pus cells” usually, especially considering the fact that bacterium were also seen? * Pus is mostly made up of neutrophils 7. What microscopic morphtype...
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...Aacknowledgement First of all I like to thank God almighty who authorise me to research on this topic. I submit my sincere thanks to my supervisor Medhat Khattar for his valuable presence, time, effort, guidance and help to complete this dissertation. My dissertation would not have been completed without the help of lab technicians Nick and Suzy, I am extremely grateful for their help, suggestions and encouragement. I might want to thank my family for impacting in me a comprehension for the significance of education and an appreciation for diligent work. I extraordinarily value the majority of the penances that were made so as to realize the open doors that I have gotten, and it is my trusts that this proposition embodies what I have realized. Much obliged to you for your dedication, bolster, and affection. I might likewise want to thank my grandparents for the numerous hours of math mentoring as a youngster. In spite of the fact that it may have appeared to be inconsequential, it was the premise for my prosperity and the establishment of my hobbies in Designing. I might want to devote this proposition to my family, without whom I would not be seeking after a profession with an instruction from my university undergraduate days. I also thank my supervisor’s effort and good work channelled towards making me a better microbiologist in the world. I sincerely extend my thanks all concerned people who together with me in this regard. Table of Contents I Declaration......
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...do we know the streptokinase will digest fibrin only and not other tissues? Atherosclerosis is hardening of the arteries that slows down the blood. Streptokinase is used to dissolve blood clot after a heart attack, in the lungs and leg. Streptokinase is a lab made drug, it was made nontoxic, there for it wouldn’t cause streptococcal. 3) Based on biochemical tests and oxygen usage, how would you identify and classify, respectively, the following microbes? Staphylococcus Aureus are yellow grapelike clusters. Staphylococcus aureus are anaerobes, they grow under high and low pressure, can living very well under the nose, on the skin and food. Produces that can give varies symptoms and in serve case death. Staphylococcus Aureus classified as gram-positive bacterium. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a blue – green pigmentation, it is concerned an aerobic....
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...Re Effect of Antimicrobials | | Abstract For centuries, microbes have taken countless lives of both the young and old. Due to the lack of knowledge of microorganisms and the scarcity of equipment and tools to research them, there was little knowledge as to how these microbes had such detrimental effects on the human body. Since they are unseen to the human eye, no one knew as to where they were located, how they grew or even what they looked like. It was not until the 1600’s when Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the first microscopes and discovered these small creatures. As time went by, microbiology grew with each scientist who discovered a little more about these microbes. Slowly, more and more scientist were gaining more knowledge as to how to control the pandemic outbreaks that were happening across the country. At first, diseases were controlled by vaccines; but in 1923 Alexander Flemming had discovered a natural resource that inhibited bacterial growth. Mold that had grown in a dish opened the door to antibiotics. Since then, microbes have been fought off by using natural resources. In the past, antibiotics were successful in eliminating diseases by affecting the causative agent in various different ways. Some ways that antibiotics kill bacteria is by releasing chemicals that hinder DNA synthesis, disrupting metabolic activities of the bacterium cell which in turn does not allow the bacterium to reproduce but instead kills it. However, because bacteria have been...
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...MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City; 2 Capitol University, Cagayan de Oro City ABSTRACT Euphorbia hirta L., plant is a pantropic weed, widely distributed in the Philippines. Folkloric use of tawatawa (E. hirta L.), as alternative treatment and prevention for various ailments has been promoted and patronized due to the increasing trend in the quest for inexpensive alternative medicines compared to commercial drugs. Nowadays, the traditional decoction preparation has been widely used however, the safety of its oral use against normal microflora, is still ambiguous despite traditional practice hence, this study. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria (standard strains and clinical isolates). Antibacterial activity was tested on E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa. Results show that there was no formation of any zone of inhibition as observed after 24 hrs. Thus, this justifies the traditional use of the plant as decoction treatment for various ailments. Various concentrations of crude extracts diluted in distilled water were also tested for comparison purposes but it yielded the same results as the decoction procedure. Since, the results were negative for any antibacterial potential, the use of tawa-tawa decoction for oral intake should be highly recommended in the treatment of various conditions without the risk of altering the normal flora of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal...
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...Cellular Structures and Pathogenicity Jennifer L. Wethington ITT Technical Institute Unit 2 Assignment 1 “Bacterial illness is a result of complex interactions between bacteria and the host. During evolution, humans developed many ways to protect themselves against bacterial pathogens. On the other hand, bacteria have developed strategies to evade, subvert or circumvent these defenses” (Sousa, 2003) “One of the most important characteristics of bacterial pathogenicity is the various strategies developed by prokaryotic organisms to use host molecules for their own benefit” (Sousa, 2003). “To accomplish this, bacteria have evolved elaborate control mechanisms to turn genes on and off, varying the transcriptional activator or protein repressors of systems that act at the structural level of the genetic material” (Sousa, 2003). “Without a doubt the most common and best studied of all prokaryotic motility structures is the bacterial flagellum. Composed of over 20 protein species with approximately another 30 proteins required for regulation and assembly, it is one of the most complex of all prokaryotic organelles” (Bardy, Ng, & Jarrell, 2003). “The bacterial flagellum is a rotary structure driven from a motor at the base, with the filament acting as a propeller. The flagellum consists of three major substructures: the filament, the hook and the basal body” (Bardy, Ng, & Jarrell, 2003). “One of the unusual variations on bacterial flagellation is the presence in...
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...Cystic fibrosis, also known as mucoviscidosis, is an autosomal recessive disorder.1,2,22 It is the most common inherited disease in the Caucasian population affecting 1 in 3000 children in Western Europe.3 It is a multiorgan disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which is located on the long arm of chromosome 7 and encodes for a special chloride ion channel.4,5 The vast majority of mutations involve three or fewer nucleotides and result in primarily amino acid substitutions, frameshifts, splice site, or nonsense mutations.11 Of more than 800 identified CFTR mutations, the 3 base pair deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 is found worldwide in 70% of cystic fibrosis sufferers, therefore making F508 CFTR the most common deadly mutant in the Caucasian populations.6 Since cystic fibrosis has a genetic origin the opportunity to treat by replacing the defective gene with a normal healthy gene (gene therapy) offers a ‘novel therapeutic approach’ for sufferers.7 The estimated survival age of cystic fibrosis sufferers is 33.4 years (Fig 1). In this essay we will discuss the aetiology and symptoms of cystic fibrosis and the current available treatments, with particular emphasis on gene therapy and furanones, which prevent the build up of bacterial biofilms and thus reduce lung infection. Mutations in the CF gene can disrupt CFTR function within epithelial cells in different ways, ranging from complete loss...
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...data base on medicinal plants as a source of references. The legal aspects of this concept are considered. The traditional methods of preservation, many taken from the food industry are summarised. The use of alcohol, glycerine, sugar, salt, dessication, anhydrous systems and temperature are amongst examples considered. The definitions of the many words used to describe the act of preservation are considered, and the confusion that results from the presence of the many synonyms is considered. e.g. antimicrobial, antibiotic, antiseptic, bactericidal, etc. Specific organisms are identified as being of particular interest, especially those standard organisms that form part of the B.P. challenge test. These include Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus. A cross-section of plants mentioned in the literature as being specifically targeted at these organisms are considered. The paper concludes with Appendices of plant materials that have mention in the literature according to specific definitions, which may give researchers a potential introduction to future research. KEY WORDS Natural preservation, traditional preservation, challenge test organisms, legal status. INTRODUCTION The subject of natural preservatives is one that probably has more academic interest than practical or economic virtue. However, it does have a wonderful marketing angle which may justify the higher raw material costs. The paper first reviews...
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...Attributable Hospital Cost and Length of Stay Associated with Health Care-Associated Infections Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Patrick D. Mauldin, Cassandra D. Salgado, Ida Solhøj Hansen, Darshana T. Durup and John A. Bosso Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010, 54(1):109. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01041-09. Published Ahead of Print 19 October 2009. Downloaded from http://aac.asm.org/ on January 1, 2012 by guest Updated information and services can be found at: http://aac.asm.org/content/54/1/109 These include: REFERENCES This article cites 43 articles, 12 of which can be accessed free at: http://aac.asm.org/content/54/1/109#ref-list-1 Receive: RSS Feeds, eTOCs, free email alerts (when new articles cite this article), more» CONTENT ALERTS Information about commercial reprint orders: http://aac.asm.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml To subscribe to to another ASM Journal go to: http://journals.asm.org/site/subscriptions/ ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Jan. 2010, p. 109–115 0066-4804/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/AAC.01041-09 Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Vol. 54, No. 1 Attributable Hospital Cost and Length of Stay Associated with Health Care-Associated Infections Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Patrick D. Mauldin,1,2 Cassandra D. Salgado,3 Ida Solhøj Hansen,1 Darshana T. Durup,1 and John A. Bosso1,3* Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcome Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy...
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...Rapid Antigen Detection Test (RADT)- can be used in adults; test has high specificity (99%+) but sensitivity ranging from 80-90% (dependent upon test used and quality of specimen collection). Antigen positive patients would be treated but antigen negative patients would not. a. What about back-up culture- pro-can detect other agents of pharyngitis including Group C and G strep which is a common cause of bacterial pharyngitis as well as Arcanobacterium. i. Arcanobacterium-weakly beta hemolytic, gram positive rod can be confused with group F streptococci-seen in adults causes a scarlet fever like syndrome with a scarlantiform-like rash b. Con- culture adds expense and positive cultures require follow up; cases of rheumatic fever are vanishing rare in adult-ED rarely does back up culture 2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the other...
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...Australasian Medical Journal [AMJ 2012, 5, 2, 135-140] Outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Impact of antibiotic therapy and other factors Noyal Mariya Joseph1, Sujatha Sistla1, Tarun Kumar Dutta2, Ashok Shankar Badhe3, Desdemona Rasitha1, Subhash Chandra Parija1 1. Department of Microbiology, 2. Department of Medicine, 3. Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry - 605006, India RESEARCH Please cite this paper as: Joseph NM, Sistla S, Dutta TK, Badhe AS, Rasitha D, Parija SC. Outcome of ventilatorassociated pneumonia: impact of appropriate therapy and other factors. AMJ 2012, 5, 2, 135-140. http//dx.doi.org/10.4066/AMJ.2012.1004. Corresponding Author: Dr. Noyal Mariya Joseph, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry – 607 402 (India) Email: noyaljoseph@yahoo.com Please use these fonts and font sizes only. Abstract inappropriate therapy (defined as lack of coverage of one or all the significant VAP pathogens) were at significantly high risk for death (Relative risk, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 3.52; P 0.0008). A delay of > 2 days in administering the first dose of appropriate antibiotic therapy significantly prolonged the duration of ventilation (P < 0.0001). Infection by multi-drug resistant pathogens, polymicrobial infection and time of onset of VAP did not...
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...records. It is therefore worthwhile to consider investigations on the structural analysis of microbial lipases. This review is intended to provide a collection of resources on the instrumental, chemical and bioinformatics approaches for structure analyses. X-ray crystallography is a versatile tool for the structural biochemists and is been exploited till today. The chemical methods of recent interests include molecular modeling and combinatorial designs. Bioinformatics has surged striking interests in protein structural analysis with the advent of innumerable tools. Furthermore, a literature platform of the structural elucidations so far investigated has been presented with detailed descriptions as applicable to microbial lipases. A case study of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) has also been discussed which...
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...Hardik R. Mody1, Vamshikrishna B. Acharya1 1 3 Dr. L. H. Hiranandani College of Pharmacy, Ulhasnagar. India 2 Karapagam College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, India Nandha College of Pharmacy,Kora Palyam Pirivu,Pitchandampalyam,Erode-638052 Received on: 21/11/2011 Accepted on: 17/12/2011 ABSTRACT Six different organic solvents such as n-butanol, petroleum ether, methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform were used to extract the bioactive compounds from the fruits of Abelmoschus esculentus to screen the antibacterial activity against infectious disease causing bacterial pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabillis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by paper disc method. The butanolic extract of Abelmoschus esculentus was more active against almost 90% of the organism tested. It was followed by Ethyl acetate, Methanol, Petroleum ether, Chloroform in inhibiting the growth of organism tested. Key Words: Abelmoschus esculentus, Pathogens, Antibacterial assay, Malvaceae, Disc diffusion method INTRODUCTION Many drug resistant bacterial strains were developed due to the increased use of a number of antibacterial drugs. It also created the problem in controlling the growth of infectious disease causing pathogenic bacteria. Moreover synthetic drugs produce side effect to the users1.To circumvent this problem, scientists...
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...Anna Beeck The Need to Breath Physiology 310 - Section 3 T.A. - Sheree Speckman November 15, 2011 Introduction: Cystic Fibrosis is one of the most common chronic lung diseases in children and young adults. It is an inherited deadly disorder that affects Caucasians in the United States. Cystic fibrosis of CF is a disease that is caused by a defected gene, which causes the lungs to build up with an abnormally thick and sticky fluid, or mucus. This mucus affects the lungs obstructing breathing along with also affecting the pancreas, causing poor absorption of nutrients. For my family Cystic Fibrosis is a well-known disease, because my Aunt Rae Ellen died of it back in 1962. The history of Cystic Fibrosis dates back into the mid-17th century where it was first known as a child who had become bewitched. Advances in cystic fibrosis began to pick up in the 1940s. Children with CF are normally diagnosed by the age of 2 and now can live to around the age of 40. There are many different symptoms that come along with this disease. There are different symptoms related to newborns, bowel functions, lungs, and later in life. The most common symptoms seem to be coughing or increased mucus in the lungs and salty-tasting skin. People with cystic fibrosis have mutations on the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which reduces the ability of chloride ions to travel across cell membranes. There is no way to prevent Cystic Fibrosis but there are ways...
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...Name of the Assignment: Characterization and Applications of Lipases Course Title: Enzymology Course ID: BTC 517 Date of Submission: 3 August, 2012 Submitted To: Professor Naiyyum Choudhury Coordinator,Biotechnology MNS Department BRAC University Mohakhali, Dhaka Submitted By: Sultana Rownok Jahan M.S Biotechnology Summer 2012 MNS Department BRAC University Mohakhali,Dhaka. Introduction: Lipases are the special kind of esterases belong to subclass 1 of hydrolytic enzyme class 3 and have been assigned sub-sub class 3.1.1 due to their specificity for carboxylic acid ester bonds. Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolases, E.C. 3.1.1.3) are ubiquitous enzymes of considerablephysiological significance and industrial potential. Lipases catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to glycerol and free fatty acids. In contrast to esterases, lipases are activated only when adsorbed to an oil–water interface (Martinelle et al., 1995) and do not hydrolyze dissolved substrates in the bulk fluid. A true lipase will split emulsified esters of glycerine and long-chain fatty acids such as triolein and tripalmitin. Lipases are serine hydrolases and contain the consensus sequence G – X1 – S – X2 – G as the catalytic moiety, where G – glycine, S – serine,X1 – histidine and X2 – glutamic or aspartic acid .Lipases display little activity in aqueous solutions containing soluble substrates. In contrast, esterases show normal Michaelis–Menten...
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