...who are affluent. Attending universities like Harvard has been left to the few who can afford to pay the exorbitant fees. The divisions arising in institutions of higher learning have come to be viewed as a show of might and class, as well as a means by which the American plutarchy duplicates itself. Donoghue (nd) notes that top strata universities’ one year tuition fee is more than the average income of American citizens. Universities in the middle and bottom classes are continually grappling with budget cuts as the government strives to sustain the budget in times of economic downturns. Budget cuttings have severe implications for public colleges and universities as universities have to raise their tuition fees, reduce spending or both, in a bid to cover the gap. Cuts on higher education funding by the government have resulted in increased tuition across public institutions of higher learning. The acute increases in tuition fees have hastened the continuous trends of reducing college affordability and transferring the costs to students. Leachman et al (2013) note that enrolling for a...
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...because of the state’s $27 billion budget shortfall. This creates fewer funds for programs to enrich the students. If funding gets cutting state educational funds will doom this nation by decreasing the quality of Texas instructors, decreasing Texas students’ likelihood in succeeding in college, and increasing the crime rate in Texas. Cutting funds to education decreases the quality of Texas’ instructors by reducing the funds available for promising upcoming teachers. Without scholarships or loan forgiveness many civilians will not choose a career in education because there is no longer an incentive to pursue this path. Grow Your Own, teacher’s aide tuition exemptions, and Access to Success funding programs all rely on federal and state funding. The Government substantially reduced or canceled the funding for these programs because of the cuts. This is thanks to Texas Gov. Rick Perry and state Republican leaders, who proposed a slash of $4.8 billion in state school aid over the course of two years. The educational cuts have already resulted in 100,000 school worker layoffs, reducing the quantity and quality of professionals available for the children’s education. Reducing funds in education also decreases the likelihood of students succeeding in college. Public college tuition has generally been driven up by rising spending on administrators, student support services, and the need to make up for reductions in government subsidies. The budget cuts have...
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...Abstract Statistics show that the amount in college students that smoke tobacco has increased over time, and many of them find it difficult to quit after some time of smoking. The paper explains the efforts of reducing a student’s amount of smoking throughout a course of four weeks using operant conditioning, using money to reinforce and punish her behaviors. Smoking a Little Less A Review of Literature Studies demonstrate that 37% of college students reported to be smokers, 28% of which began to smoke at around the age of 19; and the noted preference of the students is tobacco. According to a prior study, the explanations as to why the students smoked were the following: to fill the craving, the anticipation of being unable to smoke later, to deal with anxiety or emotional distress. As well as to produce positive stimulation, some reported that it was out of habit, as well as using smoking to socialize, and a use to relax from their tasks, or because they had nothing better to do, or as a pass time while waiting. Conversely, 50% of the 37% smoking student population made a failing attempt at decreasing or stopping the behavior to smoke. However, the way in which a student can actually quit smoking, is the person’s will to quit, seeing as to this is a behavior that becomes a part of daily routine of a person. There are many variables that need to be put into perspective, to find the effective manner in order to achieve the goal...
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...2012 Prince Masuku Economics 3/5/2012 2012 Prince Masuku Economics 3/5/2012 Macro-economic issues role of the public sector Macro-economic issues role of the public sector CONTENTS PAGE Contents Page Introduction… 1 The present situation and a comparison with previous years… 2 The proposal/ initiatives from the State of The Nation Address… 5 Reaction of other political parties… 6 Impact of the President’s proposals on the national budget… 6 How did the budget address these issues?.. 7 Conclusion… 8 INTRODUUCTION Unemployment occurs when people are without jobs and they have actively sought for work. In South Africa, unemployment is extremely high and it is seen as one of the most pressing socio-political problems facing the government. The has been a lively debate on the extent, nature and cures of unemployment in South Africa but the outcome has rather been inconclusive. Unemployment in South Africa is so widespread that it demands an explanation. Unemployment is potentially a matter of serious concern - for its effects on economic welfare, production, erosion of human capital, social exclusion, crime, and social instability. However, its potential costs depend on the nature of the beast. The question we address is this. Is unemployment in South Africa largely voluntary or involuntary? The answer has important ethical and policy implications. If unemployment is largely voluntary...
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...Introduction : Capture reader’s interest Build case through logic Topic sentence First main point: - Unemployment Barack Obama plan included building up the U.S. manufacturing base, reducing dependence on foreign oil, improving education, cutting budget deficits and building more roads, bridges and schools. Obama's policies will mean lower incomes, higher taxes, and more debt Mitt Romney A.. Make trade work for America by forging new trade agreements. * B. Cut the deficit and put America on track to a balanced budget. * C. Champion SMALL businesses, America's engine of job growth. That means reducing taxes on business, not raising them. It means simplifying and modernizing the regulations that hurt small business the most. Second main point: - Presidential Candidates Offer Different Education Plans Barack Obama made education more affordable to pay Support help pass largest education initiative he also pledged to make permanent the American Opportunity Tax Credit, which allots up to $2,500 per year per student for college cost. Mitt Romney A. parents vouchers worth some of the money that would have gone to the local public school and let them use it towards tuition for a private school. B. Romney focuses on keeping federal spending to a minimum to lessen pressure on the taxpayers who may have college costs Both agree the need for better tests to evaluate student and students...
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...Atlanta Public Schools (APS) should entertain the idea of a hybrid public school transportation system, composed of contracting and in-house operations. A hybrid system can work for the APS because: - The cost benefits of privatization reduces transportation cost, which can lead to more money in the classroom. - Keeping experienced, happy bus drivers with the district can reassure the public that safety is a top priority. Atlanta Public Schools can structure a plan for hybrid transportation to fit the needs of the more than 50,000 students in the school district; about 22,000 of those students rely on the school bus to get to and from school according to the FY 2015 General Budget. School districts are more likely to contract out services when the views of the superintendent and school board support privatization. BACKGROUND As public school system budgets fluctuate since the recent recession, school officials are finding ways to cut cost, by contracting out services that indirectly tied to student instruction. Janitorial, food and transportation operations are non-instructional school functions that could save districts money without reducing education opportunities. With population growth and maintenance...
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...corrections or prison construction? The case study entitled “Time to Dig Out” was based on the decisions and political strategies in the view of the state governor. The case study revolved around the basis for new prisons and crime prevention within the state. The state wants to take a hard but drastic approach on preventing crime. There were too many contributing factors to debate on constructing new prisons or eliminating the idea all together. Because of the increased crime in the state the state’s budget base was eroding concurrent with the dramatic increase in dollars allocated to prison expansion. The groups, organizations, and political constituents likely to support a reduction in funding for state’s department of corrections are organizations and agencies affected by the decrease or loss of budget to help secure the function of their missions. Many of these groups, organizations, and political constituents were affected with the decrease in higher educational budgets, funds for social welfare, mental health services, and state police were being limited, and funds for parks, campgrounds, roads, and highway construction were rationed, threatening the state’s vibrant tourist business and a...
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...many decisions. One type of such decisions one has to make is whether the government should reduce budget of such areas: education, healthcare and supporting unemployed. As more and more financial crises happen in different continents, many national leaders have established proper policies to make up the loss and stabilize the economy. Among three popular ways the fewer budget for education, healthcare and unemployed, I prefer the first one for three following reasons. On top of the first, education can be sponsored by private corporations. As we all know most universities in different countries are supported by the government not only in teacher’s salary but also in research funds. However, because some universities such as Columbia University and Harvard University are sponsored by private companies. It is quite possible that more public universities can be converted into private mechanism that even can improve academic reputation. Thus, reducing expenses on education is a proper solution to economic crisis. In addition, education involves fewer civilians, which means fewer negative impacts on education that are made by fewer budgets from the government. As we all know, people whose age between 8 and 22 are the main components of targets for education. That is to say, these people are only a relatively small part of the whole population. So, it is reasonable that reducing the money on education is better way for the government to overcome tough time. Last but not least...
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...Net In Budget 2010, in terms of social safety government focusing in enhancing the well-being of the people in both rural and urban. Government will continue to their effort to ensure the people in both areas will enjoys all the benefits and developments in a peaceful and safe environment. The step to strengthen public safety is taken to reduce the rate of crime. Government will allocate almost RM3.7 billion in order to increase the efficiency of security force. This budget will be use in term of upgrading security equipment to become more modern and sophisticated equipment. In budget 2010, government mention that the prosperity of people is their priority to enable people to live in a peaceful and safe environment. The Government is serious in reducing the crime rate and will implement crime prevention measures. The Government targets to reduce the crime index by 5%, including reducing street crimes, such as snatch thefts and robberies by 20% by end of 2010. A total of RM1 billion will be provided to further improve the services of Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) in 2010. Apart from focusing internal threats, government also focus to strengthen the security of nation borders from the internal threat such as smuggling and pirate threats. In budget 2010, government allocate a total of RM1.9 billion to upgrade armed force equipment and sentry force. RM622 million will be provided to Maritime Enforcement Agency to ensure the safety in national waters. In budget 2010 also...
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...Carly Kupka RA #1 OLIS 611 Waste Reduction and Recycling Up until now, our primary strategies to reduce waste has been recycling, reducing, and reusing. While these are all important tools in waste reduction, a new way of thinking about waste needs to occur; a fourth R: “Rethinking” means that waste doesn’t have to be a part of the consumption cycle at all (Roseland). While we have a very long way to go in achieving this zero-waste idea, we can still start by rethinking all aspects of a production process; starting with the initial design process down to reusing or recycling all by-products. The City of Eugene is doing its part in Recycling, Reducing and Reusing, as well as Rethinking about waste by partnering with local non-profits and schools to educate the community in resource conservation as well as providing recycling services and composting programs. The budget for Solid Waste and Recycling in Eugene accounts for 0.3% of the total budget, or $1,476 for the year. There are four major sectors and program coordinators working for the City’s waste management and recycling department: • Stephanie Scafa- Zero Waste Analyst for the Waste Prevention and Green Building Program • Anne Donahue- Compost and Urban Agriculture • Nancy Young- Solid Waste Analyst for the Waste Prevention Program • Ethan Nelson- Recycling contact for Waste Prevention and Green Building Program Roseland suggests many tools and initiatives in waste management that local government can use to...
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...United States Army. Military members that have served for twenty years or more have witnessed the cycles and fluctuations in strength. There are several issues that build or reduce the manning strength in the military. Building or reducing a large military force should be a slow process, but that is usually not the case. Offering large enlistment bonuses and re-enlistment bonuses are ways to rapidly grow the size of the United States Army. Also, during the build-up years, the standards for joining the military are not as strict to include a larger population of potential applicants. When the goal is a smaller military, reduction in strength is...
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...Increase Funding for California Schools Jode Williamson Comm/215 July 28, 2010 Samuel Trident “California has cut $18 billion, one-third of state school funding, from money for kindergarten through high school over the past three years.” USA Today (Welch, 2011). Budget cuts to the California Public School System, which is the underlying factor in the deterioration of the quality of education, has had a negative impact on every facet of society. From students to teachers to employers, all have felt the effects of decreased funding of schools. The state of California is headed in the wrong direction by reducing school funding and unless a solution is found to minimize or put a halt to these reductions, our children will bear the brunt of the impact. Less money poured into the school system leads to poor quality of education. The perfect example is the brand new high school, Hillcrest High, built in the city of Riverside remains closed. Hillcrest High was built to help with the overcrowded 3,400 students at La Sierra High. Due to the budget cuts the city cannot afford the $3 million dollars needed to hire teachers, administrators, and other staff to support the opening of the high school. With Hillcrest High remaining closed La Sierra High is faced with cramming about 35-37 students in each of their main subject classrooms. Studies done by Project STAR, SAGE program, NAEP Central City Study, and CSR program in California proved that a child’s academic performance...
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...bold action. I set aggressive goals to cut the city’s school dropout rate, to increase the number of Philadelphians completing college and to grow our city by 75,000 residents. Multimedia Mayor Nutter Addresses the City's Budget Crisis WATCH Mayor Nutter Addresses the City's Budget... Mayor Nutter Talks to Media After City Budget Address WATCH Mayor Nutter Talks to Media After City Budget... More Multimedia Achieving them, I said, would require a new sense of shared hope, commitment and sacrifice from everyone because we all have a role to play in the renaissance of our great city. In the last 10 months, I’ve seen more hope and optimism about what we can achieve in Philadelphia and the region. Our beloved Phillies are winners and so is this shining city of parks, history, creative people and vibrant neighborhoods. In January, when I invited everyone to come to City Hall for an open house, you came in the thousands and told me of your pride in the city and hopes for a prosperous future. In April, more than 15,000 Philadelphians removed 2.5 million pounds of trash from their neighborhoods. And every day this year, public safety has been Job No. 1. We’ve developed an aggressive crime fighting strategy. We’ve reduced homicides and the overall crime rate. But we’ve also seen the horror of this battle as three police officers have given their lives while carrying out their duty. In my February budget address, I warned that the national economy was sputtering...
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...four day school week? There are more things that are hurtful than helpful about the four day school week. The four day would not benefit a school but hurt it more. There are many reasons that some schools might use the four day school day school week but it might hurt the school more than it would help. School days will be longer to make up for the day that is lost to make a three day weekend. The four day school week will mess up many things with a regular school day, some of these will be longer classes, sports at a later time, makes less time for kids to do their homework, and go longer into the summer.. The longer classes are to make up the day that was lost for the three day weekend. They could have an earlier start time to make it to where the school would still end at three o'clock. Secondly with the longer classes will make sports go later on into each evening. This gives less time for kids to do their homework or any chores that they have to do at the end of the day and after school. Kids will have to go more weeks in the school year because it is required for all students to go 180 days for a school year. This will cut into families summer plans. When 2,700 schools were polled 67% said that it was...
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...Topic 4 – Fiscal Policy Refers to the governments choices regarding the overall level of government purchases or taxes * Government spending – on health sector, education, infrastructure, defence. * Taxation policy – income tax, sales tax (VAT), corporate tax, capital gains tax. Fiscal policy and aggregate demand * Government spending – increase in G spending → AD shifting right * e.g. Gov places £10 billion order for new school buildings → building contractor has increased demand for output → hires more staff and increases production. * Taxation – * Income tax cut → consumption increases → AD shifting right * Corporate tax cut → investment increases → AD shifting right * If tax cuts are seen as temp then AD shift may be smaller Multiplier Effect The additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spending. * Example continued… * Positive impact - The Gov buys £10 billion of buildings from Bob and Co, → demand from gov raises employment and profits at Bob and Co → as workers see higher earnings and firm owners see higher profits → increase own spending on consumer goods and so on… This is the multiplier effect. * Negative impact could be that spending on foreign goods may increase → neg impact on AD as imports increase. * Size of multiplier depends on marginal propensity to consume and import. * SHOW IMPACT OF MULTIPLIER...
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