Premium Essay

Reearch

In:

Submitted By rinfinn
Words 34637
Pages 139
HIST Y AN PHILO PHY TORY ND P OSOP Y OF S ENCE SCIE E
COMM MON CO OURSE IN ENG E GLISH
BBA (I Seme A ester) BA/BS (IV Se Sc emester) 2011 A dmission onwards o

UNIV VERSI ITY OF CAL F LICUT
SC CHOOL OF DI L ISTANC EDU CE UCATIO ON
Calicut Universi P.O. M ity Malappur ram, Kera India 673 635 ala, a

106

School of Distance Education

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
BBA (I Semester) BA/BSc (IV Semester) Common Course in English
2011 Admission onwards HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

MODULE I & II
Prepared by : House No. 21 “Pranaam” Keltron Nagar, Kolazhi, Thrissur
Ms. GAYATHRI MENON .K

MODULE III & IV
Prepared by: Ms. SWAPNA M.S. Department of English K. K. T. M. Govt. College Pullut, Thrissur Dr. Anitha Ramesh K Associate Professor Department of English ZG College, Calicut
© Reserved 2

Scrutinised by :

Layout:

Computer Section, SDE

History and Philosophy of Science

School of Distance Education

Contents
MODULE I ANCIENT HISTORY OF SCIENCE 1. Introduction 2. Origins of Scientific Enquiry 3. European Origins of Science 4. Contributions of Early India 5. Science in China 6. The role of Arabs in the History of Science MODULE 2 7. Science in the Middle Ages MODULE 3 MODERN SCIENCE 8. Newton and After 9. The Advancing Frontiers: Modern Medicine to Nanotechnology MODULE 4 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 10. Basic concepts in the Philosophy of Science 11. Some Issues in the Philosophy of Science

Pages

5 10 17 24 31 36

44

53 64

79 88

History and Philosophy of Science

3

School of Distance Education

History and Philosophy of Science 4

School of Distance Education

MODULE 1 ANCIENT HISTORY OF SCIENCE
UNIT – 1 INTRODUCTION Objectives This chapter will help you to: 1. Understand what is science 2. Understand

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Gs1145 Reearch Essay

...Jonathan Greene GS1145 Research Essay-April 11, 2015 Research Essay (New Awareness in Cybersecurity) The Internet has become a hacker’s playground, and cybersecurity is no longer a choice for major companies looking to protect themselves and their customer’s (US News, 2015). Hackers are costing consumers and companies between $375 and $575 billion, annually, a number only that is only going to increase as online information stealing expands with increased Internet use. When it comes to cybersecurity, it’s not just credit cards or personal data at risk. Internet-connected transportation systems, medical devices, electronic health records, household appliances and wearable technology need to be protected in addition to the power grid, financial institutions and government secrets (US News, 2015). In an effort to increase awareness to the need of cybersecurity, CyberPatriot – (The National Youth Cyber Education Program), for example, was established in 2009 by the nonprofit Air Force Association in an effort to generate interest among high school students in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education and encourage them to consider careers in cybersecurity. The organization originally thought that high school was the right age group for shaping attitudes about cybersecurity and, more broadly, STEM as a career opportunity. An October 2013 study commissioned by Raytheon, a major U.S. government defense contractor, determined that high school students might...

Words: 349 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Reearch Paper Managers and Motivation

...Why Managers Need to Understand and Use Different Techniques to Motivate Employees By Student Managers Motivating Employees, September 8, 2014 I. Introduction Managers keeping employees motivated is a problem in most organizations, because not all individuals are motivated in the same way. When individuals lose interest in the workplace this can cause problems for the organization as a whole, then the overall production and morale suffers. There are different techniques that can be used to help managers motivate their employees. Some of the techniques to understand are positive and negative reinforcement, nonmonetary incentive programs, award programs, recognition awards and showing appreciation. Managers can motivate employees by understanding what motivation is and by discovering what drives each individual by using different techniques to motivate each employee. II. Motivation A. Definition of Motivation Motivation is “defined as the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior” (Kinicki, Williams 376). Motivation “is not a one size fits all”, each employee is their own person and what drives them to effectivley perform while on the job is an important factor for managers to be knowledgeable about (Broder). B. Why Motivating Employees is Important Employees within an organization play a key role in how the company runs. Knowing about the different techniques that are used can help managers succeed in keeping...

Words: 1294 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Business & Management

...1 Case Study : Sinosteel Strengthens Business Management with ERP Applications  SUMMARY:  China’s state owned strategic resources enterprise Sinosteel Corporation uses Oracle Enterprise Resource Management (ERP) to strengthen its business management and global reach.  Case:  Sinosteel Corporation (abbreviated as Sinosteel) is a central enterprise under the administration of the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. There are 76 subsidiaries under the administration of Sinosteel, among which 53 are in China and 23 abroad, the revenue from core businesses reaches RMB 111 billion in 2008. Chinese currency is called the Renminbi (RMB), and it is currently trading at .146 US dollars in 2009.  Sinosteel is mainly engaged in developing and processing of metallurgical mineral resources, trading and logistics of metallurgical raw materials and products, and related engineering technical service and equipment manufacture. It is a large multinational enterprise with core businesses engaging in resources development, trade & logistics, engineering project and science & technology, equipment manufacturing and specialized service, providing comprehensive auxiliary service for steel industry, especially steel mills.  Sinosteel is organized as decentralized, multi-business unit firm. Like most rapidly growing global firms, Sinosteel has grown through the acquisition of hundreds of small companies, and many medium to large size companies. In the...

Words: 1481 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Aims and Objectives of Research Project

...|Research and Development Skills |May 7 | | |2014 | | | | Table of Contents Aims and Objectives: 2 Review of Current State of Proposed Area: 4 Major Milestones and Deliverables: 5 Scientific Risk Analysis: 7 Resources Needed and Architecture: 8 Architecture 9 Ethical, Legal, Professional Issues and Academic Misconduct: 10 Code of Ethics: 11 Bibliography 11 Aims and Objectives: The main of this study is to develop software that will allow voice command to be converted into text and then to be displayed on the output monitor or to be converted into command to perform a particular action, the primary aim will be to perform adequate amounts of research in the field of voice recognition in order to develop such tool that can be used to convert speech to text and voice to text command for a particular system to perform a task. The main objectives to achieve this will be to have a clear development plan with a clear software development cycle, having the software development cycle will not be enough on its own and constant monitoring...

Words: 3015 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Phantom of the Opera

...NPM 0906490790 : Tanda Tangan : : Tanda Tangan : Nama : Prasya Aninditya Nama : Shafa Tasya Kamila NPM 0906532540 NPM 1006663096 : Tanda Tangan : : Tanda Tangan : 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the Marketing Strategy of PepsiCo. Methods of analysis include the internal and external analysis of the company. The research draws attention to the competition PepsiCo in the Cola and Snacks industry. With its main competitors, Coca Cola Company and Kraft Foods. Despite being a strong second opinion against Coca Cola, Pepsi has become the largest selling soft drink in the world and is liked by people of all ages. Therefore, this reearch analyses the strategies used by PepsiCo to compete with its competitors and the effectiveness of it. Including how well PepsiCo. can manage its SWOT...

Words: 4714 - Pages: 19

Premium Essay

Academic Performance

...LEARNING STYLES AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE GRADE 10 STUDENTS IN THE TLE SUBJECTS ENROLLED IN TAMPILISAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL SY: 2015-2016 JESTONIE C. GABOTERO JUNCER M. HAMOY ROXY MAE j. LENDIO A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the College of Agriculture & Tech Jose Rizal Memorial State University – Tampilisan Campus Znac, Tampilisan, Zamboanga del Norte In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION June, 2017 INTRODUTION Learning style is defined as “the way each person begins to concentrate on, process, internalize, and retain new and difficult information” (Dunn and Dunn, 1999). Cognizant of the Centro Escolar University vision of “Sustaining Quality and Excellence in the Next 100 years”, the school of Accountancy and Management continuously appraises its academic performance. According to Edward E. Lawler (2010), “the typical person rates his or her performance at about 80th percentile. Hence, people tend to believe they’re doing better than most of the people around them. But, to meet the standard of quality and excellence, an organization requires consistent level of high performance. The hallmark of modern appraisal philosophy focuses on the present performance, future goals, and knowledge of the results. “It is on this premise that the present research focuses on the identification and comparison of the learning styles of the students in the School...

Words: 3909 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

The Use of Computer in Teaching Economics

...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ICT is an acronym for information and communication Technology. It is a set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store and manage information (Tinio, 2004). This technology include computers, the interest, broad casting technology (such as radio and television), and telephony according to O’leary & O’ leary (2004) refers to a communication process that uses the interest rather than traditional communication lines to connect two or more people via telephone. Thus, Information and Communication Technology is a technology that merges computing with high speed communication links carrying data, sound and videos. As a powerful tool for information dissemination, ICT has a wide variety of application and usage. It is used in such places as industries, banks, homes, military, Agriculture and education. In education, the application of ICT can be viewed in three perspectives, namely administrative and counseling tools; object of instruction and as a vehicle of instruction. As applied to administrative and counseling activities, ICT is used in planning of admission, record keeping, grading of scripts as well as in computer. Assisted Academic Counseling. In computer Assisted Academic Counseling; a computer package is designed specially to assist counselors to do their job effectively. It helps to assist individuals to eliminate inhibiting behaviours such as impatience, test, anxiety...

Words: 5553 - Pages: 23

Free Essay

Artificial Neural Network for Biomedical Purpose

...ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS METHODOLOGICAL ADVANCES AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Edited by Kenji Suzuki Artificial Neural Networks - Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications Edited by Kenji Suzuki Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Lorkovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Bruce Rolff, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in...

Words: 43079 - Pages: 173

Premium Essay

The Advent of Social Progress Index to Measure Competitiveness

...Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress Professor Joseph E. STIGLITZ, Chair, Columbia University Professor Amartya SEN, Chair Adviser, Harvard University Professor Jean-Paul FITOUSSI, Coordinator of the Commission, IEP www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr Other Members Bina AGARWAL Kenneth J. ARROW Anthony B. ATKINSON François BOURGUIGNON Jean-Philippe COTIS Angus S. DEATON Kemal DERVIS Marc FLEURBAEY Nancy FOLBRE Jean GADREY Enrico GIOVANNINI Roger GUESNERIE James J. HECKMAN Geoffrey HEAL Claude HENRY Daniel KAHNEMAN Alan B. KRUEGER Andrew J. OSWALD Robert D. PUTNAM Nick STERN Cass SUNSTEIN Philippe WEIL University of Delhi StanfordUniversity Warden of Nuffield College School of Economics, Insee, Princeton University UNPD Université Paris 5 University of Massachussets Université Lille OECD Collège de France Chicago University Columbia University Sciences-Po/Columbia University Princeton University Princeton University University of Warwick Harvard University London School of Economics University of Chicago Sciences Po Rapporteurs Jean-Etienne CHAPRON General Rapporteur Didier BLANCHET Jacques LE CACHEUX Marco MIRA D’ERCOLE Pierre-Alain PIONNIER Laurence RIOUX Paul SCHREYER Xavier TIMBEAU Vincent MARCUS INSEE INSEE OFCE OCDE INSEE INSEE/CREST OCDE OFCE INSEE Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. SHORT NARRATIVE ON THE CONTENT OF THE REPORT Chapter 1: Classical GDP Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Words: 147885 - Pages: 592