...The American Enlightenment was a time period where people started to question how things were made and why they were made. Instead of believing what rulers or high ranked people said, they started to use their reason and intelligence. It gave rise to the American Revolution, development of education, and question religion. The development of the American Enlightenment came also the Great Awakening which made religion revive in the lives of the colonists because they were focusing more on money and materialism and forgetting that Christ wanted them to come before him. The Great Awakening brought people back to their feet and understanding that Christ was essential. Both the American Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, gave rise to conflicts...
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...When the Light Shines on Literature The Enlightenment Era is a period of philosophic and scholarly excitement which took place globally in the early eighteenth century. In a historical context, the American Enlightenment led to the American Revolution, American Independence, and the creation of the Constitutional Republic of the United States America (Bailyn 26-27). Influenced by those of the European Enlightenment, such as John Locke and Isaac Newton, and fueled by the colonist’s growing frustrations with the English Crown, the literary soil of the New World was a fertile garden. From this newly enriched land sprung both flowers of poetry and the nutritious fruits of the realistic pen that were deeply inspired by the American Enlightenment. The literature of the Enlightenment period was powerful indeed, as it motivated people to think and to take action. Two superlative examples of American Literature and the influences of the Enlightenment Era are Philip Freneau’s poetry and Thomas Paine’s prose. The influence of enlightenment ideas is in the works of both of these important literary figures. Philip Freneau was the poet of the American Revolution (Bowen 213). From Freneau’s naturalistic poetry, such as “The Wild Honeysuckle, we can see the Enlightenment idea that nature is a revelation of God that holds instructions for mankind. “The Wild Honeysuckle" was America's first major poetic account on the themes of life and death. The poem begins by discussing the types of death...
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...Thursday, October 15, 2015 CMNS 130 - Week 6 Critical Theory and the Rise of the Culture Industries The Rise of the Cultural Industries - The Frankfurt School perspective, and the critical theory they developed, is different from that of the dominant paradigm (Frankfurt School = [and] Critical Theory) - Offers a response to, and critique of, the integration of mass communication into industrial capitalism • Media reinforced elites within capitalism societies • Mass Media enabled our domination - Before the advent of the mass communication system, culture was produced differently - Vaudeville theatre was popular before the rise of the culture industry • (Mass, Personal and Popular Media - Vaudeville is closer to popular) The Frankfurt School: Biography and Historical Context (Critical Theory) - Develops within the Institute for Social Research, based in Frankfurt in the 1920s (Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer) - Their perspective was marked by German fascism and American consumer culture - Was interested in the “social contradictions” of capitalism - We are going to focus on their theory of mass media - “The Culture Industry” = the standardized production of cultural goods (that are used to manipulate mass society into passivity) The Enlightenment and its Perversion - The Enlightenment is a way of thinking about the world that emerges in the 18th and 19th centuries - It challenges traditional ways of seeing the world, including those of...
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...as a way to maintain order. Metternich was Austrian. There was great disunity in Austria during this time period because of various ethnic groups that all wanted independence, reflecting the disunity of the Holy Roman Empire during the Reformation. The conservatives increased censorship that contrasted the liberty and natural rights of the Enlightenment. The type of traditional, autocratic monarchies that the conservatives supported also contrasted the enlightenment support for constitutional monarchy and natural rights. In South America, revolts were inspired by the Enlightenment like the other revolutions were, but the French and American revolutions started in the middle while the South American Revolutions were pushed from below. In 1815, France and England had relatively liberal governments that supported natural rights and had constitutional monarchies. This contrasted the rest of Europe which was characterized by traditional absolutist monarchies. Despite the relatively liberal nature of government in France and England, voting rights were extremely limited, contrasting our world in which most adults can vote. With the rise of nationalism, unified states became more unified while multinational states suffered as their individual minorities called for their own nations. Nationalism and liberalism are comparable because both gave people an opportunity to call for individual rights and a nation for their...
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...The Age of Enlightenment was the period of scientific Awakening; The Age of Enlightenment was mainly around France. The enlightenment attacked the church head on focusing issues that have been avoided in the past. This took courage to try to defy the church. The Enlightenment let people question anything such as “was the earth the center of the universe” like the church said it was or is the Earth flat. There were 4 main areas which changed occurred was in Religion, Intellectual, Economic, and political. In religion, Questioning of Catholic beliefs and Protestantism led to tolerance for new ideas occurred. In, Intellectual, Free intellectual inquiry resulted from widespread opposition to religious intolerance, the French revolution led to 'age...
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...from participation in the government. Louis XVI was the absolute monarch during the early stages of the revolution, which served as a catalyst for extreme governmental neglect, starvation, and abuse of the lower and middle classes during the 1780s. More so, an increased interest in Enlightenment principles, the American Revolution, and Republican government created a middle class platform for protesting the king as a threat to participatory governance. Eventually, the Estates-General sought diplomatic means to end the monarchy, but Louis XVI refused to abdicate. However, the Estates General formed a military and overthrew the monarchy, which resulted in the formation a Republican government in 1792....
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...Title It is in the spirit of the Enlightenment to ponder human nature. Just as the Enlightenment leads one to question his or her decision making—emphasizing decisions based in reason—the Enlightenment also leads one to question the motive behind those choices. Is it human nature to act in one’s own self-interest or, rather, on a moral sense? Connected to these questions on motive are the Enlightenment concepts of beauty, or “that quality…by which [it causes] love, or some passion similar to it,” and the sublime: “whatever is fitted in any sort to excite the ideas of pain and danger.” Beauty and sublime hold immense influence over the human conscience and that is evident far beyond the Enlightenment period. People then and now often choose...
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...Why was Socrates regarded as a man of virtue? Why was Socrates regarded as a man of virtue? Socrates: Man of Virtue (470-399 B.C.E.) Socrates proposed the theory of value in which there are two sorts of good: virtue and happiness. Both are unconditional goods. But happiness is a "self-generated" good in that it "derives its value strictly from its inherent properties;" whereas virtue is an "other-generated" good in that it derives its value from happiness, precisely from its conduciveness to happiness. Virtue is an instinct in all humanity which can be aroused through self-examination. This universal truth is accessible to everyone who thinks and question. Socrates assumes that any person with whom he talks has the resource to answer his question correctly, that is, that no specialist knowledge is required. Socrates thought that knowledge is virtue, and virtue leads to happiness. It makes sense to think that moral people know what morality is. If you know right from wrong, then you might be able to choose to do what you know to be right. It also makes some sense to suspect that our beliefs about right and wrong influence our decisions. If we believe its right to help a drowning child, then it would be fairly shocking to decide not to do so—and it would less surprising when we decide to help the child. It is quite a shocking statement to say that virtue always leads to happiness. Criminals commit crimes that hurt others to help themselves. To think that their crimes would...
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...Exam 2: Chapter 28-32 Atlantic revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin America) Rise of nationalism Industrialization Global transitions: the americas, the ottoman empire, Romanov Russia, Qin China, Japan. Global empires. Atlantic Revolutions: In the early modern period (1450-1750. Period of early European exploration and contact. It caused the establishment of european commercial empires. Primary tributary, it focused on trade, and some settler comics. This caused there to be “nation-states”, in tern proto-industrialization in europe (innovation) Europe started into three major processes: Revolution, (and nationalism) Industrialization Imperialism Lastly the Rise of the “nation-state” Age of Enlightenment (1650-1780’s) There were plenty of forward thinkers. Each was moving toward science as the new way of thinking. They used the application of universal laws of the natural world to social world. They valued ration over revelation. The government was as a contract. The ideas of Freedom, equality and sovereignty were held as the highest. The belief was to move forward in progress. French Revolution (1789-1799) The aim was to abolish the monarchy that was in france, it ultimately failed. It was far more radical than the American, but still failed. Mostly because they had no idea how to run a government. Whereas the Americans had some knowledge about their own rule. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Declared himself emperor and attempted to bring...
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...wartime profiteering? Key terms: Selective Service Act, American Expeditionary Force, Convoy, Zeppelin, armistice, Genocide, Liberty Bond, Price controls, Rationing, Daylight saving time, Sedition, Vigilante. Activities: 1. Complete and review answers to Do Now and Motivation. 2. Complete guided reading exercise on what prompts the U.S. to go to war. This shall be placed on the board in a Venn diagram (10 min maybe tell students what page and do as a shared group assignment). 3. Students working in groups will complete Ch 19 sec 3 and 4 guided reading exercises (15 min). 4. Students will complete questions 20-26 from the Howard Zinn handout 20-26. Pivotal Point: How could the United States avoid entering into WWI? IO: To analyze the role of the United States as a global peace maker. IO: To analyze the political and cultural changes caused by the spread of the enlightenment throughout Europe. Do Now: Students will find the following words and express how they relate of the spread of enlightenment ideas: Censorship Salons, Rococo, Baroque, Enlightened Despot, Catherine the Great, Joseph II. Motivation: What music are art forms of the present day happen to be your favorites? Activities: 1) Complete Do Now and Motivation. 2) Online Map questions will be answered by students. 3) Students will listen to and be shown art and music from the enlightenment era...
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...Atlantic Revolutions, 1600-1825 The revolutions of the eighteenth century have their origins in political and cultural developments of the seventeenth century. Of course, they were also products of all of major developments the European conquest of the Americas, the rise of kingdom states and empires, the tremendous wealth that resulted from the expansion of global trade, and the development of colonial cultures and societies in the Americas. Scholars call these cultures and societies creole societies, because they blended elements of European, native American, and African culture and society. Developments in England, 1641-1688 But revolutions are also inspired by ideas, and ideas that we may take for granted today had much of their start in England. Political conflict in Great Britain was a common theme of the seventeenth century. In 1641, a civil war led to the execution of the king (Charles I), and the establishment of a republic, what was known as the Commonwealth. Politics and religion both played a part in the Civil War, with the English nobility and wealthy commoners (whose interests were represented in Parliament, England’s legislature) wanting a greater say in how royal revenues were raised and spent. This republic quickly became a military dictatorship, and the old king’s son (Charles II) was invited back. But when Charles II died, the next king soon ran into trouble with Parliament, who feared that this king, James II, wanted too much power for himself. So in...
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...The “Enlightenment” lasted from 1687 to 1789. During this “Enlightenment” period of time, there was a“major intellectual movement”(Pavlac 228), where many schools of science spread their ideas. There were many prominent figures who associate with the Enlightenment’s four major conceptual views of empiricism, skepticism, humanitarianism, and progress. The Enlightenment’s four major concepts and its prominent figures justified the American and French revolutions, but one of the revolutions took the concepts to a greater extreme. John Locke was a prominent figure is the philosophy of empiricism. John Locke’s philosophy and the aftermath of the “Glorious Revolution” influenced the American and French revolutions. After the “Glorious Revolution” in 1688, the English...
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...Daimyo… Bushido The Closing of Japan Nobunaga vs. Hideyoshi Matthew Perry Chapter 11: London on September 2, 1666-the great fire destroyed it. Francis Bacon-leading advocate of the empirical method Inductive reasoning Empirical method Rene Descartes Deductive reasoning Deism Johannes Kepler-had made detailed records of the movements of the planets, substantiating Copernicus’s theory that the cosmos was heliocentric (sun-centered), not geocentric (earth-centered) Galileo Galilei-improved the design and magnification of the telescope Geocentric Heliocentric The law of falling bodies (gravity) Pope Urban VIII Giordano Bruno Isaac Newton-computed the law of universal gravitation in a precise mathematical equation, demonstrating that each and every object exerts an attraction to a greater or lesser degree on all other objects The Industrial Revolution Lunar Society-a group of prominent manufactures,inventors,and naturalists met in and around Birmingham each month on the night of the full moon to discuss,chemistry,,medicine,gases,electricity,and every subject that may contribute to the fruitful society. Thomas Hobbes-argued in Leviathan that the people needed to submit to the authority of a ruler to prevent anarchy. The social contract gives up individual sovereignty in exchange for protection from depravity. Absolutism Social contract John Locke-argued that a ruler has limited authority; if the ruler fails to protect the people’s rights, then the people...
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...Voltaire was a philosopher in the Enlightenment era of Europe. During this time, many philosophers were looking at life and the idea of free will. They were also looking at their views on God and religion. Voltaire criticized the church for its intolerance on changing social climates and went with enlightened despotism. Voltaire successfully criticizes religion, the military, and society in his satire of the humorous tale of Candide. The Age of Enlightenment is a term applied to a wide variety of ideas and advances in the fields of philosophy, science, and medicine. The main feature of Enlightenment philosophy is the belief that people can actively work to create a better world. It is customary to present Candide as the result of Voltaire's reaction to Leibniz and Pope, two of the main philosophers of the enlightenment era. While Voltaire's Candide is heavily characterized by the primary concerns of the Enlightenment, it also criticizes certain aspects of the movement. It attacks the idea of optimism, which states that rational thought can inhibit the evils perpetrated by human beings. Voltaire did not believe in the power of reason to overcome contemporary social conditions. Religious leaders are targeted in this satire. The clergy are men who use their positions to help themselves and not the people. Priests are not helping the poor and are instead making conditions and lives worse for those they are supposed to be helping. The priests do this so they can live like...
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...lady of the United States is stating that learning doesn't just come strolling around out of nowhere and you just get it. Learning is sought for with enthusiasm and you learn more and more if you put in the effort. Even though Abigail's greatest regret was her lack of education, her drive and enthusiasm for learning along with the advantage of her father's library made her one of the most recognized knowledgeable woman of her time. What influenced Abigail to value learning? Her parents values of education as well as her whole family believed strength and intelligence were highly valued in a woman. But more importantly the enlightenment also played a major role to influence Abigail. What is the enlightenment, the enlightenment gave rise to new ideals that would directly and indirectly blossom to what is the American Revolution and the idea of republican motherhood. Both of which were important to Abigail. These influences of both of her parents as well as the events and changes of the time. Led her to become Wilson- Hernandez 1 the woman she is, a woman that had a passion to learn. If you have the passion then the door of opportunity opens, not only in learning but in any situation. Abigail Adams is truly an inspiration to many and I agree...
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