...Honors World Literature [DUE DATE] The Enlightenment and the Atlantic Revolutions Before the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment movement in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, divine reasoning and superstition were the explanation for unknown events, leadership, and government. Kings and emperors were justified by the gods or God of the people. People were killed due to accusations of witchcraft because there was no other explanation for the peculiar event that took place. Religion was the center of almost everyone’s life, and it explained many unknown elements of the world, such as creation. However, with new ideas and a scientific background, the world went through drastic changes. The Enlightenment, with its new radical ideas, particularly about government and human reason, served as the basis and...
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...The Age of Enlightenment The self-proclaimed Age of Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a period notable for its substantial cultural and scientific developments, that took place mainly during the eighteenth century. It was a time when the scholarly class of Western Europe left behind Church dogma in the process of formulating philosophical ideas as well as scientific theories. It was substituted with reason. Notably, political ideas that were extremely radical for the time propagated throughout Europe and eventually led to the revolutions of France and the United States. Also, modern science further implanted itself into the mainstream. The roots of the entire movement date back to the time of the great Ancient Greek philosophers and scientists, specifically to such great thinkers as Aristotle and Plato. In Western Europe, from the time of the Middle Ages until then, Aristotelian science had remained the extent of scientific knowledge. It had long been lost due to the chaos of the Dark Ages, but it was “rediscovered” in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries through contact with Muslim influence and Byzantine scholars. During the late years of the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment, scholars set out to improve upon Aristotelian and Platonic ideas. [1] The Renaissance gave a basis for the Age of Enlightenment to continue on. The Humanist movement during the Renaissance started to slightly move away from the Church. Although most Humanists were...
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...THE LIBERAL REVOLUTION -UNDER THE IDEA OF ENLIGHTENMENT "Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason!"-Kant Contents ENLIGHTENMENT AS AN IDEA: 3 FRENCH SOCIETY: 3 THE LIBERAL REVOLUTION: 3 CRITICISM ON THE IDEA OF LIBERALISM: 4 CONCLUSION 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 ENLIGHTENMENT AS AN IDEA: “Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed nonage… Sapere Aude! Dare to Know! Have the courage to use your own understanding is therefore the motto of the Enlightenment.” Immanuel Kant (Columbia.edu) The eighteenth century Enlightenment proved to be a movement of the intellectuals who dared to prove all the aspects in life scientifically. These individuals were greatly affected by the scientific revolution. They were, in addition, advocating the appliance of the scientific methodology to the understanding of life. Throughout the age of enlightenment, science became popular and there were many philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith, Montesquieu, etc who applied the natural laws to the social life. These people and their writings had a huge impact on the French Revolution. FRENCH SOCIETY: Prior to the revolution, the French society was buried under the burden of taxes-levied by the State, rents paid to the lord, contributions collected by the clergy, as well as under the forced labor exacted by all three. People were reduced to foraging for food because of the recurring famines. The famines were caused by both manmade...
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... Protestant Siege of Vienna Glorious Revolution Peter I St. Petersburg Ninety-Five Theses missionary Society of Jesus Treaty of Westphalia Charles V Spanish Inquisition Louis XIV Versailles Catherine II balance of power Adam Smith VOC Ptolemaic universe Newton John Locke capitalism joint-stock companies putting-out system Copernican universe deism Discussion Questions Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? Examine the idea behind the balance of power. How did this concept play itself out in Europe? How was this balance of power different from the political patterns in the rest of the world? Examine the career of Martin Luther. What were the foundations of his Reformation? What legacy did he leave Europe? Why did earlier reformers not have the same impact? Examine the rise of capitalist thought and practice. What factors led to this rise? Examine the leading thinkers of the scientific revolution. Why were the early discoveries of the scientific revolution met with such resistance? In what ways did these discoveries destroy an...
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...1. What is the Enlightenment achieving for society by putting science in the forefront and moving mythology (Religion) in the background? Myths are still as popular and useful in today’s society as they were back in ancient civilization. Every society has its own form of myths and usually these various myths are changed slightly to fit different cultures and backgrounds. Putting mythology to the background will result in relying on science, which is based on facts and truths. Putting science in the forefront would narrow society into thinking in an organized thought pattern, such as the scientific method. Science and mythology are both very different, when being compared. The Enlightenment thinkers believed and trusted in science. Putting science in the forefront and moving mythology to the background would liberate enlightenment thinkers. In society, there are many different methods of completing task but the most common seems to be, using science. However, without mythology in society, there would be no faith or opinion associated with theories. During the sixteenth and seventeenth century, Europe proposed three fundamental opinions that incorporated everything the enlightenment would stand for. Individualism is the first one and it represents the significance of individuals and their instinctive rights. The second one, relativism, is the theory that diverse beliefs, cultures, and value systems had the same morals. The last one is rationalism, and this gave humans...
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...The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution were both catalysts for social change; each had their own driving schools of thought, but individually reacted to ruling forces in the same way. The issues being discussed by the National Assembly were far removed from those of the Sadler Commission yet the solutions were the same: the demand for social mobility. The French Revolution in many ways was a war among the estates. The third estate felt that it needed equal representation at the estate’s general. This was a point of French history in which the third estate was no longer comprised solely of uneducated agrarian workers. Instead, it was a social class of thinkers, shop keepers, lawyers, and physicians inspired by the scientific enlightenment. These philosophes were able to rationalize that if the order of the natural world can be explained with reason then so could socioeconomic classes and the political world. Soon, the notion of ruling by divine right would be challenged, and with no scientific evidence to support it, it would fail. Thus begins conflict amongst the estates. This would eventually lead to civil rights under the Napoleonic code. Once the masses realized that they would not be led by a king appointed by God, they began to see that their collective will would be in force. Even under the dictator Napoleon, policies in France would stand for the common good. This is a radical change from the status quo of lower classes living to serve the elite classes that...
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...In the period before the Industrial Revolution, the narrowness of the recognition base of "useful knowledge" was not exceptional, it was normal. Most of the technology before 180 years was born as a result of accidental discovery, trial and error, sharp craftsmanship intuition, no one got a clue to the principle working there, and used it for production. In other words, it is the so-called "tacit knowledge". However, if the epistemological basis of technology is narrow, it is expanded, refined and new applications are rarely done. This became possible from about 180 years because the whole propositional knowledge has expanded and deepened, and the "scientific revolution" makes a great contribution to the movement through influencing the industrial...
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...The Age of Enlightenment was the period of scientific Awakening; The Age of Enlightenment was mainly around France. The enlightenment attacked the church head on focusing issues that have been avoided in the past. This took courage to try to defy the church. The Enlightenment let people question anything such as “was the earth the center of the universe” like the church said it was or is the Earth flat. There were 4 main areas which changed occurred was in Religion, Intellectual, Economic, and political. In religion, Questioning of Catholic beliefs and Protestantism led to tolerance for new ideas occurred. In, Intellectual, Free intellectual inquiry resulted from widespread opposition to religious intolerance, the French revolution led to 'age...
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...History 101 The Renaissance paved the way for numerous other eras such as The Protestant Reformation, the Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment. The Renaissance brought on the idea of Individualism and how educating yourself and believing in yourself could make a better world. The Renaissance helped change personal views of one’s self and the world. The Renaissance is portrayed by a number of different ideas about Life and humanity, some of which are Individualism, secularism, and humanism. Individualism was a noteworthy concept that came about during the Renaissance era. It put emphasis on personality, uniqueness, genius, and developing one’s capabilities and talents. Recognizing individual efforts and then becoming known beyond the local areas began to grow during the renaissance. Artist started to sign their work so they could gain fame far from their own areas. This was different because in the middle Ages artist painted to glorify God, so that did not require an artist to sign their work. During the Renaissance the artist wanted to be known for being an individual and not to just contribute to a group (religion). Also during the Renaissance there was more attention to the development of the individual where education was concerned. The Importance of learning all intellectual areas as well as becoming knowledgeable about physical actions was a new development during the Renaissance. During the Renaissance you could become educated in many different areas this was...
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...able to: | | |describe the scientific method and its effect on Western Europe | | |distinguish between the scientists Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Harvey and their works | | |compare the political theories of Hobbes and Locke | | |explain how science and philosophy influenced one another during the Enlightenment | | |explain the term enlightened despot, using the model of Frederick II of Prussia | | |Click here for the course glossary | | |Click here for a Timeline of The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution | | |This lesson discusses European society between 1600 and 1800--an era marked by the power of ideas and rational | | |thinking. The term Scientific Revolution is used to describe the growing acceptance and influence of the scientific| | |method and the belief that reason and inquiry can explain and even change the world. The term Enlightenment is | | |perhaps a more accurate name for this period because it incorporates a variety...
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...Jewish History Notes * Sept. 4 * * Three Ways to Look at History: * These are three different ways of interpreting historical events: * 1) Divine Causation (hasgachah pratit) is a theological term which refers to the sovereignty, superintendence, or agency of God over events in people’s lives * 2) Human Causation suggests that events in people’s lives are a result of the outcome of human involvement, i.e., God either does not exist or does not involve himself in the affairs of humans. * 3) Chronologically suggests no causation of any kind. Events take place divorced from each other, i.e., there is no cause and effect. * * * * How do we know if an event really took place? * Here is the criterion often used to determine if an event really took place. Note: If this criterion is not met it does not mean that the historical claim is false. * * 1) Multiple Attestation rests on the premise that, the more independent testimonies to a tradition there are, the greater is the probability that it is authentic i.e., more than one independent source refers to the same person, place or thing. 2) Contradiction is when a source mentions a person, place or thing in a way that serves not to benefit the author in any way Sept. 7 What is a fact? 1. Something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed: Genetic engineering is now a fact. That Chaucer was a real person is an undisputed fact. 2. A real occurrence;...
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...monarch commonly occurs during the history of many European countries. For example in France, Louis XIV politically manipulated the aristocrats through propaganda and the construction of Versailles to keep his peers busy. In Prussia Frederick the Great created a more equal society that saw Nobles become. Ore involved with national affairs by involving themselves militaristically. Russia experienced Catherine the Great and the modernization of Russian society by introducing philosophical and scientific ideas into society. The Glorious Revolution is a manifestation of the enlightenment theme in Britain. James II attempted to consolidate British power but...
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...also made Luther an enemy of the state. The powers were so closely tied here, you could not just be an enemy of the catholic religion, you would also be an enemy of the state. This started the questioning that religion should not be tied with political power. Luther only questioned religious views on Catholicism had nothing to do with anything political related. We call the start of religious power declining for greater state control secularization. Secularization is when a society slowly separation from a close identification with religious values to an institution that is not religious and relies on laws and politics. One great example of the decline of religious power for greater state control was the movement called the Enlightenment. The enlightenment called people to question everything their government, religious...
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...caffeinated drink sobered up great minds and initiated a turning point in history, known as the Enlightenment. Although coffee had...
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...The development of modern society has been taught throughout history to be associated with numerous historical events and processes such as the age of Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, and Industrial Revolution. It was primarily the age of Enlightenment that started the advance of human knowledge through reasoning, and the invention of the printing press would spread it by a method of “Mass education”. While these are historically true, the fundamental cause of the development of modern society can be contributed to these main factors: evolution and written language. Evolution may seem to be a very broad idea to grasp at first to explain the development of modern society. However, the manifestation of the modern society was a result of human evolution. Humans benefited a lot from evolution and yet the most beneficial change that human beings acquired from evolution was the change in the vocal cords. The improvement of the vocal cords gave humans the ability to make all sorts of sophisticated sounds unlike that of our predecessors. The ability to use language was also facilitated by the changes to our brain structure. With language, the ability to teach and learn soon followed which would lead to better devices to cook, hunt, and fish. Abundant resources with the improved devices would increase life expectancy and “Grandmother Effect” would become possible. Grandmothers would actually live long enough to see their grandchildren and take care of them. Radical changes in...
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