...society that it is hard to believe a time where trade did not exist. In can be found in the preliminary stages of North American culture where the natives would trade with one another before the creation of currency, to a more modern level where society trades their labour to create a product or service in exchange for a wage. The discussion of private property is one covered by many different scholars throughout the years; this essay will focus primarily on the workings of John Locke and Karl Marx. Both being raised in a different time, thus different upbringings have resulted in a difference in their train of thought and philosophical approaches on life. Karl Marx has been forced...
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...Title: Group Debate: Individual Essay Topic: Penalty wage rates for work done outside the ‘normal’ Monday-Friday working week should be abolished. (Defending) Introduction Penalty rate wage were introduced to compensate employees for working during the so-called unsocial hours. Unsociable hours of work occur during the days of the week or hours of the day when most of the people do not have to work. The idea behind the term is that there are only some times of day when others are available for social contact, and if the workers are expected to be at their workplaces at these times, social contact becomes very difficult (Bittman, 2005). Reducing standardisation of working hours makes scheduling and social coordination increasing difficult, if not impossible. The International Labour Organization (ILO) describes unsocial hours as ‘night works, weekend work and long shifts during peak periods’ (ILO, 2008). In practice, unsociable hours have been defined as anytime outside 9am to 5pm Monday (Dawkins, 1985). Traditionally, penalty payments were defended on the grounds that work at "socially unacceptable" times needs to be compensated. This was most obvious with respect to work on Sundays, the traditional day of rest in Christian societies, but this became a principle extended to Saturdays and evenings. (Visontay, 2011). Factors considered in defending penalty rates include the effects on religious, social and family life; lack of access to public transport, and the harmful...
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...pursue are the following: (1) approach for extra ( increase in minimum wage) income and advertising, (2) concussions in football, (3) should transportation security (TSA) regulations be changed ?, (4) should regulations regarding the use of cellular phones while driving be standardized ?, (5) should driving under the influence (DUI) laws be changed ?, (6) concealed guns be permitted in stores, (7) computer forensics, (8) financial crimes, such as embezzlement, (9) cyber terrorism, (10) cyber criminology, internet child pornography. The new approach for extra income appeal to me because as a consequence of the current enhancement in minimum earnings, there is an boost in the optional profits of existing marketing foundation. Concussions in football also appeal to me because I have two children that play football and I do not want them to experience the problems that college and pro players are having. I believe that the transportation security (TSA) regulations should be changed so that it allows the TSA to protect the United States and its populace. In my opinion the regulations regarding the use of cellular phones should be standardized because different states have different laws regarding the use of cell phones. The last topic in my top 5 is should the laws concerning DUIs be changed. I say yes they should, meaning right now some states have the blood alcohol level at .10 while some have it at .08, it should be the same across the country to include lower is my belief...
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...THE RIGHTS AGAINST COMTEMPORARY SLAVERY (DOMESTIC WORKERS AND BONDED LABOUR) IN NIGERIA AND THE UNITED STATES. WRITTEN BY: 2121745 DATE: 26TH APRIL 2014 WORD COUNT: 2,770 WORDS As estimated by the International Labour organization (ILO), there are over 20.9 million people in this 21st century that are still enslaved. Another source states that there are 29.8 million people who are still held in modern day slavery. When the word “slavery” is mentioned, the idea that comes to mind is when people are taken from India, Africa and other third world countries, to the West Indies or America, for the purpose of them to work in sugar cane plantation. Although that kind of slavery was abolished in the 19th century, men, women and children are still slaves, thus, the birth of modern slavery. “Slavery is the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised”. Slavery is so much graver than forced labour, Slavery involves forced labour, but not every forced labour involves slavery. Despite being prohibited by so many International instruments, which includes the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1956 UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery and the 1926 UN Slavery Convention, Contemporary slavery still takes place in various forms, affecting all gender, races and color. Modern slavery has been in many forms...
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...largely been practiced towards women around the world effecting different aspects of their life. The aim of this essay is to discuss how gender inequalities have evolved in recent decades in the UK. To achieve this, I will commence by presenting a historical insight into gender inequality, identifying the roles and expectations of women and men in society during this period. I will then identify the different forms of inequalities experienced by the genders and how these inequalities have evolved in recent times. In order to fully understand the extent of these inequalities I will discuss the sociological perspectives on the social problem, looking at the works of earlier sociologists and Marxist scholars Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels. I will then identify the policies implemented by the UK government to eradicate all sort of disadvantages associated gender from society and its effectiveness in abolishing the social problem. Finally I will conclude by identifying the benefits and possible boundaries of the UK government’s policies that have been developed to fully eliminate gender disparities from society. For far too long, women have tolerated unfairness at the hands of male bigots in societies that have been largely related to cultural and gender biased. These characteristic of cultural societies were highly kind to men than women, it is naturally expected that men should occupy higher ranks in the workplace, political institutions and educational sector. Whilst throughout history...
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...Multinationals and Their Impact on Labour Scene in India Multinationals and their impact on Labour Scene 28 October, 2012 Multinationals and their impact on Labour Scene Table of Contents 1. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 2 2. PRE AND POST LIBERALIZATION ............................................................................................... 3 3. INDIAN LABOUR LAWS ............................................................................................................. 4 4. PRESENT SCENARIO OF LABOUR AND MNCs IN INDIA ........................................................... 8 5. PERCEPTION OF LABOUR ABOUT MNCs ................................................................................ 10 6. RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................. 11 7. INTERVIEW WITH INDUSTRY EXPERTS ................................................................................... 13 8. BIBLOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................................... 15 MDI-PGPM-HRM-Term-II Page 1 Multinationals and their impact on Labour Scene BACKGROUND India was predominantly an agricultural economy till Independence in 1947. Even after Independence, the First Five-Year Plan (1951 —56) laid emphasis on agriculture. With the Second FiveYear...
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...|HUMAN RESOURCE POLICIES AND PRACTICES | LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Contrast job descriptions with job specifications. 2. List the advantages of performance simulation tests over written tests. 3. Define four general skill categories. 4. Describe how career planning has changed in the last 20 years. 5. Explain the purposes of performance evaluation. 6. Describe actions that can improve the performance-evaluation process. 7. Clarify how the existence of a union affects employee behavior. 8. Identify the content in a typical diversity-training program. CHAPTER OVERVIEW An organization’s human resource policies and practices represent important forces for shaping employee behavior and attitudes. In this chapter, we specifically discussed the influence of selection practices, training and development programs, performance evaluation systems, and the existence of a union. Selection Practices An organization’s selection practices will determine who gets hired. If properly designed, they will identify competent candidates and accurately match them to the job and the organization. The use of the proper selection devices will increase the probability that the right person will be chosen to fill a slot. While employee selection is far from a science, some organizations fail...
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...to David Coats and Paul Marginson, for comments and suggestions. I take sole responsibility for the views expressed. 2 Justice in the workplace Executive summary The goal of improving fairness in the workplace has been central to UK public policy since 1997. For rather longer, companies have spoken of employee empowerment through such things as teamwork. Much has been done in both areas, but major concerns remain. In relation to fairness, employee rights give entitlements, but these rights also need to be meaningful and effective. In the workplace, the take-up of empowerment initiatives remains limited, and on some dimensions the extent of empowerment has in fact been falling. Initiatives in many areas, ranging from the National Minimum Wage to partnership deals, have the potential to improve workplace governance, which in turn contributes to productive efficiency. But this potential is often weak in practice, because of the absence of a...
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...Education System in Comparative Context | 15 | Tips for Using this Booklet Choose three topics only: although the articles in this booklet cover a range of areas you only need to focus on three in your essay. You may choose to look at another topic not covered in this booklet but check with your tutor if you are unsure if it is suitable. Read selectively: the journal article in section 4 contains a lot of useful information about the UK as well as other countries. However, it is quite long and contains quite a lot of historical background information in the first few pages which will not necessarily be useful for your assignment. Use the sub-headings to focus on the sections that will be most useful to you. Use only relevant details: Be selective when choosing the information you want to include and make sure it remains relevant to the topic of the paragraph. E.g. If the paragraph is on the structure of the education system, do not start discussing any aspects of the funding here. Check for equivalent information: Before deciding whether to include a certain piece of information or statistic, check if you can find similar details about the other country you are writing about. E.g. If you want to include the fact that the UK spend 5.2% of its GDP on education, you should try to find a similar figure for the other country, otherwise there...
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...UNIT 2 Answer Key CHAPTER 5 IV. Section 4: Party Organization A. Structure Federalism, nominating B. Organization at the National Level 1. convention 2. chairperson C. State and Local Organization 1. election, caucuses 2. wards Prereading and Vocabulary 2 1. should cut back on expensive government programs Sample definition: Conservatives believe in cutting costs and government programs. 2. came to vote Sample definition: The electorate is the group of people who are allowed to vote. 3. voted at the polling place, elementary school Sample definition: A precinct is a small area from which all the residents report to vote at one location. 4. wards 5. bipartisan 6. nominate 7. Liberals 8. resign CHAPTER 5 Section 1 Reading Comprehension 3 1. Answers for rankings will vary. Historical basis: The two-party system is rooted in the beginnings of the U.S., when the ratification of the Constitution gave rise to the first two parties. Tradition: Most Americans accept the idea of a two-party system simply because there has always been one. Electoral system: Since only one winner per office comes out of each election, voters have only two viable choices—the candidate of the party holding office or the candidate with the best chance of replacing the current officeholder. Voters tend to think of a vote for a minor party candidate as a wasted vote. Republicans and Democrats work together in a bipartisan way to write election laws to make...
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...India's Economic Reforms an Appraisal India's economic reforms began in 1991 when a newly elected Congress government, facing an exceptionally severe balance-of-payments crisis, embarked on a programme of short-term stabilization combined with a longer-term programme of comprehensive structural reforms. Rethinking on economic policy had begun earlier in the mid-1980s by which time the limitations of a development strategy based on import substitution, public sector dominance, and pervasive government control over the private sector had become evident. But the policy response at the time was limited to liberalizing particular aspects of the control system without changing the system itself in any fundamental way. The reforms initiated in 1991 were different precisely because they recognized the need for a system change, involving liberalization of government controls, a larger role for the private sector, and greater integration with the world economy. The broad outline of the reforms was not very different from the reforms undertaken by many developing countries in the 1980s. Where India's reforms differed was in the much more gradualist pace at which they were implemented. The compulsions of democratic politics in a pluralist society made it necessary to evolve a sufficient consensus across disparate (and often very vocal) interests before policy changes could be implemented and this meant that the pace of reforms was often frustratingly slow. Daniel Yergin (1997) captures...
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...No one should ever work. Work is the source of nearly all the misery in the world. Almost any evil you’d care to name comes from working or from living in a world designed for work. In order to stop suffering, we have to stop working. That doesn’t mean we have to stop doing things. It does mean creating a new way of life based on play; in other words, a ludic conviviality, commensality, and maybe even art. There is more to play than child’s play, as worthy as that is. I call for a collective adventure in generalized joy and freely interdependent exuberance. Play isn’t passive. Doubtless we all need a lot more time for sheer sloth and slack than we ever enjoy now, regardless of income or occupation, but once recovered from employment-induced exhaustion nearly all of us want to act. Oblomovism and Stakhanovism are two sides of the same debased coin. The ludic life is totally incompatible with existing reality. So much the worse for “reality,” the gravity hole that sucks the vitality from the little in life that still distinguishes it from mere survival. Curiously—or maybe not—all the old ideologies are conservative because they believe in work. Some of them, like Marxism and most brands of anarchism, believe in work all the more fiercely because they believe in so little else. Liberals say we should end employment discrimination. I say we should end employment. Conservatives support right-towork laws. Following Karl Marx’s wayward son-in-law Paul Lafargue I support the right to...
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...PUBLIC ENTERPRISE INEFFICIENCY AND THE ROAD TO PRIVATIZATION IN BANGLADESH Tanweer Akram Abstract This essay provides an overview of public enterprises inefficiency and discusses the main issues concerning the privatization program in Bangladesh. The paper points out how the country’s privatization program can be improved. Keywords: Privatization, Public Enterprises, Bangladesh. The Scope of this Essay This essay provides an overview of public enterprise inefficiency in Bangladesh and issues related to the problem of privatization of public enterprises in Bangladesh. The main argument of this essay is that there is ample scope for improving the country’s privatization program. The terms and conditions of sale must be well defined and upheld. The potential buyers must have access to material information about the firms. The financial sector must be disciplined. In order to show the importance of financial sector discipline, empirical findings on the debtdefault status of privatized enterprises in Bangladesh are presented. The proceeds from privatization can be used for workers’ compensation and labor training since in the short-run labor retrenchment due to dismissal of excess workforce may lead to social and political problems unless alternative arrangements are available for workers. Prudential regulatory environment is required to protect the interests of the consumers when public monopolies are transferred to the private sector. Privatization program needs to be carried out...
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...other standards, including self-interest c. moral standards cannot be justified by reasons d. moral standards must be set or validated by some authoritative body 2. Choose the statement that gives the most accurate description of etiquette: a. the rules of etiquette are a fundamental branch of morality b. conformity with the rules of etiquette is sufficient for moral conduct c. etiquette refers to a special code of social behavior or courtesy d. the rules of etiquette are backed by statutory law 3. Our relationship with the law is best described by which of the following? a. To a significant extent, law codifies a society’s customs, norms, and moral values. b. The law is a completely adequate guide to the moral standards that we should follow. c. The law makes all immoral conduct illegal. d. Violating the law is always immoral. 4. Which of the following is not one of the four basic kinds of law? a. statutes b. constitutional law c. common law d. contractual law 5. A proper perspective of religion and morality is a. only religion can tell us what is right and wrong b. it’s not true that morality must be based on religion c. religion never influences people’s moral beliefs d. without religion, people wouldn’t have a reason to act morally 6. When religion and morality are considered, a. the moral instructions...
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...there have been various criticisms about the details of curricula provided in schools, we have not until now questioned the basic system of education which we took over at the time of, independence. We have never done that because we have never thought about education except in terms of obtaining teachers, engineers, administrators, etc. Individually and collectively we have in practice thought of education as a training for the skills required to earn high salaries in the modern sector of our economy. It is now time that we looked again at the justification for a poor society like ours spending almost 20 per cent of its Government revenues on providing education for its children and young people, and began to consider what that education should be doing. For in our circumstances it is impossible to devote Shs. 147,330,000/- every year to education for some of our children (while others go without) unless its result has a proportionate relevance, to the society we are trying to create. The educational systems in different kinds of societies in the world have been, and are, very different in organization and in content. They are different because the societies providing the education are different, and because education, whether it be formal or informal, has a purpose. That purpose is to transmit from one generation to the next the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of the society, and to prepare the young people for their future membership of the society and their active participation...
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