...Social Anxiety Social anxiety disorder, commonly referred to as social phobia, is an anxiety disorder characterized by overwhelming anxiety and excessive self-consciousness in everyday social situations. Affects eight percent of general population and 3.7% of U.S. citizens. That’s 5.3 million people in one country being affected by social phobia. Twice as many women as men are affected, but men often seek help more than women do. Ironically both men and women are equally apt to developing this disorder. (“Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder), 2015) Social phobia usually develops in childhood or early adolescence. Typically it will not develop in anyone over the age of twenty five. (Leary and Kowalski, 4) Research has led to the discovery...
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...Experimental Psychological Methods Section KL CCNY 2016 Every year the world has seen an increase in the number of couples faced with infertility, while there is a decrease in the age these of married couple. In many cases, infertility is supported by psycho-emotional disorders. The repetitive thoughts about trying to get pregnant can make psycho-emotional health of couple suffer. Some couples continue to fight for being parent, some of them give up, but all feel equally bad. Thus, there is a circle mechanism: on the one hand, the fact of infertility contributes to a negative emotional state, on the other hand, a destructive psycho-emotional state leads to physical problems and infertility. The ability not to have baby in the family is one of the most serious chronic stressful situations for spouses. Depression and infertility are companions. The impact of psychological state due to infertility treatment result is recognized by almost all researchers. Depression due to infertility are not only harmful to psycho-emotional state of couple, but also is very dangerous to physical ability to have children. P. P. Verbovyi, Comparative Evaluation of Psycho-emotion State of Married Couple. In this article the author dives comparative description of the depression in women and men due to infertility. The clinical and psychopathological observation and examination of 90 couple who suffers infertility problems show that the most severe syndromes of depression is in couple who suffers infertility...
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...Does an Elective Abortion Lead to Negative Psychological Effects? Pro • Abortion can be considered a trauma. Approximately 10% of women undergoing induced abortion suffer from immediate complications, of which one-fifth (2%) were considered major. Women who abort are approximately four times more likely to die in the following year than women who carry their pregnancies to term. The leading causes of abortion related maternal deaths within a week of the surgery are hemorrhage, infection, embolism, anesthesia, and undiagnosed ectopic pregnancies. Legal abortion is reported as the fifth leading cause of maternal death in the United States, though in fact it is recognized that most abortion-related deaths are not officially reported as such. Women with a history of one abortion face a 2.3 times higher risk of having cervical cancer, compared to women with no history of abortion. Women with two or more abortions face a 4.92 relative risk. Similar elevated risks of subsequent ovarian and liver cancer have also been linked to single and multiple abortions. These increased cancer rates for post-aborted women may be linked to the unnatural disruption of the hormonal changes which accompany pregnancy and untreated cervical damage or to increased stress and the negative impact of stress on the immune system. Approximately 10% of women undergoing elective abortion will suffer immediate complications, of which approximately one-fifth (2%) are considered life threatening. The...
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...unwanted variable was made as a cornerstone in a recent study in the United States which I believe may be linked to previous topics discussed in my abnormal psychology class. In vital areas such as physiological or multifactorial indicators of depression depicted in the study, I’ve underlined similar reviews in lectures for both minor and major stress disorders show to have apparent vulnerability to related substances. The respondents in the study were young adults ages 17-23 apparently found to have no pre-problematic indications of drug or even alcohol use. The researchers followed only respondents with a pattern of at least five symptoms for a length of time in order to be diagnosed as depressive disorder. Some of the stated are loss of interest, poor concentration, disruptions in appetite and suicidal tendencies. Based on the five year monitoring research of these nearly 200 participants by neuroscience specialist and leading professor in psychology at Duke University Dr. John Curry, only 10 percent of 192 adolescents whom underwent psychiatric treatment later abused drugs. He implied that consistent drug monitoring and cognitive-behavior therapy may hold key roles in keeping the youth off drugs. After reviewing full details of the core concepts and features in the recent study, I’ve associated the study’s both theoretical and scientific investigations to our subject outlines. The method of therapy in the study was reliably highlighted in our class discussions of the...
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...condition that is often accompanied by severe health, psychological, economic, legal, and social consequences. Until recently substance abuse among women was hidden therefore women got less attention by the researchers and treatment providers and general public. However, it does not mean that women are not using or abusing substances or substance abuse among women were not exist in older days. Addiction cannot stay hidden because women are also equally vulnerable for substance addiction. This was evident when the national survey of the United States evidenced that drug use among women was increasing at a rate higher than for men, though men were still more likely to become addicted to drugs and alcohol than women (Westermeyer, & Boedicker, 2000; & Stein and Cyr, 1997). Recent literatures proved that though both men and women are equally vulnerable for substance addiction there is a clear difference among men and women substance users. A large number of researches suggest that women differ from men in a number of areas relating to alcohol and drug use the gender differences are reflected not only biologically but also in psychosocial dimensions too. The gender difference manifest from etiology of substance abuse to biopsychosocial consequences of substance abuse and also the treatment of substance abuse. Epidemiological...
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...unwanted variable was made as a cornerstone in a recent study in the United States which I believe may be linked to previous topics discussed in my abnormal psychology class. In vital areas such as physiological or multifactorial indicators of depression depicted in the study, I’ve underlined similar reviews in lectures for both minor and major stress disorders show to have apparent vulnerability to related substances. The respondents in the study were young adults ages 17-23 apparently found to have no pre-problematic indications of drug or even alcohol use. The researchers followed only respondents with a pattern of at least five symptoms for a length of time in order to be diagnosed as depressive disorder. Some of the stated are loss of interest, poor concentration, disruptions in appetite and suicidal tendencies. Based on the five year monitoring research of these nearly 200 participants by neuroscience specialist and leading professor in psychology at Duke University Dr. John Curry, only 10 percent of 192 adolescents whom underwent psychiatric treatment later abused drugs. He implied that consistent drug monitoring and cognitive-behavior therapy may hold key roles in keeping the youth off drugs. After reviewing full details of the core concepts and features in the recent study, I’ve associated the study’s both theoretical and scientific investigations to our subject outlines. The method of therapy in the study was reliably highlighted in our class discussions of the...
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...Dependent Personality Disorder in Women Kimberly L. Johnson Abstract This paper will examine the DSM disorder of Dependent Personality Disorder in Women. The focus of this paper will be to highlight the differentiation, diagnosis and treatment of this specific pathological personality disorder. According to the DSM, Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be cared for by others that usually lead to clingy and fears of separation. In professional counseling it is critical that clinicians understand the root causes of DPD and how this disorder can manifest in women. This disorder can be found in both men and women, but research seems to suggest that women are more likely to suffer from this disorder. Therefore, understanding the pathology of DPD and its diagnosis and treatment will be critical to professionals working with women. This paper will also discuss how clinicians should be cautious when making diagnosis in women who present with DPD and knowing what gender and culture factors that exists. Dependent Personality Disorder in Women Clinical Definition of Dependent Personality Disorder According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000), Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be cared for by another person that usually lead to clingy and fears of separation. DPD as outlined in the DSM-IV-TR is considered the formal diagnosis of DPD needed for insurance, research, and communication...
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...One in every eight women in the United States has a chance of developing invasive cancer according to Breastcancer.org, a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing information about breast cancer to those who are affected. With a population of 157 million women in the United States, that means around 20 million women have a chance of getting affected by breast cancer. However due to technology and medical advances, there has been a decline in mortality rates due to breast cancer. Since 1989, there has been an increase in breast cancer survivorship (“U.S. Breast Cancer Statistics”). Most people don’t consider that these women have to face challenges and hardships after cancer. Due to the traumatic experience, many women are left with psychosocial...
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...gain knowledge and learn. Again, I appreciate the opportunity to present to you my knowledge on this particular disorder, schizophrenia as well as the chance to review the two case studies that you have allowed me to review. I am sure I can provide the information you are looking for in a professional manner. To begin, there are many different types of psychological disorders and they are all somewhat the same but also very different. A mental disorder can range from something that slightly disrupts a person’s life, for instance a mild case of anxiety all the way to something as grim as schizophrenia. These disorders affect each aspect of our lives to include cognitive, emotional, and behavioral roles. (Pinel, 2006). Schizophrenia and mental disorders in general are characterized by disturbances of mental functioning, analogous to disturbances of bodily functioning. (Press, 2010) The symptoms vary for those who have been diagnosed as being schizophrenic, as with anything each case will be different in severity. There are two different types of symptoms which are positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms do include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and speech and inappropriate affect. Negative symptoms include poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition and social withdrawal. To have a better understanding of what each symptom entails we will review each of them. Hallucinations often occur in the hearing realm, meaning individuals hear...
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...therapy is based on conceptualisation and understanding the indivuailtiy of each client in order to producce change in the clients cognitive process and behavioural change. When deciding on what client to present as a case study, the following attributes were considered. Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental disorders, with close to one third of the population meeting diagnostic criteria at some point during their lifetimes (Kessler, R.C., Berlud, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas,K.R. and Walters, E.E. 2005). Cognitive and behavioral therapies, herein referred to as CBT, are considered to be the most effective and empirically supported psychosocial interventions for anxiety disorders (Hofmann and Smits, 2008). In general, anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in...
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...Anxiety Disorders – an Outline Fears & Phobias • Adaptive responses • Excessive in nature Fear: excessive fears Phobia: subset of fears including avoidance fear, anxious anticipation, interferes significantly with daily routine, markedly distressed. Social Phobia: 2 types: generalized versus nongeneralized. Five subtypes: animal type; natural environment type; blood-injection type; situation type; “other” type. Common fears: ontogenetic parade. These include: fear of separation; fear of unfamiliar adults; fear of animals, darkness, & imaginary creatures. Adult fears: social fears; fears related to blood, illness, injury, or death; fear of animals; fears of environmental hazards. Genetics: Mean heritability 40%. Environment or combination of both appears important. Theories of Fear: 1. Two-factor Theory (Mowrer) & Pavlov, Watson & Rayner. Includes classical & operant conditioning. 2. Rachman (1976) which includes direct conditioning, modeling, & information/instructional transmission. Prepared Fears (Seligman, 1970): 1. rapidly acquired 2. resistant to extinction 3. “noncognitive” 4. differentially associated with stimuli of evolutionary significance. Research on preparedness theory: Cook & Mineka (1987, 1990); McNally (1987); Bandura Behavioral & Cognitive Theories: 1. Neo-conditioning; 2. Neo-conditioning & emotional processing. Anxiety Sensitivity: Reiss – AS is one of 3 fundamental fears. The others include illness/injury...
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...Attachment Anxiety and Attachment Avoidance in Relationship Satisfaction considering Gender Cansu Çelik, Hazal İlkem Özer Kadir Has University Abstract The present research aimed to examine how attachment style affects people’s relationship satifaction taking into account gender differences. All attachment styles indicate useful information about relationship situations. We hypothesized that, for both genders, those who have attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety were more likely to have conflicts about their partners, thus they would feel less satisfied in their relationships. We conducted a survey among male (N= 97, age M = 22) and female (N = 139, age M = 21) university students aged between 18-25. Participants were using at least one social media account such as Facebook, Instagram or Twitter and also answered questions about their relationship either with their romantic partner or a best friend (RAS). Regression results, as expected, indicated that participants who displayed attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety were less satisfied in their relationship Keywords: relationship satisfaction, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, gender Attachment Anxiety and Attachment Avoidance in Relationship Satisfaction Most psychological theories indicate that an individual’s wellbeing and comfort develops and enhances by the relationships...
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...death worldwide. Heart catheterizations, stent insertions, valve replacements, and coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) are types of surgical interventions used to repair heart damage. Today, cardiac surgery is a common event, but for the person undergoing the procedure, depression and anxiety can play a large role in the recovery process. When the patient learns he must have heart surgery, many feelings and emotions come...
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...Schizotypal personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a need for social isolation, anxiety in social situations, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs (Rosell, Futterman, McMaster, Siever, 2014). People with this disorder feel extreme discomfort with maintaining close relationships with people, so they avoid forming them. Peculiar speech mannerisms and odd modes of dress are also diagnostic signs of this disorder. In some cases, people with SPD may react oddly in conversations, not respond, or talk to themselves. They frequently misinterpret situations as being strange or having unusual meaning for them; paranormal and superstitious beliefs are not uncommon. Such people frequently seek medical...
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...approaches such as psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, biological, and humanistic. There is no clear and concise way to define abnormal behaviors that are studied within psychology. Abnormal behaviors are considered those behaviors within a certain society or group that are atypical. Determining a way to define abnormal behavior has been a work in progress for centuries. Social behaviors that are typically not considered acceptable within a group may classify someone as abnormal while in another group these behaviors may be acceptable and thus the person would be considered normal. Individuals that are considered abnormal have a difficult time functioning and adapting to specified conditions. Abnormal behavior studies include mental processes and psychopathology. According to McLeod (2008), “They may be unable to perform the behaviors necessary for day-to-day living e.g. self-care, hold down a job, interact meaningfully with others, make themselves understood etc.” Four key areas can contribute to an individual’s capacity to connect within a group or society; genetics, physical condition, social skills, and lastly, learning/reasoning skills. Now...
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