... MATRICULATION NO : 870331145060001 IDENTITY CARD NO. : 870331145060 TELEPHONE NO. : 019-346 8814 E-MAIL : siti_nor_hidaiyah@yahoo.com LEARNING CENTRE : SHAH ALAM LEARNING CENTRE Question 1 A healthy lifestyle is a way of life that can reduce the risk of various diseases in the future. Lack of exercises and eating fast foods will lead to unhealthy lifestyle. To improve the state of wellness, people can choose to have active lifestyle and healthy diet so it will help in reducing the risk of diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. A healthy lifestyle is defined as a condition of physical, mental and social wellbeing, active, intelligent and free from any disease (WHO, 1948). This definition stressed that the status of healthy lifestyle is not threatened by any disease that could harm human. The main importance of a healthy lifestyle is to keep the health in good condition. This lifestyle is always beneficial to physical fitness. For example, by doing regular exercising and consume foods with the right nutrients, we can avoid dangerous diseases and ensuring a person’s life be more healthy and active. Exercise such as sports, jogging will ensure our body becomes fitter and circulatory system become more orderly. The human immune system will become more efficient thus stamina and strength can be built. Healthy lifestyle also guarantees the stability of mental health which enable...
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...act or process of growing or causing something to grow or to become larger or more advanced. The life span perspective of development involves understanding changes that occur in every period of development. This view seeks to understand people throughout the changes in life and how these changes shape an individual into whom they become. All these changes occur from birth, throughout a persons’ life, into and during old age. Life span development is multidirectional, multi contextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary and plastic. It is multi-directional because it can go in different directions instead of following just one path. Because of the different contexts, events and situations it is multi contextual and can be further broken down into the historical context and the socioeconomic context. Being multicultural it accepts information and behaviors shared within a certain group. Culture is frequently interchanged with ethnicity and race. It is multidisciplinary because it welcomes the input from different aspects or fields of psychology or science. Lastly development is plastic because it continually evolves and changes. It can be molded into different shapes and forms. A theory is as an idea or a set of ideas that are intended to explain facts or events. The beginning of the twentieth century saw the birth of two new theories. The psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism became the two general theories of psychology. Originating from Sigmund Freud, the psychoanalytic...
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...Lifespan Development From infancy to late adulthood development on different levels take place. A lifespan can be long or short; children develop faster than others, this can come from heredity, some genetic deficiency or lack of parental involvement. A child development should be parallel with her chemical genetic balance, gifts and talents, proper eating habits from the mother, her environment, and under the watchful eyes of her parents. Cognitive happens when individuals knows, understand or believe what they are capable to know and understand, these cognitive development happens within stages of lifespan. People and nature goes through processes of development; there are factors which can affect physical development within middle age children. Middle Childhood Attention span is a condition known as A.D.D or Attention Deficit Disorder; children with this disorder have difficulties learning to perform physical tasks. The key factor to consider is whether the child abilities are affected by her paying attention to do what she is performing. Can she actually perform a task of building a pyramid block, or is she easily distracted by her peers on her other side playing with water colors? When a child does not have a relationship with their senses, this can affect their physical development. There can be a particular smell which causes a child to feel sick, but this smell may not bother another child, or certain noise that may make the hair on their backs stand straight up. This...
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...GENDER STRATIFICATION I. Sex and Gender Sex - the biological differences between men and women Sex Role - behaviors, attitudes and motivations a culture considers appropriate for men and women Sexual Orientation - attraction to members of the opposite, same or both sexes Gender is a set of social and cultural practices that both reflect and reinforce assumptions about differences between men and women Major sociological emphasis - 3 Points 1. Gender is a social institution. Like family and religion it affects the roles men and women play in society 2. Gender influences differences in “Power” – “Power to” (get jobs, earn, get education) – “Power over” (assert will against others) 3. Gender is a cultural construct, expectations for men and women vary widely II. Sex Role Expectations A. Men -Independent -Aggressive -Sex Initiators -Career Focus -Suppress Emotions -Success = Achievements B. Women -Nurturing/Friendly --Self-Conscious about Appearance -Social Poise -Passive -Submissive -Focus on Marriage and Children -Success = Relationships Athletic ability: • Men have greater upper body strength but, athletic ability, strength and endurance are largely of function of physical activity, training, genes and hormones Intelligence: • Recent studies contradict stereotypes. Differences in math, verbal and mechanical test scores are very small • Many studies show greater variation within sexes than between Stereotyping • Studies tend to emphasize...
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...is not a system because there is no standardization, and is fragmented. Financing, insurance, delivery, and payment is from private and public sources. These four components creates the fragmentation of the system. These components compose the Quad-function Model and are necessary for the delivery of care in the United States. The components overlap to varying degrees in traditional insurance, government-run insurance, and managed-care systems. Health care delivery differs on the arrangement of the four components (4-6). According to Johnson & Kane (2009), the implication of the beliefs and values on the United States health care system is complicated and interrelated. The U.S. health care system is different from other forms of health care used by other countries. American healthcare...
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...modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine. In order to understand how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine, we need to first understand what personalized medicine is. Personalized medicine is the ability to determine an individual’s unique molecular characteristics and to use those genetic distinctions to diagnose more finely individual’s disease, select treatments that increase the chances of a successful outcome and reduce possible adverse reactions. Personalized medicine is also the ability to predict an individual’s susceptibility to diseases and thus to try to shape steps that may help to avoid or reduce the extent to which an individual will experience a disease. With that being said, the advancement in technology has made it possible for doctors and geneticists use a person’s DNA to find out what kinds of diseases are in their future; thus making it possible for them to make a stepping stone to prevent them. “The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 opened the door for better understanding of genetic components of disease that will shape the future practice of medicine. The Human Genome Project detailed the map of our DNA sequence allowing researchers to develop tools to further explore genetic variation across the globe (International HapMap Consortium 2003) (E. Phillips, 2007).” Discuss the benefits of personalized medicine. There are several benefits to personalized...
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...In today’s world, society depends a lot on medicine and science in the attempt to cure diseases or illness. However, this process of healing takes more than just understanding the biological factors of certain diseases/ illness. To better understand the processes in which illness and healing occurs it is important to look at a broader picture such as culture, social nature and emerging contagious diseases. As these factors have had an impact on the ability to cure or even prevent diseases. Culture plays a big role on how individuals perceive the world, as it shape how individual of different societies think and behave. It had also taught individuals on how to experience certain life events such as illness, although the expectation on how...
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...The fascination and mystical interest in the study and examination of prehistoric human skeletal remains have been well documented in ancient medical documents and historical records. Anthropologists study and analyze the human skeletal remains to obtain information from a particular sample of ancient individuals in order to understand how the population as a whole experienced and responded to social interactions. Because palaeopathologists have access to all portions of a skeleton, the morbid conditions in all areas of the skeleton are studied and provide a broad understanding of diseases as they affect bones and joints in living populations of our society today ( Ortner & Putschar 2003: 2). The remains of humans offer the...
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...This brief abstract is a concept note on the subject of sociology of health and illness. It is going to give a brief sketch background of medical sociology, highlight various definitions of what is health, illness and how the production, distribution and patterns of diseases are influenced by the context in which they occur. The biomedical understanding of health and illness was entirely in the context of bacteriology and immunology dominated the subject of heath care systems for centuries. The history of medical sociology began in the 1800 with extensive contributions of Virchow to social medicine (Virchow, 1864). The resurgence of medical sociology and its institutionalization emerged in the 1960s and 1970s following the deficiencies of biomedicine to account various diseases which came about on the eve of industrialization and urbanization. Some diseases have their roots in the economic, social, cultural, political and environmental context. It is in these backdrops among other reasons that the sociology of health and illness gained recognition and institutionalization. Medical sociology did not discredit biomedical explanations and practice but have attributed that production, patterns, distribution and reproduction of health and illness is socially constructed (Waitzkin et al., 2001; Foucault, 1977; White, 2006). Sociology of health and Illness uses sociological perspectives such as the Sick role (Parsons, 1951), historical materialist approaches (Engels, 1844/1973), interactionist...
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...Real World: an Introduction to Sociology by Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein, it states, “Our bodies are social objects, and our social experiences and social location shape our prospects for health and risks of disease,” (Ferris & Stein 406). I agree with both Ferris and Stein because we determine where we want to live through researching about diseases within the area, biological illnesses, and other health concerns. As humans, we desire to live a long, fulfilled life. The role of health in our society is always enforced. Many people are constantly aware of their health. In majority of public locations, I’ve noticed there are hand sanitizer stations. Throughout the...
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...NHPA | Summary | Why selected (all selected for similar reasons; finical impact on health care system) | Determinants as risk factors | Health promotion Program | CardiovascularHealth | Refers to maintaining healthy functioning of the heart and blood vessels. CVD encompasses all diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels (including coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease) caused mainly by blood supply to the heart, brain and legs. | -To improve cardiovascular health by reducing CVD.-CVD is leading cause of premature death and second leading cause of burden of disease.- CVD is also largely preventable and places a large economic burden on the health care system. | 1. biological: cholesterol levels, age, sex and genetics. high blood pressure-indicates that the heart is already working harder and under pressure, which can lead to stroke and kidney disease.Body weight- excess body weight places greater strain on heart and increases hypertension and cholesterol levels.2. Behavioural: physical activity, tobacco smoking poor nutrition-diets high in saturated fat such as cholesterol can contribute to overweight and obesity. Low intake of fruit and vegetables can contribute to increased snacking on high fat and high sugar foods, increasing obesity, which heightens risk of CVD.Physical enviro: air quality (tobacco smoke) Access to recreational facilities-if lacking access, they might not exercise as much as otherwise might. Heightens risk of CVD...
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...Sternheimer’s Connecting Social Problems and Popular Culture, “between 1980 and 2000, the number of children classified as overweight doubled for those aged two through eleven and tripled for adolescents twelve to nineteen” (198). In addition, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention presents separate statistics for obese and overweight individuals in order to bring urgency to what they claim as a problem. As claimsmakers, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention insist that the problem is getting worse by noting that it is an “obesity epidemic,” and categorizes the overweight population as part of the epidemic (Best 127). As a result, society begins to frame this social problem by medicalization. Moreover, Andrew Pollack from The New York Times notes that the American Medical Association has officially medicalized obesity as a disease in his article titled, “A.M.A. Recognizes Obesity as a Disease” (Pollack). Thus, I will attempt to discuss the medicalization of obesity and how it affects society. Medicalization is one of the ways in which to frame a social problem. To clarify, medicalization transpires when previously nonmedical issues become defined and regarded as medical problems (Blackburn 895). However, the real question is—will medicalizing obesity as a disease actually address this problem or will it jeopardize a successful public health response? Labeling obesity as a disease diverts society from the larger systemic factors of this social problem. Although it...
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...Unit: 7 Sociological perspectives in Health and Social Care P2 In this assignment I will be defining the different concepts of health& ill health and how theorists relate their theories to health. I will also assess the biomedical and socio-medical models of health. There are many definitions of health; many sociologists have a difficulty in finding a definition for the word health. Health can be defined in negative terms, as ‘the absence of disease’. According to http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html this is contrasted with a positive definition such as the provided by the World Health Organisation (WHO) IN 1974: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. A negative concept of health is therefore opposed to a positive concept of health as being worried with people’s physical, intellectual, social and emotional wellbeing. According tohttp://www.who.int/about/en/ The World Health Organisation is an organisation which directs and coordinates authorities for health in the United Kingdom. It is responsible for global health matters and shapes the health research agenda, setting norms, standards and providing support in countries. In the health and social care settings, health care professionals usually implement a holistic approach to care and support for people. They see their role as addressing the needs of the whole person rather than single matters or identified problems. A person with...
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...What’s on the MCAT2015 Exam? Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior What will the Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section test? The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section asks you to solve problems by combining your knowledge of foundational concepts with your scientific inquiry and reasoning skills. This section tests your understanding of the ways psychological, social, and biological factors influence perceptions and reactions to the world; behavior and behavior change; what people think about themselves and others; the cultural and social differences that influence well-being; and the relationships between social stratification, access to resources, and well-being. The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section emphasizes concepts that tomorrow’s doctors need to know in order to serve an increasingly diverse population and have a clear understanding of the impact of behavior on health. Further, it communicates the need for future physicians to be prepared to deal with the human and social issues of medicine. This section is designed to • • • • • test psychology, sociology, and biology concepts that provide a solid foundation for learning in medical school about the behavioral and sociocultural determinants of health; test concepts taught at many colleges and universities in first-semester psychology and sociology courses; test biology concepts that relate to mental...
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...Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: The social determinants of health are the living and the working conditions which influence people’s health. Therefore our health is also affected in part by the social and economic opportunities available to us. Discussed below are the identified social factors affecting health in our society. Stressful conditions making people to be anxious and worried damage ones health. Stressful circumstances make it hard to engage in physical activities or even practicing health eating habits since the body energy is focused on dealing with day to day challenges (Brunner & Marmot, 2006). Stress also leads to prolonged biological reactions which strains the physical body. Therefore, continuous stressing circumstances will result to weakening of the resistance to diseases of the body and interferes with the functioning of the hormonal and metabolic systems. According to Brunner & Marmot (2006), the improvement of health may only be achieved if living conditions are improved and therefore, focus must be placed on solving the source of the problems instead of dealing with the underlying symptoms. Another social factor affecting health is the distribution of income. This is because it is the level of incomes which shapes how people live. Low incomes results to social and material deprivation as the basic needs are a challenge to meet for the low income earners (Raphael, 2010). Food, clothing and shelter are the prerequisites of health and for the...
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