Free Essay

Technopoly

In: Historical Events

Submitted By kcobham
Words 1554
Pages 7
In Neil Postman's novel, Technopoly: the Surrender of Culture to Technology, he describes a society where technology is deified and, in fact, becomes a source of rationalization in which it takes the place of humans. His basis for technological theology is attributed to whom he describes as the founder of scientism, namely the belief that empiricism or positivism grounded in pure scientific discovery would tell us all we need to know about the world excluding the need for metaphysics or religion. Science, in turn, accordingly became the new god and technology, a branch and product of science, become deified as its mirror image. Postman describes technopoly as a "totalitarian technocracy" - totalitarian in that it is worshipped as an authoritative, all-controlling voice that demands the "submission of all forms of cultural life to the sovereignty of technique and technology" (Postman, 52) - drawing on Ellul for credence. Ellul's ideas of technology were that technology was a category independent to human action that was autonomous, "self-determinative" and undirected in its growth and reducing human life to finding meaning in machines (Ellul,13). Thus Postman, elaborating on Ellul, saw technology (primarily, but not exclusively, in the shape of computer) striving for world domination and that technology has been for a long time the god of humans.Others whom Postman draws upon are Harold Innis' concept of "knowledge monopolies" that explains the ways in which technology usurps power in a technopoly: the aura of mystique and 'intelligence' of technology grant a certain allure and reverence to its practitioners secluding them from the 'ordinary folk.' Baudrillard theorizes that "technique as a medium quashes...the 'message' of the product " and Postman agrees maintaining that the glut of technical knowledge diverts us from true direction in life and from focusing on and obtaining meaningful information. Finally, some of the other theorists that Postman quotes include Marshall McLuhan who argues that the medium becomes the message since it control all human interaction hence, as Postman argued, we become tools of that which we created - Dracula-style.Postman's selection or, at least some of the selections, are one-sided whereas his selection of some of the other theorists demonstrates his point. Selection of Jacques Ellul is apt for Postman in that Ellul categorically viewed technology as an emerging tyranny over human freedom and Christian faith. He equated technological society with the reverence demanded that of a deity and vociferously spoke out against the strangling menace of technology on human creativity and humanity. Braudillard, however, was more ambiguous about technology's impact on the human. He saw it as possibly impeding human creativity and distorting the human personality but also realized that there was scope for potential and much depended on how the technology was used.To a greater degree, Postman's interpretation and understanding of McLuhan seem to be slightly skewed since McLuhan's famous aphorism about the "media being the message' speaks about the effects of communications media and that the media itself, not its contents, should be the instrument that is studied since the medium itself has little impact on society. His example given was the light bulb, or the television (extrinsic of the generated light or the TV programs). It is the bulb and TV that has the enduring effect. It is in this way that McLuhan's intent is quite different to that which Postman intended.Postman relies a lot on history, particularly history of science and technology, and the rise of progress or Rationalism as evidenced from the Enlightenment on. His history also explores the use of tool making through what he calls its three primary phases. The first culture "had only spears and cooking utensils" (22), but in this culture tools did not prevent people from "believing in their traditions, in their God.. or in their legitimacy of their social organization.." (ibid).The technological and the traditional co-existed in uneasy alliance, but gradually the traditional gave way to the technological. This is supported by literary writings such as from Twain, poetry of Walt Whitman, prose of Thoreau, fiction of Aldous Huxley, and speeches of Lincoln. Postman, in short, crosses field to make his point drawing on literature, folklore, myths, theology, anthropology, sociology, computer science (e.g. David Boulter), politics, and philosophy. With philosophy, he also seems to transverse the field from perspectives as diverse as Marxism (e.g. Ellul) too as conservative as McLuhan and as traditional as Bacon. Postman, in short, seems to proffer us the ideal example of a polyglot seeming to tread into almost every field in order to scout out material for his argument.Much of the evidence is interesting but comparatively little is science-based. Any argument that seeks to validate a point needs to be based on reliable scientific evidence that has been reviewed by credible reviewers in the field, preferably of a few fields related to that particular subjects. While the theories of diverse philosophers and the points of history may draw us close to providing validation for Postman's thesis, his basing validation of his thesis on works of literature, on poetry, speeches, mythology and the like seems to me to be irrelevant to the subject. Furthermore, some of Postman's points as indicated before with the example of McLuhan seem to misread and misapply the intent of the source. From what I know of historical figures and literary works quoted by Postman, it seems to me that he falls into this error in more places than one. In short, Postman's endeavor is to convince us that technology destructs human creativity and, being deified, has made us into a sort of Dracula-type of creature subservient to its wiles and expunged by its dominion. Postman does have certain basis to his argument, but his evidence needs to be more scientific and valid for reliability to be achievedIn Max Weber: An Introduction to His Life and Work by Dirk Kasler, Weber's thesis about rationalism is symptomatic of Postman's discussion. Weber also perceived man as alienated from himself due to the blandishment of capitalism. He saw capitalism and modernity (famously called by him as 'rationalism') responsible for producing rationalization, disenchantment, and secularization. Capitalism inspired rationalization where man become increasingly disenchanted i.e. became a cog in the wheel of the production system and lost his individuality. An increasingly rational society, that analyzed everything through the lens of cost-benefit and manifested itself through bureaucracy, eliminated the magic and wonder of man: "The fate of our times is characterised by rationalisation and intellectualisation and, above all, by the "disenchantment of the world" (Kasler,152). While Weber realized the possible benefits of rationalization in that it could benefit man's material existence in the name of technological 'progress' as well as freeign them form illogical social constraints, he also condemned it for dehumanizing indivdiuals and for trapping them in bureaucratic cages. The result is an opposite of the magic of religion where man increasingly becomes a product and cog of modernity. Other thinks such as Habermas too, percieved human existence aas being a stuggle between (in Habermas' words) the Lifeworld (i.e. human creativity) and the System (i.e. rationalism/ Technology)Technology can be used for both positive and negative ends and humans can choose to use it for their own end in order to further their goals. It is true that technology has served to divert individuals as via Twitter and chat-groups and so forth, but these same systems can also be used to disseminate charity along the globe and make the globe a better place. Ultimately, it depends on who the human is who uses the system and it is the human who can decide whether he or she is the one to control the medium or whether the medium takes control over the human. Secondly, technology transverses a vast realm of constructs. From the light bulb to, most recently, the computer the medium is different and vast. Humans can use technology (as per the computer) to organize, filter, and skim through information. Much ultimately depends on the person's resolve and skill in using the tool. Technology is a medium aside from humans and has little to do with changing their beliefs. It is the content that is to blame. And that is part of the cultural milieu again dependent on humans. Rather, therefore, than technology being the creator of humans, it is humans who create the technology.Postman, however, made a good, although not sufficient argument about today's preoccupation with the computer to the extent that the brain is compared to a computer and many more socio-scientific models are directed along such lines. The entire paradigm of human cognition, for instance, is fashioned upon a computer model. On the other hand, it depends on who the human is who uses the system and it is the human who can decide whether he or she is the one to control the medium or whether the medium takes control over the human. Technology has less control than Postman argues and his tendency to catasrophize may be just a bit overdone.

Work Cited
Ellul, J. (1964). The Technological Society, trans. John Wilkinson. NY: Random House.Kasler, D. (1988). Max Weber: an introduction to his life and work. University of Chicago Press: ChicagoPostman, Neil. (1993). Technopoly: the Surrender of Culture to Technology New York: Vintage Books.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Critique Essay (Technopoly)

...David Cadillon WRTG 391 Advanced Research Writing Critique Essay 20 October 2013 Now a day’s technology is such a common part of our lives no one really stops to question what it’s taking away from society, if anything. But in 1992 Neil Postman, an author of over 200 magazines and newspaper articles, wrote the book Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology to explain the many ways technology was taking over. In his book Technopoly, Postman makes an effort to paint a picture of “when, how, and why technology became a particularly dangerous enemy” (Postman xii). In his introduction, he gives a brief history lesson of Thamus and god Theuth who was the inventor of many things (Postman p. 3) to allow the reader to think carefully of how technology has affected society. He continues to share many anecdotal examples of how technology has taken over common human interaction, but gives no solid credible facts of how technology has become the enemy. With as many metaphorical examples that he uses, he doesn’t convince me, and I don’t agree society “seeks its authorization from technology…” (Postman 71). Postman makes it seem as if technology is the end all be all of our society, when in fact, it’s not. According to Postman, society allows technology power to influence or command their thoughts, opinions, or behaviors, basically, technology runs our lives and everything in it, but I don’t think we “seek authorization” from technology as much as we exploit...

Words: 880 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

A Critique of Neil Postman’s “Technopoly: the Surrender of Culture to Technology"

...Now a day’s technology is such a common part of our lives no one really stops to question what it’s taking away from society, if anything. But in 1992 Neil Postman an author of over 200 magazines and newspaper articles wrote the book Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology to explain the many ways technology was taking over. In his book Technopoly, Postman makes an effort to paint a picture of “when, how, and why technology became a particularly dangerous enemy “(Postman xii). In his introduction, he gives a brief history lesson of Thamus and god Theuth who was the inventor of many things (Postman p. 3) to allow the reader to think carefully of how technology has affected society. He continues to share many anecdotal examples of how technology has taken over common human interaction, but gives no solid credible facts of how technology has become the enemy. With as many metaphorical examples that he uses, he doesn’t convince me, and I don’t agree society “seeks its authorization from technology…” (Postman 71). Postman makes it seem as if technology is the end all be all of our society, when in fact, it’s not. According to Postman, society allows technology power to influence or command their thoughts, opinions, or behaviors, basically, technology runs our lives and everything in it, but I don’t think we “seek authorization” from technology as much as we exploit and rely heavily on it for our own personal benefit. We rely heavily on technology to interact...

Words: 867 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Deification of Technology

...Kaarel Tiidus Media Culture & Criticism 11.01.2011 Deification of Technology The term technology may have many different meanings to different persons and it can be used to describe many different things and ideas. We can speak about technology when the very first human beings realised that a regular stone can be used as a tool, that it can be sharpened and shaped, it can be piled up to build walls and houses. Round pieces of wood could be used as wheels and wheels can be used to help move cars etc. What I mean when I use the term technology in this essay is modern technology – from telephones and computers to stem-cell research and cloning. Currently we are living literally in the age of technology, meaning it is impossible to live without technology. In theory of course we could still survive or exist without technology, but what I mean by living is not surviving, or simply the physical qualities our bodies have while we are living, but being part of the society and being a more or less accepted human being among others. Living, in that sense, without using technology has been impossible for quite some time already. In order to work and keep up with our surroundings we are forced at some point to accept new technology that comes and has enough followers. In the 1980-s only few people had a possibility to use a personal computer, but now it is a common tool just as a sharp shard of rock would have been in the stone age. We have choices about what kind of computer we...

Words: 2095 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

What Does It Mean to Be Human in an Age of Modern Technology?

...What Does it Mean to be Human in an Age of Modern Technology? What does it mean to be human in the age of modern technology? Many feel that technology is only a useful tool and has not changed what it means to be human. Others argue that today’s technological advances have become so rapid, sophisticated and ingrained in daily life it is taking away from the interest, welfare and humanistic nature of our society. Most all do agree that technology has certainly played a role in humanity’s social and behavioral progress throughout history. However, to what extent technology really drives the development of our social and behavioral changes can elicit a heated discussion. Humans are driven, curious creatures that seek to solve problems and have a need for social interactions. As well they desire some form of system of belief (though not necessarily religious in nature) and aspire to be part of something collective or feel a sense of purpose to life. Countless studies provide that human behavior arises out of the interaction between individuals and their environment. Although environments do influence human behavior, many contend the basic tenets of humanity such as compassion, the need to have connected relationships and the desire to improve upon our lives have not changed in the face of technology. However, it is clear that human attitudes and expectations today are certainly very different than even several generations ago. Much of which, is a direct result of technological...

Words: 2641 - Pages: 11

Free Essay

English

...Annotated Bibliography Benett, Yates (2011) How Social Science Research Methods Might Provide Scientific Evidence for the Existence of God. Retrieved September 11, 2013 from Christian Higher Education The article by Benett can be misleading. The article discusses the how of using social science research for the intended research for the existence of God. The author goes into detail using the scientific method for sociologic research. Yates states “in social science research it is considered scientific to collect data about the world, to build theories to explain the data and to test those theories against further data” (p. 2). Discussing every part of the scientific method, he gives examples for how he might go about with that that part of the method. Yates also discusses different approaches to the research. Phenomenology is discussed as a method for the study and possible explanation, but is left out. Instead the author decides on methodological triangulation because it allows differing methods of data collection regarding a social issue. The reason why this would be the best method as well as its benefits in social research is discussed. Yates also states that using combined research is extremely beneficial. This article will be useful because it demonstrates using the scientific method for sociologic research. It goes in depth giving example for each part of the method. Boutellier, R., Gassmann, O., Raeder, S. (unknown) What is the difference between...

Words: 2078 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

Culture: the Foundation for Technological Development

...Culture: The Foundation for Technological Development Since humans first walked the earth there has been a focus on the inventing of tools and technologies to better the quality of everyday lives, and a comparison of life through the different eras exemplifies the impact that new technologies have had on society. Delving into various “evolution timelines” of technologies provides us with important insight into how and why new technologies are developed, and the impact that these technologies have on society. Portable music devices are an example of a development that emerged from a social need, yet have had a significant cultural impact. Looking at this example and the perspectives of various theorists we aim to explore the initial impact that certain technologies have had on the development of society and ultimately how culture shapes new technologies and media forms. Different theorist’s definitions of the term “technology” need to be looked at collectively, as there is not one explanation that can wholly encapsulate a true definition. Theorists have opposing views on what technology is, therefore their individual perspectives will always shadow their definitions to some extent. For example, Lorenzo Simpson’s definition of technology suggests it is “a constellation of knowledge, processes, skills and products [that aim to] control and transform”, this comes from a culture shapes technology perspective as it highlights that technology comes from the “knowledge, processes...

Words: 2409 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Dromology and Convergence

...Howard Billings Research Paper Dig 3286 Dromology and Convergence In today’s world of instant digital information and communication technology is constantly advancing. Inventors are constantly working to produce new awe-inspiring products. The goal of all these new products is to work faster than the ones that came before it. Of course, technical advancement is nothing new. Whether it was the car, the microwave, or a vacuum cleaner all were produced to increase the speed at which we do things. The difference is that digital technology is increasing not only the speed of the new products, but the speed at which these new products are being produced. Either way it is safe to say that technology and the world revolve around speed. The main goal of every industry is to do things fast and efficiently. Accessing information and communication is already faster than one could have ever imagined. The quest now is to become even faster. Push technology to its limits. In fact, the quest now is to set new limits. Is it plausible to think that we could one day communicate faster than the speed of light? Olympic track athlete Usain Bolt is a good comparison to where we are today as a technological society. His record breaking 100 meters times have reached mythical proportions. It used to be that taller heavier athletes were at a disadvantage in the 100 meters. Their height and weight would work against them, allowing the smaller runner to jump out to a lead that could not be overcome...

Words: 1348 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Finding Love Online

...to technology has made life a lot easier. America has come to rely on technology as a mainstay in their life through the use of gadgets such as the computer, smartphones and tablets to name a few. The ability to pay bills online, shop for clothing and food, communicate with family and friends through social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter have most people young and old taking the leap of faith onto the internet bandwagon. In fact, having access to such a vast array of information has open up a plethora of opportunities to include finding love online. While most people welcome this opportunity to find their true love using this alternative there are those who do not share their enthusiasm. Neil Postman the author of Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology believes that America has become too reliant on technology and as such has become a slave to it. He writes that the acceptance of technology as the master means that “a new kind of social order” is inevitable and will lead to “rapid dissolution of much that is associated with traditional beliefs (1992, pg. 71). “ Postman’s beliefs regarding America’s obsession with technology has not stifled people in their pursuit of romance; despite the risks involved such as scams, identity fraud and the stigmas that have been identified with this type of romance, people continue to seek true love. Finding love the traditional way such as face to face is still the preferred method for some people, therefore...

Words: 1201 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Neil Postman Review

...Mason F Smith WRTG 391 – Advanced Research Writing Assignment #1: The Critique Essay What can technology do for you Technology is changing everyday whether we like it or not. That is a fact. It is a tool we have been accustomed to using for life. Something we desire and need. From reading Neil Postman's book "Technolpoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology" you can see he feels all technology will do is create a two sided argument. He says "Another way of saying this is that the benefits and deficits of a new technology are not distributed equally. There are, as it were, winners and losers" (Postman, 1992, Pg.10). He feels that if someone benefits, someone must also suffer but, I disagree. His ideas are motivated by a story written many years ago that could have a totally different meaning but, he interprets in his own way. From the beginning of the book you can tell he finds technology a double edged sword. Postman states "In the United States, where television has taken hold more deeply than anywhere else, many people find it a blessing, not least those have achieved high-paying, gratifying careers in television as executives, technicians, newscasters, and entertainers"(Postman, 1992, Pg.8). This is the benefit he sees. He then follows with the downfall of "On the other hand and in the long run, television may bring a gradual end to the careers of school teachers,.." (Postman, 1992, Pg.10). Where is his proof. Maybe there are not a lot of teaching positions, but is that...

Words: 1195 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Global Positioninh System

...Social Impact of the Global Positioning System (GPS) A Paper Submitted to Ann Holms By Writing 2E (11:00-12:50) February 15, 2005 1 GPS – A Navigational Improvement Up to now, navigation has been considered a skill. It took work and knowledge to use a map and compass. In fact, during America’s colonial period, only gentlemen were allowed to learn such techniques. For example, if an ordinary British redcoat was spotted attempting to learn to navigate, he would be hung. Only the officers who were considered gentlemen were allowed to conduct such education [Norman, 1998]. However, as we enter the twentieth century, a new technology emerges to cover the distance between a knowledgeable navigator and an ordinary person. This technology is Global Positioning System (GPS). With a click on a screen, an ordinary person can find his or her way via a complex system involving satellite technology. Essentially, the GPS satellites transmit a signal to receivers on Earth; the GPS receivers then compare the time the signal was transmitted to the time it was received [Leick, 2004]. The results proved extremely precise. However, the new technology not only improves society but hinders it as well. GPS technology improved navigational accuracy significantly in the military, in the economy, and in our ordinary lives; however, it may cause problems for people who don’t have the required knowledge to navigate and it offers an easier way for criminals to accomplish illegal tasks. Military...

Words: 1167 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Prevasiveiness of Technology

...The Pervasiveness of Technology within Our World Over a long time, there have been varied opinions from different groups of individuals concerning the value of technology in our lives. Currently, the technological advancement has made the world a global village where you can access all sorts of information and services, reach people and places with ease and interact on various platforms such as business. As a result of these, technology has had a significant control on the way we carry out our daily activities and how we relate with each other. However, some school of thought argues that the technology has had very little impact on our lives. They see technological development as separate from our social culture and its concerns. Also, it poses a ruling force on the people who use it or interact with it. Therefore, the argument says that we have little influence on the development of technology rather we try to fit in the prevailing conditions of technology. This debate has resulted to a question whether we have full control over technology, or it is the other way round where it is the technology determines what we do. For us to understand this concept, the theory of technological determinism has played an important role. According to Oliver (2011), this theory explains that the technology is the force that drives change and progression in our society. It determines how we interact in the society. Even though some people agree with the statement, others have a different point...

Words: 1983 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Culture of Enterprise

...Nature and Nurture in a Global World: The Need to Strike a Balance John Odike University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus “Today and more than ever before, the world has become a ‘global village’ with the expansion of the communication networks, the rapid information exchange, the gradual shrink of borders and of attachment to identities and citizenship, the lifting of the barriers of visas and passports, the consecration of a new era when national sovereignty and the authority of the nation-state is fading away in favour of regional groupings, international organizations and international legality and law. This means the beginning of the return to the universal trend which is imposed by human instinct, but in a broader environment and in an evident endeavour to dominate the world.” – Prof. Abdelhadi Boutaleb Globalization has affected many aspects of life, and as Thomas Friedman posits, “has changed the world permanently, for both better and worse”_. This post-Cold War concept appears as a dual phenomenon with two antagonistic dimensions, and Boutaleb remarked, “From one perspective, it looks like a system of wealth, prosperity or even the promised heaven; from another, it appears as a system of exclusion and marginalization. For some, it is a merciful angel, while for others, it is Satan.”_ In view of this double effect, this paper seeks to discuss the fate of character and communities in this era of borderless interaction; when information, science, culture...

Words: 2801 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Case New Belgium Brewing (B)

...Case New Belgium Brewing (B) New Belgium Brewing: Developing a Brand Personality * Background NEW BELGIUM’S INITIAL MARKETING STRATEGY The idea for the New Belgium Brewing Company began with a bicycling trip through Belgium. Belgium is arguably the home of some of the world’s finest ales, some of which have been brewed for centuries in that country’s monasteries. As Jeff Lebesch, an American electrical engineer, cruised around that country on his fat-tired mountain bike, he wondered if he could produce such high-quality beers back home in Colorado. After acquiring the special strain of yeast used to brew Belgian-style ales, Lebesch returned home and began to experiment in his Colorado basement. When his beers earned thumbs up from friends, Lebesch decided to market them. The New Belgium Brewing Company opened for business in 1991 as a tiny basement operation in Lebesch home in Fort Collins. Lebesch wife, Kim Jordan, became the firm’s marketing director. New Belgium beers quickly developed a small but devoted customer base, first in Fort Collins and then throughout Colorado. The brewery soon outgrew the couple’s basement and moved into an old railroad depot before settling into its present custom-built facility in 1995. The company’s standard line has grown to include Sunshine Wheat, Blue Paddle Pilsner, Abbey Ale, Trippel Ale, 1554 Black Ale, and the original Fat Tire Amber Ale, still the firm’s bestseller. Today, New Belgium Brewing is America’s third largest...

Words: 3109 - Pages: 13

Free Essay

The Use of It in the Us Elections

...Introduction: The use of IT and social media was the differentiating factor in the US politics, which catapulted Barack Obama ahead of Mitt Romney and has secured Obama’s second term as the President of the United States. For a long time, traditional social media has been the medium of communication of ideas in politics. Dating back to the 1950s, shrewdly assembled team of social media experts would have designed and crafted political campaigns that appealed and rallied the emotional side of supporters. Most of the occasions, contesting candidates would have carefully selected controversial policies that the majority were against, to garner support by invoking them to think that dethroning the current office would be “changing for the better”. Social Media experts would then exaggerate these feelings of unrest and protest in the undecided voters by publishing contents that citizens feel that are controversial. The reigning party would also, with the help of traditional social media, attempt to strengthen their foothold in the office by reinforcing the pathetic few policies that they have implemented during their term. Traditional social media has indeed played a pivotal role in all political elections all around the globe. However, with the ubiquity of smartphones and personal computers, coupled with a massive surge of online social platforms, the pivotal change of politics seem to lie in the hands of the party who knows how to play the game of IT. There have been numerous...

Words: 4259 - Pages: 18

Free Essay

Data

...#nextchapter A STUDY GUIDE TO PROGRAM OR BE PROGRAMMED: TEN COMMANDMENTS FOR A DIGITAL AGE BY JENNIFER HANSEN WILL LUERS SETAREH ALIZADEH DR. DENE GRIGAR A Study Guide for Douglas Rushkoff’s PROGRAM OR BE PROGRAMMED #nextchapter The following study guide aims to provoke further thoughts and extend the conversation surrounding Douglas Rushkoff’s book Program or Be Programmed: Ten Commands for a Digital Age. It has been created for a wide variety of readers––from high school to adults––and purposes––from book clubs to study groups. Rushkoff proposes 10 commands that are each based on one of the “biases” of digital media. In computer programming a “command” is a directive to a computer to perform a specific task. But Rushkoff’s commands are not directives for human behavior as much as a code of ethics that, like the 10 commandments of Judaism in what was a new text-based age, help us navigate a new age of computer mediation and abstraction. Digital technologies continue to increase the capabilities of mankind. These technologies, however, come with biases. If we aren’t aware of these biases, we’ll find ourselves at the mercy of the technology designed to serve us. While there’s still time, we must take matters into our own hands and learn to program! Rushkoff, Douglas, dir. Program or Be Programmed. 2010. Film. 31 Jan 2013 2 RUSHKOFF’S PRINCIPLE OF: I. TIME DO NOT BE “ALWAYS ON”. We live in a world dictated by time. However, to our digital devices, time is an unknown...

Words: 6071 - Pages: 25