...Baby's Brain: The most common effect is permanent brain damage which leads to learning disabilities, behavior problems, memory deficits, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, and/or mental retardation.This is called "static encephalopathy" meaning brain damage that doesn't get any better and doesn't get any worse.There is way to reverse the damage. More subtle damage from occasional binge drinking can cause damage that is like buck shot - scattered holes in the brain that affect whatever area that was developing at the time, causing brain cells death, migration of cells to the wrong place, or tangles in the neurons with inaccurate connections. Regions of the brain most affected: .Corpus Callosum - processes information between right brain and left brain .Cerebellum - motor control .Basal Ganglia - processes memory .Hippocampus - learning and memory .Hypothalamus - controls appetite, emotions, temperature, and pain sensation .Frontal lobes - executive functions, impulse control, judgment The corpus callosum and the frontal lobes are affected by alcohol exposure in ways that are manifested in behavior that is perceived to be inappropriate and immature. The corpus callosum separates the right brain from the left brain and passes information from one brain to the other.The left brain controls rules, consequences, concrete ideas, practical details, and orderly sequences.The right brain controlsabstract thinking, emotions and feelings, creativity, and intuition.The corpus callosum...
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...Brain Lateralization and Language Reflection Paper PSY/340 9/14/15 University of Phoenix The brain is divided into two hemispheres with the corpus callosum connecting them. Each side of the brain is responsible for different functions. Most mental functions are distributed across both hemispheres, but there are explicit processes that are specialized to one hemisphere or the other. For example, both sides of the brain perform functions related to language. But in most people, grammar and vocabulary are localized to the left side of the brain, while understanding the emotional content of language is a function of the right hemisphere. Most of what we know about the organization of language functions in the adult human brain comes from the study of patients with focal brain lesions (DeVilliers, 2015). Damage to the left hemisphere is more likely to cause language disturbances, especially in right handed people (but not exclusively). The two areas of the brain that are best known for language functions are Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area. Researchers are divided as to the exact role these two areas play in language processing and production. Damage to Broca’s area causes problems with language fluency such as using shorter sentences, impaired flow of speech, poor control of rhythm and intonation (prosody), and telegraphic style with missing inflections and function words (DeVilliers, 2015). We often see rapid, yet fluent speech in damage to Wernicke’s area, but speech...
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...Running Head: LEFT-BRAIN DOMINANCE IN RIGHT-HANDED PEOPLE 1 Left-Brain Dominance in Right-Handed People LEFT-BRAIN DOMINANCE IN RIGHT-HANDED PEOPLE 2 Abstract Certain human cognitive functions depend predominately on either the left or right hemisphere of the brain. This study attempted to investigate the role of left and right hemispheres in regard to language. A 19 year old, right-handed male was asked to talk while tapping a pencil, first with the right hand and then the left hand. The results of the study showed more right hand interference during talking, indicating more left hemisphere involvement. LEFT-BRAIN DOMINANCE IN RIGHT-HANDED PEOPLE 3 Left-Brain Dominance in Right-Handed People Language can be defined as any system of formalized symbols, signs, sounds, gestures, or the like used or conceived as a means of communicating (American Psychological Assoc., 2012). The left hemisphere exerts greater control over speech and language abilities in almost all right-handed and the greater part of left-handed people. In contrast, the right hemisphere is more involved in nonverbal emotional expression and visual-spatial tasks. Furthermore, the right side of the body is controlled by the left-brain while the left side of the body is controlled by the right brain. A thick band of nerves called the corpus callosum is the connection between the two hemispheres (Hockenbury...
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...BRAIN STRUCTURES, ETYMOLOGY and FUNCTIONS STRUCTURE|ETYMOLOGY(from Etymonline.com)|FUNCTION| Prefrontal Cortex (or Frontal Lobe) |Pre – Latin prae –before in time or place to Medieval Latin pre- to Old French pre- before (Oscan prai; Umbrian pre; Sanskrit pare-thereupon; Greek pareai- at; Gaulish are- at, beyond; Lithuanian pre- at; Old Church Slavic pri- at; Gothic faura; Olde English fore- before)Frontal – adj; Latin frontalis; 1650s-of the foreheadCortex – n; Latin cortex; 1650s-outer shell husk; 1741-of the brainLobe – n; Latin lobus; early 15th Century-hull, husk, pod; 1670s-brain divisions|“Multitasking and switching between tasks”(Gazzaley, 2012)| Temporal (Lobe) |Adj; Unknown origin- tempus (genitive temporis to Latin – temporalis to Old French- temporal; Mid 14th Century-worldly, secular; Late 14th Century-of time, terrestrial; temporary |“Auditory perception, speech, and complex visual perceptions”(BrainFacts, 2012; Temporal Lobe)| Occipital (Lobe) |Adj; Latin occiput (genitive occipitis)to Medieval Latin occipitalis to Middle French occipital; 1540s- back of skull|“Processing visual information”(BrainFacts, 2012; Occipital Lobe)| Parietal (Lobe) |Adj; Latin paries (genitive parietis) to parietalis- of walls; 15th Century pertaining to the walls of a cavity in the body|“Sensory processes, attention and language”(BrainFacts, 2012; Parietal Lobe)| Limbic Region (System)|Adj; Latin limbus-edge; to 1878 limbe to 1879 French limbique; 1950 limbic system|The naming...
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...DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL HISTORY Department of medical history The exceptional brain of Albert Einstein Sandra F Witelson, Debra L Kigar, Thomas Harvey In recent decades, there have been major advances in neuroscience at the behavioural and neural levels, but the long-standing issue of the neurobiological basis of variation in intelligence remains unresolved.1 Around the turn of the 20th century, much attention was focused on anatomical correlates of intelligence through detailed necropsy case studies of the brains of outstanding people, such as mathematician Karl F Gauss or physician William Osler.2,3 By 1907, Spitzka4 had published an extensive monograph that summarised 137 case reports of notable men and women such as Bach and Descartes, and also presented one of the first group studies of nine scholars. Weight of the brain and patterns of gyral convolutions were usually examined. This early work had several limitations. First, medical and cognitive status at the time of death were often not known. Second, normal comparison groups were not available, so that the results were mainly idiosyncratic observations. Quantitative measurement was usually limited to the weight of the whole brain, and even its relation to intelligence remained unresolved. For example, novelist Ivan Turgenev’s brain weighed 2012 g,4 whereas the brain of author Anatole France was half the value (1017 g).5 Third, work was based on the assumption that intelligence was a unitary homogeneous ability—even...
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...strong, successful and smooth operating company. The key is having wonderful communication across the board, it can increase productivity, improve employee satisfaction and help recognize an outstanding leader in an organization. Nonverbal, verbal, written, and any means by which getting one’s point across to another can be categorized as communication. Communicating can be taken for granted since we all do this every day, however, it is important we have the skills to know how to properly communicate with one another. Everyone communicates differently due to their education background, where they were raised, age and gender. The one, which I am going to focus on is gender and what impact that, has on communication. There are clear gender differences in how we communicate and this can even have an affect in the workplace, such as situations can arise where there are misunderstandings between men and women. The way in which men and women communicate stem from the differences in the brain. One major structural difference is that “males generally have more activity in the mechanical centers of the brain, while women have more activity in centers of the brain dedicated to verbal communication and emotion” (Wikninews). In female brains the corpus callosum, the part of the brain that regulates communication within the brain is larger than the male’s. Another difference is “the male brain is characterized by systemizing tendencies and mechanistic thinking. Systemizing is the drive...
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...Instrument Effects the Brain Throughout history, many musicians have been born and some have acquired fame through playing musical instruments and creating compositions. Humans have not stopped playing music because of war. Kurt Weill, a German composer active from the 1920s to the end of his life, performed and toured during World War II. Humans continue to bring the art of music to life even when going through hardship –like Ludwig Van Beethoven, who aside from composing the well-known Fur Elise and Moonlight Sonata, was completely deaf for the last quarter of his life. It is common-sense knowledge that music is not only for the listeners, it is for the performers as well. Why a musician chooses to play music and why one might desire to listen to music is centred in the human brain. In another words, playing a musical instrument benefits the human brain. This research paper will support this thesis by discussing the brain development of a musical child, how playing music helps retain memory and hearing in aging adults, and lastly, how music relieves stress. Although Mozart may have been a musical prodigy, science now has evidence that any individual can benefit from...
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...Brain Sci. 2012, 2, 347-374; doi:10.3390/brainsci2030347 OPEN ACCESS brain sciences ISSN 2076-3425 www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci/ Review Internet and Gaming Addiction: A Systematic Literature Review of Neuroimaging Studies Daria J. Kuss * and Mark D. Griffiths International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, UK; E-Mail: mark.griffiths@ntu.ac.uk * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: daria.kuss@ntu.ac.uk; Tel.: +44-789-111-94-90. Received: 28 June 2012; in revised form: 24 August 2012 / Accepted: 28 August 2012 / Published: 5 September 2012 Abstract: In the past decade, research has accumulated suggesting that excessive Internet use can lead to the development of a behavioral addiction. Internet addiction has been considered as a serious threat to mental health and the excessive use of the Internet has been linked to a variety of negative psychosocial consequences. The aim of this review is to identify all empirical studies to date that used neuroimaging techniques to shed light upon the emerging mental health problem of Internet and gaming addiction from a neuroscientific perspective. Neuroimaging studies offer an advantage over traditional survey and behavioral research because with this method, it is possible to distinguish particular brain areas that are involved in the development and maintenance of addiction. A systematic literature search was conducted, identifying 18 studies. These studies...
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...Infants grow and change as they progress into a preschooler, middle aged child and into adolescents. Physical growth, intellectual/cognitive growth, psychosocial changes, social development, moral development, and the personality all changes and evolves as the infant makes its way through these stages of life. During infancy, children attach to others. “Attachment, a strong, positive emotional bond that forms between an infant and one or more significant persons, is a crucial factor in enabling individuals to develop social relationships” (Feldman, 2014, p. 198).They normally form their initial primary relationship with their parents and other family members. “Research suggests an association between an infant’s attachment pattern and his or her social and emotional competence as an adult” (Feldman, 2014, p. 198). Through the process of “reciprocal socialization, in which infants’ behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers,” infant’s social world starts to take form (Feldman, 2014, p. 188). Infants express their sociability, at first, in nonverbal ways. They smile, laugh, stare, and with age make vocalizations and imitate others. A mothers’ interactions with her baby is important for the babies’ social development. As mothers’ respond appropriately to their babies’ social cues, the infant’s attachment is strengthened. A father’s expression of positive emotions is also important to the infant’s social well-being. Personality includes those...
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...A monkey makes an involuntary gesture when a portion of its brain is electrically stimulated. The area of the brain that was most likely stimulated is the: A. occipital lobe B. motor cortex Correct C. sensory cortex D. amygdala A researcher is using a strong magnet to create images of the blood flow in participants' brains as they complete decision-‐making tasks. The researcher is using ____________ to examine the brain's activity. A. electroencephalography (EEG) B. positron emission tomography (PET) C. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) D. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Correct A synapse is a: A. chemical B. gap Correct C. signal D. joint Alphonse suffered a stroke, resulting in a lesion in his temporal lobe. Which of Alphonse's perceptual or cognitive functions is most likely impaired? A. hearing Correct B. decision-‐making C. motor coordination D. emotional regulation ...
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...The Neuroanatomical, Neurophysiological and Neuropsychological aspects of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Abstract Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric condition affecting about 2% of the population. Subjects with OCD typically suffer from recurring intrusive, unsettling thoughts and repetitive, ritualistic behaviors. This essay discusses the neuroanatomical, neurophysiological and neural psychological aspects of obsessive compulsive disorder. A range of studies have identified several regions within the brain thought to contribute to the disorder including the orbitofrontal cortex, important in reward based learning, the anterior cingulate cortex, important in error detection, the basal nuclei, involved in motor control, and the thalamus, involved in processing and relaying sensory information. These regions form part of larger neural circuits which could be responsible for the disorder. OCD causes a number of cognitive deficits in its sufferers, from problems in self-perception and regulation to memory and planning deficits. The Neuroanatomical, Neurophysiological and Neuropsychological aspects of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder thought to affect between 2% to 3% of the population (Koprivovaa et al., 2011) marked, as its name suggests, by recurrent intrusive thoughts which produce anxiety usually with repetitive ritualistic behaviors intended to reduce or neutralize this anxiety. Compulsive...
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...Appendix C Brain Response of Behavior Part I Note: Parts II and III follow below, complete all three. Write a 350- to 700-word response to the following: Explain the communication process of neurons in the brain. List some common neurotransmitters and describe their effect on behavior. Through an electrochemical process, the communication of neurons takes place. Neurons processes all the information in the human body. Neurons are responsible for the transmission of communication in the brain and several parts of the nervous system. Sensory receptors interact with stimuli such as sound, light, pain and temperature which transform into a code that is then carried to the brain by a chain of neurons. When this takes place, systems of neurons within the brain interpret this information. Dendrites play the role for receiving impulses from other neurons and then transmit them to the neuron that they are in. Axons are the fiber that carries the impulses to other dendrites of other neurons.The information is carried along axons and dendrites because of changes in electrical properties which we call action potential. An action potential is initiated when a messenger attaches itself to a receptor. When that occurs, an electrical signal is triggered to be generated through the neuron. Once the signal reaches the end of an axon, which is at the end of a neuron, a neurotransmitter is released and the process repeats. Because of this communication in the brain, information...
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...1 General Layout of the Nervous System 3.4 Spinal Cord 3.2 Cells of the Nervous System 3.5 Five Major Divisions of the Brain 3.3 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions 3.6 Major Structures of the Brain ISBN 0-558-78571-9 Biopsychology, Eighth Edition, by John P.J. Pinel. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. 3.1 ■ General Layout of the Nervous System I n order to understand what the brain does, it is first necessary to understand what it is—to know the names and locations of its major parts and how they are connected to one another. This chapter introduces you to these fundamentals of brain anatomy. Before you begin this chapter, I want to apologize for the lack of foresight displayed by early neuroanatomists in their choice of names for neuroanatomical structures— but, then, how could they have anticipated that Latin and Greek, universal languages of the educated in their day, would not be compulsory university fare in our time? To help you, I have provided the literal English meanings of many of the neuroanatomical terms, and I have kept this chapter as brief, clear, and to the point as possible, covering only the most important structures. The payoff for your effort will be a fundamental understanding of the structure of the human brain and a new vocabulary to discuss it. 51 Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system 3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System ...
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...Dayton Street, WI 53706, USA c W.M. Keck Laboratory for Functional Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA d Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA e Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA f Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada b Received 5 October 2004; revised 22 November 2004; accepted 3 December 2004 Available online 10 March 2005 We present a novel data smoothing and analysis framework for cortical thickness data defined on the brain cortical manifold. Gaussian kernel smoothing, which weights neighboring observations according to their 3D Euclidean distance, has been widely used in 3D brain images to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. When the observations lie on a convoluted brain surface, however, it is more natural to assign the weights based on the geodesic distance along the surface. We therefore develop a framework for geodesic distance-based kernel smoothing and statistical analysis on the cortical manifolds. As an illustration, we apply our methods in detecting the regions of abnormal cortical thickness in 16 high functioning autistic children via random field based multiple comparison correction that utilizes the new smoothing technique. D 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cortical thickness; Autism; Brain; Heat kernel;...
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...Chapter 40 4 main categories of tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous. I. Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium): forms interactive surfaces with environment on external and internal body surfaces; functions as barriers. Formed from continuous sheets of tightly packed cells Covers outside of body; or lines organs and body cavities Apical surface: the free surface exposed to air or body fluids Basal surface: cells at base of epithelium are attached to a basement membrane (which is a dense layer of extracellular matrix) Is avascular (no blood vessels); the blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove wastes are in the adjacent connective tissue: diffusion Cell Shapes at APICAL surface Squamous epithelium: flat; look like floor tiles Their thinness allows rapid movement of substances through them by diffusion Cuboidal epithelium: boxlike; looks like dice Produces important secretions Columnar epithelium: tall, pillar-like; some have cilia Protects underlying tissue Functions in absorption of nutrients and secretions (digestive juices) Arrangement of Layers Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells Stratified epithelium: 2 or more layers Protect underlying tissues where the is abrasion/ wear and tear Stratified squamous (best adapted for abrasion): covers outside of body; forms outermost layer of skin; lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus. Pseudostratified epithelium (false multiple layers): 1 layer of a mixture of cell shapes; looks like multiple...
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