...from those of the Roman Catholic Church, created a religious reform disturbing politics throughout Europe and changing society. Numerous political effects occurred because of the Protestant Reformation, which consequently happened because of Luther’s reforms. The area that was affected most by the Reformation was Germany. Luther was favored there and he gained support by appealing to German patriotism and evoking a national pride and feeling that influenced many princes. Luther stated that the only way Reformation could come about was by the princes to abolish papal power. This happened when Charles V excommunicated Luther and the German princes did not enforce the banning of Luther’s teachings. Charles V was also to blame for the disintegration of imperial authority because during his reign, he never took an interest in the constitutional problems of Germany that were left over from the Middle Ages. Germans princes used the religious issues as a way to extend political and financial independences. All this did was break up Germany even more and the overall Protestant movement created great turmoil for politics in Germany. Also due to the Protestant Reformation and Martin Luther’s beliefs were the Hapsburg/Valois Wars that was a dynastic dispute over land. These wars were fought mainly in Germany and the French wanted to keep German disunited and were...
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...Casteism: Essay on Casteism in India According to Kaka Kalelkar, “Casteism is an over-riding blind and supreme group loyalty that ignores the healthy social standards of justice, fair play, equity and universal brotherhood.” In the words of K. M. Panikkar, “Casteism is the loyalty to the sub caste translated into political. This is unavoidable as long as the conception of sub-caste exists, for that is the one permanent loyalty that the Hindu has inherited. In fact, no organisation of society on the basis of equality is possible so long as the sub- caste exists.” According to D.N. Prasad, “Casteism is a loyalty to the caste translated into politics. In general, Casteism may be defined as a phenomenon by virtue of which persons belonging to a certain caste group are either discriminated against or shown favour regardless of their merits and demerits, just on the basis of their caste. Casteism exhibits a number of characteristics. They are as follows: 1. Casteism signifies blind caste or sub-caste loyalty. It either ignores or does not care for the interests of other castes. 2. For a casteist “My caste man and my caste only, right or wrong” is the principle. 3. Casteism goes against the spirit of democracy. 4. It submits one’s sense of justice, fair play and humanity to the interest of his own caste. 5. It is against the lofty ideal of the constitution. 6. Casteism is a big hurdle in the way of nation-building and national integration. 7. Casteism creates caste solidarity...
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...Family Ron Swanson Western Washington University The Destruction of the Family Throughout history, societies that valued traditional marriage and sexual abstinence were able to remain fundamentally strong and have flourished. Once a society decides to abandon these simple principles, destruction inevitably follows. J. Unwin (1934) wrote, “In human records, there is no instance of a society retaining its energy after a complete new generation has inherited a tradition which does not insist on prenuptial and postnuptial continence” (Unwin, 1934, p. 174). In today’s society, family and marriage are not defined by the traditional definition handed down through several millennia of history; rather the definition has been warped, and a new unstable version of the family has been accepted by our society. Traditional marriage is by its nature, the foundation of the family. The family is the building block of society, and marriage is the basis of the family. The devaluation of the conventional family, and more specifically, the destruction of traditional marriage by divorce, can have no other outcome but the destruction of our society. There are many reasons to evaluate why we have arrived at this state in our society: the growth of consumerism and commercialism, influence of Hollywood over our lives, the decline of religiosity in the United States, the decline of the social order and neighborhood relationships. All of these reasons are legitimate causes for the decay of our society...
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...al The cultural, political and legal environment of international business Abstract A study of the elements of a domestic market and those of an international market may reveal many crucial differences, especially political, legal and cultural differences. For example, the "rules of the game” of business in the international market are diverse, changeable and often unclear. The international firm may have to content with different legal and ethical standards in different host countries. In this paper the parameters of the political, legal, and the cultural environment of international business will be considered, The paper also relates how political, legal, and cultural incidents or situations may become roadblocks to the smooth operation of business ventures in foreign countries. Misunderstandings and breakdown in communication often arise from differences in perception by executives who are not from the same cultural, legal and political background. International investors need to know what elements in a foreign culture have the greatest influence over consumption patterns in general and particularly the consumption behaviour to their specific product. By reflecting on the language, religion, demography, climate, values and beliefs, education, labour, roles of women, family, ethnic groups and other similar elements, the international business person will be able to, not only participate in the international economy with a better perception of the situation, but also be able...
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...Introduction Population education which emerged as an educational innovation in response to population problems only about four decades ago, is now being experimented in over a hundred countries of the world in non-too-uniform a manner. It has been introduced in the education systems of different countries as an important component of the multi-pronged strategy employed to help nations attain the goals of population stabilisation and sustainable development. Very few educational programmes have matched its pace of expansion and adopted such varied conceptual frameworks and strategies of curriculum transaction. Perhaps no other educational concept has experienced such frequent changes in its framework and been subjected to so many misunderstandings as the concept of population education. This has been so because of not only the nature of the context in which it emerged but also its newness and its complex characteristics. The Context The concept of population education emerged in the context of population and development - the two most pressing issues before humankind today. Both are closely interrelated and both encompass a number of complex factors. Viewed as an epiphenomenon of the process of development, population issues have aroused widespread concern among almost all the members of the comity of nations. There have been undaunted endeavours to accelerate the pace of socioeconomic development through the instrumentalities of science and technology and to secure distributive...
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...The Impact of Fatherless Children Alexander Ontiverios Essay Report The last several decades have seen an alarming trend of increasing father absence or fatherlessness. Fatherlessness is widely recognized as a contributing factor to a myriad of social maladies in the United States. Father absence has been a subject of heated debate and the center of countless surveys, focus groups and opinion polls. There are some who disagree as to exactly how culpable absent fathers are for many of the social ills we’re seeing in our society today, but there’s no denying it is a problem. This paper will endeavor to show that in spite of often heroic efforts by single mothers to rear their children as productive members of society, there is an overwhelming amount of data indicating fatherlessness as a significant factor of violent crime, educational under-achievement, high rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), teenage pregnancy and behavioral disorders and it is vital that children have a father proactively involved in their lives wherever possible. Arguably the most desperate reason for fathers to engage in a positive way in their children’s lives is reflected in the statistics of violent crime. The young men of society today are growing up without fathers to guide them and teach them right from wrong. This has produced a generation of young men who are astonishingly angry. According to a report by Criminal Justice and Behavior, “Eighty percent of rapists motivated by...
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...Introduction Some would argue that racism does not exist today, this is not an attempt to prove anything of the contrary, instead this is an attempt to understand racism and where it comes from. Although racism lives within the hearts and minds of some people it is much more cleverly disguised, some may not even notice it right in front of their face. For some, it may be a fact that they have not experienced racism, however for others, racism has a great impact on daily life. . Due to the complexity of the human mind, I believe that it would be impossible to find one single cause of racism. This is merely an attempt to discover some contributing factors to racism and why so many people tend to accept racism either consciously or sub consciously. Finally, from an objective perspective, this research will explain how racism develops through various ideas and why. Within these pages we will explore the possible causes of racism such as ethnocentrism, or the idea that one ethnic group is more superior to another. Xenophobia, fear and dislike of people from other countries or cultures is another contributing factor to racism. National pride can be a source of unity but also an excuse to discriminate against others, by holding the belief that your nation is better than other nations. We will explore some theories related to racism such as the idea that sexual repression is to blame for violence. Also exploring the theory of energetic fields as a possible explanation...
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...structures to the identity of real society. 2. Achievements: In the 2nd & 3rd cen, Christianity succeeded in penetrating the dominant Roman-Hellenistic culture. Although, the Church is subjected to persecutions, she nevertheless became the greatest creative force in the culture of the Roman world. Important figures & events: 1. The blood of the Martyrs – Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp of Smyrna & Justin Martyr. 2. The great teachers – Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Origen and Cyprian (research on this…) who defended the faith against heresies, e.g., Gnosticism. 3. Development of an alternative form of discipleship thru life of renunciation & contemplation (monks of the desert in Egypt). 4. Retreat: the phase of cultural retreat & disintegration hardly exists in the first age. However, Emperor Diocletian (d 305) started a general persecution but it ended up in the Church’s triumph. 1. The Second Age: The Christian Empire (325-640) 1. Growth: The “conversion” of Emperor Constantine (312) and the foundation of the new capital of the Christian Empire, Constantinople (now, the Turkish city of Istanbul). Constantine gathered the bishops in a first general council (Nicea 325). The bishop of Rome assumed more and more control over the West, which explains the development of the papacy. Towards the end of the century, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the “official” religion of the empire (380). This marked the beginning of...
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...individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interests.” Examples of nationalism: Germany, Japan in WWII, Greece, Russia, to get modern… Where has nationalism led to? War! Immigration: The first wave of immigration...
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...Term paper On Human trafficking Course: Composition & Communication English (102) Submitted to: Muhammad zakaria Submitted by: # Kh.Hasan Al Mehedy Id: 2012-1-10-219 # Imtiaz Ahmed Id: 2012-1-10-201 # Syed Ahmed Sohom Id: 2012-1-10-193 Letter of Authorization Letter of Authorization 12 November 12 Student of Composition & Communication Skill Fall 2012 East West University Plot: A/2, Jahurul Islam City, Aftabnagar Dhaka-1212 Dear Student, As a part of your Composition & Communication Skill course, you are hereby assigned a group report based on human trafficking in your eng-102 course. Assigned report must follow the standard system and methodology and should contain accurate data. This is a group task. You should form a group consisting of at least 3 but no more than 5 people. The university will appreciate any additional benefit that can be obtained from your report. You are required to submit the report on or before December 18, 2012. I wish you best of luck. Sincerely ………………….. Muhammad Zakaria (Lecturer) Department of English East West University Letter of Transmittal 20 November 2012 Muhammad Zakaria Lecturer Department of English East West University Plot: A/2, Jahurul Islam City, Aftabnagar Dhaka-1212 Subject: Submission of term paper on Human Trafficking. Dear Sir, We are the students of ENG-102 of your section 16. You permitted us to conduct a group report based on Human Trafficking...
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...Was permissive legislation in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s a response to social change or did it create it? In 1959, six years before becoming Labour’s Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins said that ‘the state should not impinge excessively on peoples private lives and personal morality’. Permissiveness is routed in this idea of a new relationship between society and the individual, representing ‘striking changes in public and private morals’. According to Andrews, social change began in 1956 with a ‘class initiative’, caused by rapidly growing affluence. The affluence of the 1950s is proven by the proportion of homeowners in England and Wales rising from 31% to 44% between 1951-60, representing vast economic growth. Many politicians, particularly those on the Left, believed that ‘the affluent society was directly responsible for the permissive society’. Rising affluence occurred amid the re-emergence of Conservative values in the post-World War Two period, with Brown claiming that ‘the 1950s were about perfecting Victorian values’. The conservatism of the 1950s gave the 1960s a cause for rebellion, creating the unique conditions for permissive legislation to be passed. This paper will focus on acts passed between 1967-1970, including the Abortion, NHS (Family Planning) and the Sexual Offences Acts of 1967, the Divorce Reform Acts (1969), and in 1970 the Matrimonial Property Act. These permissive acts symbolised the breakdown of Victorian and Christian morals, particularly surrounding...
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...Israel is a interesting country with a very rich history and cultural background. What makes Israel even more amazing is what it has had to endure during its relatively short existence. The modern State of Israel has only existed for approximately 67 years yet those 6 decades are defined by constant warfare and conflict with neighboring countries. This constant state of conflict has far reaching implications on the culture of Israel. Another aspect of Israel that contributes to its culture, is the large immigrant population that it contains. Many Israelis are Jewish immigrants who returned to their homeland to avoid persecution or to strive for a better life. Israel's history of conflict along with its high immigrant population both contribute greatly to how parents raise their children in the country. This paper will present and discuss several studies which help to demonstrate how Israel's unique culture, specifically considering its ongoing state of conflict and high immigrant population, contribute to the parenting practices and beliefs that are found in the country. Israeli values play a large role in the thought process behind how children are raised in the country. Miri Scharf (Seline, 2014) discusses how Israeli parenting practices are a combination of both collectivistic and western individualistic approaches. Traditional collectivist values include having sensitivity to others, obedience, and feeling of obligation. Individualistic values stress the importance of self-reliance...
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...allotment of this topic. Contents S. No. Topic Page 1. Abbreviations 2. Table of Cases 3. Table of Statutes 4. Research Methodology 5. Introduction 6. Jurisprudential Study 7. Analysis on Indian Legal Provisions 8. Comparative Study 9. Conclusion 10. Suggestions 11. Bibliography Table of Abbreviations Sr.No Keyword Meaning 1 SC Supreme Court 2 HC High Court 3 IPC Indian Penal Code 4 Sec Section 5 v versus 6 www World wide web 7 i.e That is 8 etc Etcetera Table of Cases and Statutes Case Laws 1) Naz Foundation v Government of NCT of Delhi 2) Smt. Sarla v Mahendra Kumar 3) K.A. Abbas v Union of India 4) Aruna Shanbaug v Union of India 5) Ram Chandra Bhagat v State of Jharkhand 6) D. Veluswamy v D.Patchaiammal Acts/Conventions 1) The Indian Penal Code, 1860 2) The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 3) Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 1973 4)...
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...Chapter 15 Study Guide In 1200, the Middle East and north Africa were dominated by two powerful empires: Byzantine and Islamic caliphate. By 1400, this structure was in disarray: • Byzantine was in decline, pressed by invading Ottoman Turks. Constantinople fell to Turks in 1453, ending empire. • By 1200s, the Muslims had fallen to Mongols. Arabs never able to unite the entire region again. Decline of Islamic caliphate: decline of caliphate and its economy was gradual and incomplete – not at all like the dramatic fall of Rome • authority of caliphate declined, landlords seized power, peasants became serfs on large estates • agricultural productively declined, tax revenues declined • Arab and Middle Eastern traders lose ground: European merchants began to exercise control of their turf and challenge the Arabs in other parts of the Mediterranean. Still, Arab and Persian commerce remained active in Indian Ocean. • The emerging Ottoman Turks expanded into southeastern Europe, and the power (both politically and militarily) was frightening to other people in other areas, such as western Europe. A Power Vacuum in International Leadership • Turkish rulers unable to reestablish Islamic position in international trade. Turks scornful of Arabs (though both were Muslim), did not promote trade, especially maritime trade, as vigorously as in past. • Turkic expansion was important well into 17th century, but real focus was on conquest...
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...power; their words could not be reversed, they led armies and workers. Everyone in the city aided the king showing the amount of power in the rule. This shows hierarchy existed back then with the kings at the very top and workers being under the rulings of the king. There were the elites at the top, dependent commoners as the elite's assistants , free commoners as the farmers and fisherman, and the slaves who built palaces and did as officials asked them to do. How did Hammurabi’s empire maintain in order and how did Hammurabi gain power from other city states? Describe Hammurabi's code and if the laws were fair or unjust. Hammurabi’s empire gained control of other city-states using military power. Hammurabi established a new capital at Babylon and called himself “The Sun of Babylon”. Although he may be named the man of war, he was also called the man of peace. After Hammurabi’s death weak kings were unable to keep his empire united and fell to invaders. Hammurabi is known for his law code and revealed a society with a strict justice. There were some flaws like if a lower classman offended someone they were punished more severely than if an upper classman offended someone. Another downside to Hammurabi’s code was the husband could divorce the woman if she was unable to bear any children. Hammurabi’s code and rule were strict and unfair yet his Empire flourished and was unable to be maintained by other kings. Describe the cultivation of writing and sciences in Mesopotamian culture...
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