...Definition Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the person's own body, to replace the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be re-grown from the person's own cells (stem cells, or cells extracted from the failing organs). Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called auto grafts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allograft. Allograft can either be from a living or cadaveric source. Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. Organ donors may be living, brain dead, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation raises a...
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...tissue donation offer the gift of life however, many factors such as family, religion, and public attitudes influence the decision of organ donation. The origins of organ donation arose with several experimental transplants. The first successful transplant was a bone transplant in 1878, which used a bone from a cadaver (“Understanding Donation”). By 1954, Dr. Joseph E. Murray performed the first successful kidney transplant in Boston (“History of Organ Transplantation”). Since then, medical science has concentrated on organ donation as a way of replacing a recipient's dysfunctional organ with that of a healthy donor organ. It was not until 1967 that the first successful heart transplant took place. With this new development, the donor card was established as a legal document the next year (“History of Organ Transplantation”). In 1984, National Organ Transplant Act was passed; this established the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network. This fundamentally guaranteed fairness in distribution of donated organs (“Donation and Transplantation”). Three years later a new drug to suppress the immune system was developed, but was not approved until 1994. The donation process differs for the type of organ being donated, and whether or not the...
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...not understand the facts. Some do not realize the vast numbers on waiting lists and how simply becoming a donor could save the life of another. Others may be apprehensive about making a decision about their bodies after death. In this paper we explain the origins and history of organ donation, the process by which organs are donated, the ethical implications behind organ donation and discuss many of the proposed solutions to solve the organ shortage issue. HISTORY OF ORGAN DONATION The origins of organ donation arose with several experimental transplants. The first successful transplant was a bone transplant in 1878, which used a bone from a cadaver. (14) Experimentally, bone marrow transplants began by giving patients bone marrow orally after meals to cure leukemia. This had no effect, but later when they used intravenous injections to treat aplastic anemia, there was some effect (14). One development that largely aided organ donation was the discovery of blood groups in the early 20th century. The first recorded kidney transplant was in 1909 and was a rabbit kidney inserted into a child suffering from kidney failure. The child died after two weeks (8). The first human to human kidney transplantation was in 1936 and failed. The first successful kidney transplant wasn't until 1954 and was between two identical twins. Soon after, heart transplants began,...
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...School of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences SEMESTER: 2 INTAKE: JANUARY 2012 NBNS3504 COURSE: BACHELOR OF NURSING SCIENCE WITH HONOURS COURSE TITLE: RENAL NURSING CONTENTS NO | TITLE | PAGES | 1 | INTRODUCTION * URINARY SYSTEM * WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? | 3 | 2 | RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY * HEAMODIALYSIS * PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 4 - 7 | 3 | RENAL TRANSPLANTATION * TRANSPLANT PROCEDURE * TISSUE TYPING * CONTRAINDICATION OF TRANSPLANTATION * TYPES OF TRANSPLANT * DONOR WORK UP * RECIPIENT WORK UP | 8 - 14 | 4 | PRE OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 14 - 15 | 5 | INTRA OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 | 6 | POST OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 - 17 | 7 | COMPLICATIONS OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT | 17 - 18 | 8 | NURSING PROCESS | 18 - 21 | 9 | HEALTH EDUCATION FOR PATIENT | 22 | 10 | CONCLUSION | 23 | 11 | REFERENCES | 24 | INTRODUCTION URINARY SYSTEM The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary blabber and urethra. The kidneys produce the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system. The ureters convey the urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, which is a temporary reservoir for the urine. The urethra is a tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to outside of the body. WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? * Remove extra water. * Remove waste products. * Balance chemicals in the body. * Help control blood pressure. * Help make red blood cell. ...
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...donated include kidneys , heart, lungs, and liver 2. Other parts include the pancreas , bone, bone marrow, and cornea 3. Medline plus says “organs from a single donor can help up to 50 different people. B. A transplant is usually the last course of action in the treatment of a patient, but if the patient is willing and able, it can be a good option. 1. Last year almost 29,000 lives in the United States were saved through organ transplant. 2. Almost 100,000 people, including over 2000 Maryland residents, are currently waiting for life – saving organ transplants. 3. Sadly, due to critical shortages of organs, many people will not get a second chance at life. C. United Network for Organ Sharing or UNOS has a database with all transplant patients awaiting organs and information on all organ transplant centers around the country, and the board of directors D. Strange fact about those who are accepted to be a donor. 1. Brain dead patients on life support are acceptable 2. A match is made when both the donor and the recipient have the same blood and tissue type. 3. Depends on how long the recipient has been waiting. Transition: Now that you’ll know what an organ donor is and how it works a little brief history should make it more interesting. II. The transplantation of organs history could be rather lengthy A. Evidence for transplants of tissue and organs has been found since before Christ. 1. In an article about Progress in Transplantation it says that “Hindu texts from...
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...AUTISTIC SELF ADVOCACY NETWORK POLICY BRIEF • MARCH 2013 Organ Transplantation and People with I/DD: A Review of Research, Policy and Next Steps Ari Ne’eman, Autistic Self Advocacy Network Steven Kapp, University of California, Los Angeles Caroline Narby, Autistic Self Advocacy Network Introduction Since organ transplantation was introduced as a viable treatment option, people with disabilities have faced significant barriers to accessing the life-saving procedure. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibited discrimination on the basis of disability by entities receiving federal funds, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 extended this protection more broadly across other areas of society. However, it has historically been difficult to enforce federal civil rights law within the area of medical decision-making. Due to the lack of medical knowledge on the part of the average patient or family member, people with I/DD often face little recourse when denied transplantation or even referral for consideration for such a procedure. In the last twenty years, some progress has been made on this issue, yet the need for further action on the part of activists and policymakers remains exceptionally clear. Background … it has historically been difficult to enforce federal civil rights law within the area of medical decision-making. People with I/DD and Organ Transplantation: A History of Discrimination In 1995, Sandra Jensen, a 34-year old woman...
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...save other lives as well. “One woman made the decision to become a donor when she heard our story,” says Shutong’smother. “We are so grateful.” B. Tie to Audience- Someone on the 10,000 donor list maybe someone you know either a relative or family member C. Thesis and Preview- Today I would like to talk to you about the need of organs in our country, how you may become an organ donor, finally how you’re family and the organ recipient’s benefit from your donation. [Transition: Organ donors] II. Body- It may be your next door neighbor or even a close relative that may need a donation. 1. In 1902, the first kidney transplant experiments on animal at the Vienna Medical School. 2. Dr. James W. West made medical history when he helped perform the world’s first human organ transplant in 1950 at Little Company of Mary Hospital in Evergreen Park on a woman in desperate need of a kidney 3. On December 23 the first successful living-related kidney transplant directed by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at...
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...Due to the high shortage of organ, dozens of people life leading into a search for other alternative or pathway such as dialysis. Consequently, this kind of alternative methods has been able to provide practical solutions to this and other organ donation-related problems around the world (Wendy, 2005). The shortage of organs has deprived many patients of quality and better way of life. This paper provides a brief history of the organ donation, pros, and cons, statistics of organ donation, myths surrounding organ donation, organ donation-related issues and as well as the solutions and recommendations. Organ Donation Proposal History of Organ Donation Organ donations started back on 1954 Professor Joseph Murray surgeon who performed the first successful kidney transplant. That year Dr. Joseph Murray won Nobel Prize for his incredible and outstanding work. Luckily the donor was an identical twin of the recipient, and there was no strong rejection at all. The patient or the kidney recipient lived for eight more years. The second challenges of organ transplantation were the first case of heart transplant receiver who lived for only 18 days and...
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...disease. In the United States, sickle cell disease is most prevalent among African Americans. About one in 12 African Americans and about one in 100 Hispanic Americans carry the sickle cell trait, which means they are carriers of the disease. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Red blood cells with normal hemoglobin (hemoglobin-A) are smooth and round and glide through blood vessels. In people with sickle cell disease, abnormal hemoglobin molecules - hemoglobin S - stick to one another and form long, rod-like structures. These structures cause red blood cells to become stiff, assuming a sickle shape. Their shape causes these red blood cells to pile up, causing blockages and damaging vital organs and tissue. Sickle cells are destroyed rapidly in the bodies of people with the disease, causing anemia. This anemia is what gives the disease its commonly known name - sickle cell anemia. The sickle cells also block the flow of blood through vessels, resulting in lung tissue damage that causes acute chest syndrome, pain episodes, stroke and priapism (painful, prolonged erection). It also causes damage to the spleen, kidneys and liver. The damage to the spleen makes patients - especially young children - easily overwhelmed by...
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...will be accepted or denied for listing based on established absolute or relative exclusion criteria. PROCEDURE: 1. An application for transplant may be initiated by referrals such as physicians, healthcare facilities or by patient self-referral. (Minimal referral information needed includes: Demographics, complete insurance information, contact numbers, emergency contact, and height and weight) 2. After completing the application, the patient must sign a release of information. A signed recommendation is also needed. The transplant financial coordinator will verify financial reimbursement prior to the scheduling of the transplant. 3. The patient’s medical records and history will be requested. (Minimal referral information needed includes: most recent History and Physical (addresses history of lung disease, cancer and heart disease), most recent labs, psychosocial assessment, and BMI. 4. Obvious medical and psychosocial barriers to transplant will be assessed prior to a work-up. A patient may be excluded from transplant work-up based on established absolute contraindications or evident inability to actively complete evaluation. A. Absolute Contraindications for transplant include: 1. Active cancer 2. Heart Attack 3. Liver disease 4. Primary etiology of renal disease: a. Primary oxalosis b. Primary amyloidosis 5. Alcoholism, or psychosis 6. Symptomatic...
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...I was born in April. Which was a surprise to my mother because I was expected to be born mid June. Being almost two months early, I was very premature. My lungs were underdeveloped and I couldn’t breathe properly. The doctors had me on all sorts of medication, hooked up to machines, but I wasn’t responding to anything. Eventually they told my parents that if I didn’t improve, I would be put on a waitlist for a lung transplant. Thankfully, my condition improved, and it wasn’t necessary. But I was *this* close, and had I not recovered, the only way I would be alive right now is if somebody had donated their lungs. We’ve heard stories like this before, but it is difficult to grasp the reality of how serious situations like this are. That is, until we realize it could actually happen to anybody. Your mom, your dad, your brother, your sister, even you. It almost happened to me. That’s why today, my central concern is organ donation; or more specifically, the lack thereof. The lack of organ donors has become a significant problem, and more people need to be taking action to put an end to it. There are so many people that could potentially be alive today if they had received organs in time. According to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, over 121,000 in the U.S. are still waiting (optn.transplant.hrsa.gov). Instead of letting that number increase, we have the power to diminish it. To do this we need to understand the problem. We will do this by looking at what causes...
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...diomyopathy Topic presentation on Cardiomyopathy Topic presentation on Cardiomyopathy INDEX S.N | CONTENT | PG.NO | 1 | Introduction | 5 | 2 | Definition Cardiomyopathy | 5 | 3 | Classification | 6 | 4 | Risk Factors | 7 | 5 | Clinical Manifestations | 7 | 6 | Diagnostic Evaluation | 7-9 | 7 | Dilated CardiomyopathyDefinition,Charecteristics,Types , Causes,Diagnostic Evaluation,Pathophysiology,Clinical Manifestations,Medical Management | 10-17 | 8 | Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyIncidence,Causes,Charecteristics,Clinical Manifestations,Medical And Nursing Management | 18-21 | 9 | Restrictive Cardiomyopathy-Other Names,Causes,Pathophysiology,Clinical Manifestations,Diagnostic Evaluation,Medical Management | 23-26 | 10 | Surgical management | 27-32 | 11 | Prevention | | 12 | Nursing Management,Home Care Management | 32-40 | 13 | Complications | 40-42 | 14 | Conclusion | 42 | 15 | Research Abstract | 42-43 | 16 | References | 44 | GENERAL OBJECTIVE: On completion of the course the students aquires indepth knowledge regarding cardiomyopathy and able to apply this knowledge with a positive attitude. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: On completion of the course the students are able to ...
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...SEATTLE UNIVERSITY IMMUNIZATION RECORD PART I Name Address Date of Entry ____/_____ Date of Birth _____/_____/_____ School ID# ________________________________________ Mo Yr Mo Day Yr PART II - TO BE COMPLETED AND SIGNED BY YOUR HEALTH CARE PROVIDER OR A COPY OF YOUR OFFICIAL IMMUNIZATION HISTORY (Please fill out Part I if you are attaching photocopied records).All information must be in English. REQUIRED IMMUNIZATIONS 1. M.M.R. (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) (Two doses required at least 28 days apart for students born after 1956 and all health care professional students.) A. Dose 1 given at age 12-15 months or later.…………………………………………………………….#1 ____/____/____ Mo Day Yr B. Dose 2 given at age 4-6 years or later, and at least one month after first dose ………………..………#2 ____/____/____ Mo Day Yr OR C. MMR surface antibody Result Reactive _____ Non-reactive _____.………………… .____/____/____ ...
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...Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is a recessive, genetic illness, which affects the work of lungs, liver, intestine, and pancreas. This disease causes malfunctioning of the chloride and sodium transportation across the body and results in the thick and viscous secretions. Nowadays, cystic fibrosis affects thousands of people, especially in Europe and the US. Although, cystic fibrosis is a rare disease, it is quickly spreading all over the world and leads to the general shortage of life. In fact, it is a serious disease, which calls for an immediate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. History of the Disease Cystic fibrosis was discovered in the first half of the 20th century. However, without doubts, it emerged thousands of years before. The researchers surmise that cystic fibrosis appeared about 3000 BC, as a result of migration and gene mutation. During the 16-17th centuries, the salty taste of the skin (which is the symptom of cystic fibrosis) was considered a sign of bewitchment. Dr. Dorothy Andersen was the very first to describe the peculiarities and main characteristics of this disease. Before that investigation, the humanity had already known some facts and elements of cystic fibrosis. The reason for such late examination of this disease can be explained with the lack of required tools and means. Even nowadays, there are still many researches, aiming at providing objective information about cystic fibrosis and applying to the methods of the newborn and antenatal...
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...hundred years. The first case reported in America was by Dr. James Herrick with a 20-year-old student patient from West Indies (Desai, 2004). The prevalence of this disease in the United State is around 1 in 5,000. Most patients are descendents of Sub-Saharan Africans. Every 1 out of 500 African Americans is born with this disease. Sickle cell is caused by hemoglobin S – an abnormal type of hemoglobin. This hemoglobin is a protein that carrying oxygen inside the red blood cells. However, hemoglobin S is abnormal and can change the shape of the red blood cell to a crescent- or sickle-like shape. Normal red blood cells are disc-shaped and can move easily through blood vessels. The normal red blood cells’ function is to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body (“What Is Sickle Cell Anemia?”). Sickle-shaped red blood cells, on the other hand, are stiff and sticky; they move very slowly and difficultly through the blood vessels. These troubled cells can cause pain, infection and organ damages because they cannot perform the basic functions as do by the normal red blood cells (“What Is Sickle Cell Anemia?”). Sickle cell disease is a recessive genetic disease inherited from parents. However, only both parents with sickle cell genes can produce a child with sickle cell disease. A sickle cell disease patient must inherited two sickle cell genes from each parent. A person has only one sickle cell gene inherited from one parent is said to have a sickle cell trait. A person with...
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