...and things emerging in that special period. "ANTIGONE" and "The King is Dancing" are two wonderful videos which can show those changes in ancient Western World. First of all, I will talk about the "ANTIGONE". It is a video that can give us some information of ancient Greek. Polyneices and Eteocles, two brothers leading opposite sides in Thebes' civil war, have both been killed in battle. Creon, the new ruler of Thebes, has declared that Eteocles will be honored and Polyneices disgraced. The rebel brother's body will not be sanctified by holy rites, and will lay unburied to become the food of carrion animals. Antigone and Ismene are the sisters of the dead brothers. Antigone wants to bury Polyneices' body, in defiance of Creon's edict. Ismene refuses to help her, fearing the death penalty, but she is unable to dissuade Antigone from going to do the deed by herself. A Sentry enters, fearfully reporting that the body has been buried to Creon. When, Creon knows Antigone do that, he is very angry, and imprisons Antigone in a cave. Antigone is fiancee of Creon's son. Therefore, his son kills himself after he begged his father but did not success. Creon's wife knows her son's dead feels very sad, and kills herself, too. At that time, Creon blames himself for everything that has happened, and, a broken man, he asks his servants to help him inside. The order he valued so much has been protected, and he is still the king, but he has acted against the gods and lost his child and his wife...
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...RISE OF THE NATION STATE State, Nation, and Nation-state The present-day layout of the world’s political map is a product of humanities endless politico-geographic accommodations and adjustments. A mosaic of more than 200 states and territories separated by boundaries makes the world looks like a jigsaw puzzle. Human territoriality refers to a country’s (or more local community’s) sense of property and attachment toward its territory, expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and defended. A state is a politically organized territory, administered by a government, and recognized by the international community. A state must also contain a permanent population, an organized economy, and a functioning internal circulation system (infrastructure). Since certain countries have internal divisions, the solution is to capitalize “State” (e.g. State of Florida, State of Uttar Pradesh India)). When used for the formally independent political units, the term country and state are interchangeable. A nation, by contrast, is a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, religion, ethnicity, and/or other shared cultural attributes. Theoretically, a nation-state is a recognized country possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation. In only a handful of countries do state territories largely coincide with the distribution of people who feel they are part of one nation. Iceland, Portugal, Denmark, and Poland are...
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...centuries, monarchs and rulers sought to increase their power both domestically within their own states and internationally by adding to their territories and populations. Both in merging their power internally and expanding their power externally, they employed three features of state-building: control, extraction, and integration. In the late 1700s, both the Industrial revolution and French revolution of 1789 strengthened the awareness in European minds not just that Europeans were different from the rest of the world, but also that Europeans were “progressing” promptly while the rest of the world seemed to be deteriorating, that Europeans were somehow exceptional—better, even—than the rest. Nineteenth century...
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...impossible to police and tax the population effectively. Local power structures that held legal privileges, such as nobles, the church, provincial and other national assemblies, town councils, and guilds, could not easily be rescinded. Many people also spoke a language different from that of the Crown, further decreasing their willingness to obey its commands. 4. The Thirty Years War began as a religious civil war between...
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...CHAPTER 24 TEST QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Luther’s initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was a. his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church. b. the sale of indulgences. c. his time spent in England during the English Reformation. d. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism. e. the influence of John Calvin. 2. The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was a. John Calvin. b. Erasmus. c. Voltaire. d. Martin Luther. e. Henry VIII. 3. The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the a. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. b. threat posed by Islam. c. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. d. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter’s basilica. 4. Which one of the following was not one of Luther’s problems with the Roman Catholic church? a. the selling of indulgences b. pluralism c. absenteeism d. the immense wealth of the Catholic church e. the church’s decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages 5. Who said, “I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one’s conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other.”? a. Martin Luther b. Jesus c. John Calvin d. Sima Qian e. Henry VIII 6. In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying...
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...and allowing for peaceful and steady changes of government. The foundations of modern-day democracy can be found in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the popularity of enlightenment ideals and the rise of an intellectual community that gave way to a growing criticism of absolute governments. All across Europe and even the Americas, dissatisfaction with the government grew as increased taxes and isolation from the ruling classes led to poverty, and ultimately revolts and disturbances targeted towards the absolute monarchies. In Switzerland and the Austrian Netherlands, urban radicals rejected the authority of Emperor Joseph II in Vienna. The American Revolution began with the colonial elite dissatisfaction with the government in London, while Britain and France had a succession of absolutist leaders who refused to share governing rights. The abuse and misuse of power by absolute monarchs inexorably led to the rise of modern democracy, as evident in the gradual decrease of monarchal power in Britain, and the French and American revolutions. The rise of democracy in Britain was a gradual change in power spanning multiple centuries and royal families. The ideals of democracy can be traced back to the Magna Carta, a charter that notorious absolute monarch King John of England was forced to sign in 1215, which introduced rights such as habeas corpus and the right for nobles to be...
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...French power Around this time both French and English power became two very different city states. The English went the route of a constitutional monarchy with their Kings being a symbol of power but still kept in check by parliament and the rights of its subjects. In the meantime the French model went the route of a full monarchy where the Kings power was considered absolute as they were thought to have been chosen by gods will to rule its subjects and thus were above everyone else. The divine right of king’s theory as it was known gave the kings a kind of sanctity to which the kings often exploited in order to have their commands carried out upon its people. Having recognized that the representative assemblies still maintained some rights the assemblies in this case being deputies from the elites such as the clergy, nobility, and leaders of the cities took power from them and eliminated any interference from the church thus giving the kings full power over all. Once this level of power had been attained it was then a constant power struggle between the monarchy and the papacy. Where the kings insisted they keep a well subdued nation through the power of the pulpits within the church. As the pulpits preached religion so too did they preach submission to civil authority. The monarchy’s ability to appoint heads of the church made it so that the church would remain under their control as well. In 1516 after negotiation with pope Leo X agreed to allow the French king to nominate...
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...Early European Theater • The writings of this period were primarily hymns, sermons and similar theologically oriented works. • Latin became a literary medium. • Major preserves of learning are the monasteries. • 8th century Europe returned to greater stability under the Carolingian kings. ➢ Charles Martel – defeated the Moslems at Tours in 732 AD, through his innovative use of armored horsemen as the principal military force, initiating the development of knighthood. ➢ Charlemagne – extended his realm into the Slavic territories and converting non- Christians on the way. Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope and pronounced him as the successor to Constantine. The scenario was the first attempt to establish the Holy Roman Empire. • Charlemagne’s death caused Europe to break into small units isolated from each other and from the world. • Moslem controlled the Mediterranean and the Vikings, still pagans, conquered the northern seas. Early Middle Ages • Life was relatively simple. • Feudalistic patterns were fully established. ➢ Manor (large estate)- headed by a noble man, assumed absolute authority over the peasants who worked his land collectively. ➢ Vassals – supplies the lords a specified number of knights upon demand and the lords in return were bound to protect their vassals. The Theater (500- 900 AD) • The theater revived during the early Middle Ages. • After the Western Roman...
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...Crescent – an area in the middle and near east: formerly fertile, now partly desert 30. Migration - a number or body of persons or animals migrating together. 31. Environment – the aggregate of surrounding things,conditions,or influences;surroundings; milieu 32. Human interdependence – all humans rely on each other. 33. Natural barriers – a natural limit or boundary of any kind. 34. Drought – a period of dry weather that whithers or kills the crops 35. Famine – extreme hunger or scarce amount of food. 36. Trade interactions -the influence of buying or selling trade with other countries. 37. Resources – a source of supply,support,or aid when specificity needed 38. River valley -a natural stream of water flowing in a valley between two mountains or hills. 39. Dikes – embankment for controlling or holding back the waters of the sea or a river. 40. Communication chain – the act or process of communicating through a chain. 41. Trading network – a net like combination for trading. 42. Nomadic – pertaining to, or characteristic of nomads. 43. Exports – to ship commodities to other countries for trading or...
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...nationalism movements, political philosophies, conferences, alliance systems and conflicts which had an impact on Europe during the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th Centuries.Topics such as the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, the Concert of Europe, and the two world wars will also be discussed. Special emphasis will be placed on the relationship between the rise of liberalism and nationalism, the industrial revolution, and the emergence of modern political systems in Europe. Contents Introduction Chapter 1 Political history of France : Chapter 2 Political history of Germany: Chapter 3 Political history of Great Britain: Chapter 4 Political history of Italy: Chapter 5 Political history of Spain: Introduction In studying political history of European states, we put a focus on the beginning of the 18th century as a starting point in the rise of major European powers in the face of waning non-Western empires, which led to the consequent politicization of the region as a whole, raising the stakes in the division and distribution of resources, areas of influence and geostrategic waterways. During the 18th century, Europe has seen the rise of despotic monarchies in some of the European...
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...brackets, it is only written in there for our pleasure, ignore it if you are looking for actual information. Key: • 7: The Renaissance and Reformation- 1350-1600 UMSUniversal o Georgio Vasari- Rinascita=rebirth (like Renaissance) painter/architect Male Suffrage o Individualism: People sought to receive personal credit for achievements, unlike medieval ideal of “all glory goes to god” Names Ideas o Renaissance: Began in Italian city-states, a cause de invention of the printing press, laid way for Protestant Reformation Events Books/Texts Italy: City states, under HRE (Holy Roman Empire) o For alliances: old nobility vs. wealthy merchants FIGHT P-Prussia Popolo: third class, “the people”, wanted own share of wealth/power R-Russia A-Austria Ciompi Revolts: 1378 Florence, Popolo were revolting [eew], brief period of control over government B-Britain Milan taken over by signor (which is a tyrant) • o Under control of the Condottiero (mercenary) Sforza- Significant because after this, a few wealthy families dominated Venice (e.g. Medici) Humanism: Francesco Petrarch (Sonnets), came up with term “Dark Ages”, began to study classical world of rhetoric and literature Cicero: Important Roman, provided account of collapse of Roman Republic [like Edward Gibbon], invented Ciceronian style: Latin style of writing which humanists followed • [Even though they weren’t in Rome, Humanists did as the Romans do] Despite being accused...
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...(disambiguation). Page semi-protected French Revolution Anonymous - Prise de la Bastille.jpg Storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789. Date 1789–1799 Location France Participants French society Outcome Abolition of the French monarchy Establishment of a secular and democratic republic that became increasingly authoritarian and militaristic Radical social change based on liberalism and other Enlightenment principles Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Armed conflicts with other European countries Part of a series on the History of France National EmblemNational EmblemNational Emblem Prehistory[show] Ancient[show] Early Middle Ages[show] Middle Ages[show] Early modern[show] 19th century[show] 20th century[show] Portal icon France portal v t e The French Revolution (French: Révolution française) was an influential period of social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of theocracies and absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.[1] The causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians. Following the Seven Years' War and the American...
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... | | |By the end of this lesson, students will be able to: | | |describe the scientific method and its effect on Western Europe | | |distinguish between the scientists Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Harvey and their works | | |compare the political theories of Hobbes and Locke | | |explain how science and philosophy influenced one another during the Enlightenment | | |explain the term enlightened despot, using the model of Frederick II of Prussia | | |Click here for the course glossary | | |Click here for a Timeline of The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution | | |This lesson discusses European society between 1600 and 1800--an era marked by the power of ideas and rational | | |thinking. The term Scientific Revolution is used to describe the growing acceptance and influence of the scientific| | |method and the belief that reason and inquiry can explain and even change the world. The term Enlightenment is | | ...
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...translation of The Law was done by Dean Russell of The Foundation staff. His objective was an accurate rendering of Mr. Bastiat's words and ideas into twentieth century, idiomatic English. A nineteenth century translation of The Law, made in 1853 in England by an unidentified contemporary of Mr. Bastiat, was of much value as a check against this translation. In addition, Dean Russell had his work reviewed by Bertrand de Jouvenel, the noted French economist, historian, and author who is also thoroughly familiar with the English language. While Mr. de Jouvenel offered many valuable corrections and suggestions, it should be clearly understood that Dr. Russell bears full responsibility for the translation. The Law The law perverted! And the police powers of the state perverted along with it! The law, I say, not only turned from its proper purpose but made to follow an entirely contrary purpose! The law become the weapon of every kind of greed! Instead of checking crime, the law itself guilty of the evils it is supposed to punish! If this is true, it is a serious fact, and moral duty requires me to call the attention of my fellowcitizens to it. Life Is a Gift from God We hold from God the gift which includes all others. This gift is life — physical, intellectual, and moral life. But life cannot maintain itself alone. The Creator of life has entrusted us with the responsibility of preserving, developing, and perfecting it. In order that we may accomplish this, He has provided us with a...
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...UOI v R. Gandhi/ Madras Bar Association v UOI, (2010) 2 Comp LJ 577 (SC). Author’s Name: Aditi Tambi Registration Number: 11A008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction………………………………………………………………..2 Rule of Law…………………………………………………………………4 Separation of Power……………………………………………………….6 Development of Tribunalisation in India………………………………..8 UOI v R.Gandhi……………………………………………………………....10 * Facts………………………………………………………………....10 * Issues………………………………………………………………...12 * Contentions of Petitioner………………………………………….12 * Contentions of Respondent………………………………………...13 * Provisions of Law in Question……………………………………...13 * Judgment……………………………………………………………...15 Conclusion………………………………………………………..20 INTRODUCTION The author in the in this project will deal with the case for and against the Tribunalisation of company law in India. The following discussion culminates from the Constitutional Bench Judgment of the Supreme Court that upheld the establishment of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT), in an appeal filed by the Union of India against a Madras High Court judgment. The case in discussion is Union of India v. R. Gandhi / Madras Bar Association v UOI. What was effectively held in the judgment was to uphold the legislative competence of the Parliament to create the NCLT and NCLAT. In the present case, upon recommendations of Eradi Committee, constituted to suggest measures to avoid unnecessary delay in litigation, Parliament...
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