...Scandinavian Culture: Home Exam Antoine LE GOFF HISTORY BOOK: HOW SWEDEN BECAME SWEDISH Table of Contents Introduction 1 Creation of Sweden and its culture 3 17th - 18th century: Swedish culture is born 3 Göticism and Viking heritage: Foundation of the Swedish culure 3 18th Century: the Enlightenment: a new view of the nation 3 19th Century: National Romanticism 3 20th century: Contemporary History 4 The dissolution of the Union 4 The First World War 4 Wellfare system establishment 4 The Second World War 4 The Cold War 5 European Union and Immigration 5 How Sweden Becam Swedish 6 Welfare State 6 Cultural Policy and Propaganda 7 Multi-culturalism 8 Gender Equality 9 Conclusion 11 Introduction The purpose of this essay is to try to understand the Scandinavian culture. To do this, we have to clarify some concepts, like National Identity, Nationalism, culture and Swedishness, in order to understand the connection between those, and finally expose more easely the following arguments. Those concepts can be seen as pretty dimness and deep, so we have to treat those with caution. In fact, if we start with Nationalism, many theorists tried to counteract the three paradoxes this concept bring : objective modernity vs. subjective antiquity, socio-cultural concept vs. concrete manifestations and 'political' power vs. philosophical poverty. Therefore, we see that Nationalism involve multiple frameworks, like history, culture, social...
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...to the arrival, beginning in the early seventeenth century, of French settlers to Acadia and the St. Lawrence River Valley, English settlers to Newfoundland, the British conquest of New France in 1759, and the ensuing dominance of French and British culture in the gradual development of both an imperial and a national identity. Throughout the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, First Nations played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, from their role in assisting exploration of the continent, the fur trade and inter-European power struggles to the creation of the Métis people. Carrying through the 20th century and to the present day, Canadian aboriginal art and culture continues to exert a marked influence on Canadian identity. The question of Canadian identity was traditionally dominated by three fundamental themes: first, the often conflicted relations between English Canadians and French Canadians stemming from the French Canadian imperative for cultural and linguistic survival; secondly, the generally close ties between English Canadians and the British Empire, resulting in a gradual political process towards complete independence from the imperial power, and, finally, the close proximity of English-speaking Canadians to the military, economic and cultural powerhouse of the United States. With the gradual loosening of political and cultural ties to Britain in the twentieth century, immigrants from Europe, Asia, Africa and the Caribbean have reshaped...
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... The amendments of the early 20th century were a crucial breeding ground for the development of how government and citizens saw their roles. Religious groups and women preached toward anti-alcoholic sentiments and brought about the 18th amendment. Many states prior to this had already banned alcohol sales and it was considered a state matter that government shouldn’t interfere with. This amendment, although morally right, was more of a volatile infringement on American standards that had been around since the Mayflower. Government officials ended up accepting bribes, alcohol that was sold illegally often killed buyers from poisonous elements used in home distillery, and the mafia began to establish stronger footholds...
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...in this project is from year 2005. Why did I choose this topic? Watching half of my classmates applying in foreign universities and many of my friends and family choosing to live abroad in order to have “better life” made me wonder what the reasons behind the migrations are. I was interested in the scientific explanation behind the migration processes. This paper gave me the opportunity to understand the incentives behind people’s decisions and the main reasons, pushing people from our own country. And even if I didn’t choose the case of Spain for my topic it proved to be a very interesting one. I learned many new things while writing this paper and it was really interesting to read all this information about immigrants and their reasons to go to Spain and not some other country. I. Introduction 1. The term immigration and the general theories behind it...
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...Union oriented, mainly in Great Britain the U.S.A in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, as, associations of workers using the same skill. There is no connection between trade unions and medieval craft guilds, for the latter were composed of master craftsmen who owned capital and often employer several workers. The early unions were formed a partly as social clubs but soon became increasingly concerned with improving wages and working conditions, primarily by the device of collective bargaining. Progressing from trade to trade within the same city or area, the clubs formed local associations which, because they carried on their main activities on a purely local level, were almost self-sufficient. With industrial development, however, local associations sooner or later followed the expansion of production beyond the local market and developed into national unions of the same trade. These in turn formed national union federations. Labor group tried hard and soul for establishing their rights. As a result, law was passed in many countries in favor of trade union. In 1836 the trade union commotion was found in Brussels, which is treated as INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF TRADE UNION. |Year/period |Incidents | |18th century |The origins of trade unions can be traced back to 18th century Britain, where the rapid expansion of industrial society | ...
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...Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Background • June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in “White” section of the East Louisiana Railroad • Considered black despite of his light complexion • He was “creole”- black person w/ background of French, Spanish & Caribbean • Violated 13th & 14th amendment Decision • The precedent that “separate” facilities for blacks & whites were constitutional as long as they were “equal” • This satisfies the 14th amendment • Facilities were always inferior to whites( restrooms, theaters, public schools) Chapter 3: Industrialization, Workers, & New Immigration Industrial Revolution • 18th and 19th century • Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport & technology • Marks turning point in human...
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...butter,” stated one subject while another maintained that the only ‘true’ approach was to serve lefse with sugar and cinnamon. Beyond the prevailing passionate opinions on how the dish should be prepared, lefse exists also as evidence of a dynamic relationship between food, female identity and the immigrant experience. Customarily produced by the women of Norwegian-American immigrant communities, passed on from generation to...
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...in other languages or novelists who are not primarily British where appropriate. Portrait of Samuel Richardson by Joseph Highmore.National Portrait Gallery, Westminster, England. Contents [hide] 1 Early novels in English 2 Romantic period 3 Victorian novel 4 20th century 5 Survey 6 Famous novelists (alphabetical order) 7 See also 8 References Early novels in English[edit source | editbeta] See the article First novel in English. The English novel has generally been seen as beginning with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719) and Moll Flanders (1722),[1] though John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) and Aphra Behn's Oroonoko (1688) are also contenders, while earlier works such as Sir Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur, and even the "Prologue" to Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales have been suggested.[2] Another important early novel is Gulliver's Travels (1726, amended 1735), by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift, which is both a satire of human nature, as well as a parody of travellers' tales like Robinson Crusoe.[3] The rise of the novel as an important literary genre is generally associated with the growth of the middle class in England. Other major 18th century English novelists are Samuel Richardson (1689-1761), author of the epistolary novels Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740) and Clarissa (1747-8); Henry Fielding (1707–54), who wrote Joseph Andrews (1742) and The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749); Laurence Sterne (1713–68) who...
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...Canadian legal system comes from many European systems that were brought to the continent in the 17th and 18th century by colonists and explorers. Although the indigenous peoples whom the Europeans encountered here each had their own system of laws and social controls, over the years the laws of the immigrant cultures became dominant. After the Battle of Quebec in 1759, the country fell almost exclusively under English law. Except for Quebec, where the civil law is based on the French Code Napoléon, Canada’s criminal and civil law has its basis in English common and statutory law (http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/dept-min/pub/just/03.html). The common law was created in Great Britain after the Norman Conquest. This law was based on judge’s decisions in the royal courts and then it started to become many rules based on “precedents.” The common law rule is very unique because it can not be located in any code of body or legislation, but existed in decision made in the past. However, common law is flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances. Civil Law is based on the Roman law, which were spread around in different areas such as – in books, in statutes, in proclamations Emperor Justinian ordered his legal experts to consolidate all the laws into a single book to avoid confusion. The civil law has been associated with the civil code, which is Quebe’s Civil Code that was established in 1866, the civil code basically looks at the civil law system then refers to previous...
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...groups dominating many parts of the world for a variety of reasons. Many conquest to other countries were to discover natural resources like, spices, gold and other trade-able material unique to its region. Some expedition set out to explore for other reasons like proving a theory or to follow up on stories told by their fellow explorers. Once reaching their destination, other factors made them stay such as the discovery of monetary gain, religious freedom and political powers. While some countries like China, were unable to become colonized, others were dominated to the extent of their people eventually becoming a minority in their own land. Imperialistic ambition was a major element in the colonization of many third world countries. As immigrants settled on foreign soil, they believed they were legitimately entitled to occupy the land. They eventually impose their economic, religion, and social systems onto an existing societies. No country or island was particularly excluded from such invasions. Some countries managed to fight off European settlers while others lacked the sophistication needed to protect their land. Third world countries were the easiest to invade due to their undeveloped societies and lack of economic intelligence. Countries that were once made up of communities lacking...
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...Introduction Industrialization increased tremendously during the 18th and 19th century leading to the success growth of United States as far as overall wealth during the rise to power on its wake. This paper focuses on the different aspects of industrialization that occurred and the various groups that were affected during this period of time, and overall what the effect of industrialization did for America. Three Aspects of the Industrial Revolution Referred to commonly as the second Industrial Revolution, three major aspects during this time immensely played apart towards the shaping of our country as we know it and they were our society, the economy and our politics. Society was largely a big part of the industrialization period and underwent the most significant changes. Large amounts of rural to urban migration occurred due employment because of the creation of organizations and companies. The infrastructure and building of railway lines for transportation of raw materials to distinctive states was happening as well during this time. Significant use of iron and steel created several opportunities for industrialization versus agricultural hence making the United States more of an industrialized nation and less agricultural. Our economy at the time played a major role at this time, and was the second aspect of industrialization. During this time rapid growth in society was experienced with the expansion of companies and the improvement of their internal progression....
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...New York State and allowed the Dutch colonies to retrieve the area in 1609. In 1664 England purchased the island of Manhattan and transformed it into a major trading port for the 13 original colonies. New York City then became an area of great population and diversity. In the early 18th century, New York City was still owned by the British, but immigrants from the Netherlands, England, France, and Germany all took residence there as well as African slaves who were typically all indentured servants at the time. By 1740 approximately 500 out of 2,500 residents of New York were slaves. The people whom were not slaves feared that African Americans were plotting to burn down the city. Subsequently, in 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act, which was considered to be the first organized act of resistant towards British authority. Although George Washington’s Continental Army was based in Brooklyn and Harlem Heights, New York City, Manhattan was given to the British and used as a British military base until 1783 (“New York City”). During the time that the British controlled New York City, the area was greatly damaged twice by fires. These fires were believed to have started by the British military role and the British began to keep American prisoners of war in prisons across from the East River in Brooklyn. In these prisons, more Americans lost their lives than those who had died in every battle of the war combined. But on November 25, 1783 occupancy of New York State was given back...
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...which resulted in deaths of large amounts of Indians. Those deaths were devastating for Indians and resulted in mourning wars. When Indian communities lost members to disease or warfare, they often kidnapped neighboring enemies in mourning wars, adopting the women and children into their own community and torturing the men, enacting a ritual form of grief. As an example of a mourning war might be “Beavers Wars” (17 century - about 1640). The smallpox brought by Dutch and English killed huge amounts of Indians ( probably more than a half of the population of Iroquois). The lost of such a big amount of people set the Iroquois with other tribes on a warpath and resulted in a war between Huron and Iroquois. Columbian Exchange – when Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas it set in motion a movement of people between Old and New World. Europeans got interested in Americas and its goods. Columbian exchange was a transfer of people, plants, animals, and disease between the Americas and the rest of the world that began during the time of Columbus ( XV century- about 1493). The Columbian Exchange had an impact on European and Indian life. Many unknown goods were exchanged between colonialists and Indians, such as plans (corn, potatoes), animals (ships, lamas, horses), tools (weapons), which changed life for both sides. The new discovered foods expanded diet for both sides. The quality of Indians' live got better with improved tools and weapons – for example they could...
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...key role in professions. It is often the characteristics or expected traits that females posses that have an overall influence on the job duties or tasks assigned to them. Throughout these chapters stereotypes have put limitations on both the opportunities for women and their ability to seek professional power. Women have had to overcome many barriers regarding their physical and emotional abilities with regards to both society and the workforce. Chapter twenty-one seeks to demonstrate how the influence of gender affects the professionalization of teaching. Throughout the text, it is evident that men dominated the teaching profession as proposed by Hearn and Witz. Although teaching did evolve from a male occupation to a female profession, it stated that males dominated the bureaucratic structures that ultimately governed these female professions. Professionalization impacted wage levels for both sexes however men still upheld higher earnings. Abott viewed that gender had little significance in the formation of professions and acts only as a following variable. However, this can be proved otherwise; between the 18th and 19th century many female teachers were introduced to the system and significant changes occurred in the structuring and content of materials taught. As stated in the text, high moral character, disregard for material gain, limited intellectual capacity, and their natural love for children were the four innate qualities that made women in the 19th century ideal...
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...political changes that began to appear in England in the mid eighteenth hundreds. Subsequently, these changes spread to other countries and regions in the world such as France, Belgium, the Netherlands, northern Germany, the United States and Japan, finally change the world. When considering the Industrial Revolution, it is important to keep in mind the negative consequences as well as the global changes that took place. Back in the 18th century when the revolution began the majority of people lived in the countryside; new changes came from the growth of cities alongside the growth of the industries. We have to realize that with the Industrial Revolution...
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