...The results of the experiment have been argued to demonstrate the impressionability and obedience of people when provided with a legitimising ideology and social and institutional support. The experiment has also been used to illustrate cognitive dissonance theory and the power of authority. The results of the experiment favour situational attribution of behaviour rather than dispositional attribution. In other words, it seemed that the situation, rather than their individual personalities, caused the participants' behaviour. Under this interpretation, the results is that, ordinary people fulfilled orders to administer what appeared to be agonising and dangerous electric shocks to a confederate of the experiment. Power tactics are ways in which the individuals translate power bases into specific actions. In the experiment, people are using legitimacy, it is relying on your authority position or saying that a request accords with organisational policies or rules. In the experiment, Zimbardo said that people's behaviour changed under the environment of power and authority, the prisoners at first might not perfectly obey to what they were asked to do, however they started to obey what the guards say when the experiment went on, even though all participants know that they are not in a real prison situation. But the environment is too real that people started to think they are in a real prison, no matter it's the prisoners, or the guards. They follow the theory of power...
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...Unconscious Racial Stereotypes about Adolescent Offenders Are Police Officers and Juvenile Probation Officers racially biased? Siobhan L. Healy July 1, 2014 Author Note Summary of the article “Priming unconscious racial stereotypes about adolescent offenders” by Graham, Sandra, Department of Education, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, US, shgraham@ucla.edu Lowery, Brian S., Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, US, 2004, retrieved on July 1, 2014 from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.lib.kaplan.edu/eds/detail?vid=8&sid=607e6528-f5a4-4930-86e8-de2972012034%40sessionmgr198&hid=116&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=pdh&AN=2004-20470-001. Abstract This paper summarizes the main ideas of the article “Priming unconscious racial stereotypes about adolescent offenders” by Graham, Sandra, Department of Education, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, US, shgraham@ucla.edu Lowery, Brian S., Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, US. The main question asked is whether decision makers within the juvenile justice system harbor unconscious racial stereotyping. For this purpose, two studies were developed to examine the above question. Experiment 1 was performed on Police Officers and Experiment 2 involved Juvenile Probation Officers. Both groups were “subliminally exposed” to words either in the Black or Neutral Race category before being given tasks unrelated to the sublime race reference and without...
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...exercise power over me because I want to please you. Coercive and Reward and Legitimate power are the power derived from the organisation. Coercive power is the power base that is dependent on fear. In other words, The coercive power base depends on fear of the negative results from failing to comply. Coercive power can also come from withholding key information. Reward power is the opposite power of coercive power. Reward power is the compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable. Legitimate power is the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organisation. It includes members’ acceptance of the authority of a position. ii. Write a 200 word summary of the argument in the article by Politis. This paper examines the relationship between credibility, the dimensions of power and a number of knowledge acquisition attributes. There are three major findings in this research. First, the relationship between expert power and the knowledge acquisition attributes of personal traits, control and negotiation is positive and significant. Second, the constructs of coercive and referent power are likely to have a negative influence on employees’ knowledge acquisition and...
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...A1) Identify the link between imprisonment and suicide [10] Imprisonment very often has negative effects on offenders, in some cases they turn into victims of abuse themselves. Prison causes psychological distress, through overcrowding and bullying. This can lead to offenders self-harming and in many cases it can lead to suicide, which is more common in prison than the general population. Deaths in prison can be given various rulings by the coroner such as suicide (the prisoner had the intention to kill themselves), death by misadventure (accidental death) which in some instances can be self-harm gone wrong, and open verdicts. Dooley et al wanted to examine the unnatural deaths that occurred in prisons in England and Wales from 1972 and 1987. This research was in the form of a content analysis of prison department personal papers of prisoners’ records. Dooley compared verdicts of suicide with verdicts of unnatural causes or death by misadventure rulings. The research found that 300 suicides occurred in the time frame, 52 of which were due to self-inflicted harm gone wrong. There was little difference between the suicide group and the group that had self-harmed. However there were some real differences. For example, it was found that the prisoners who committed suicide were more likely to do so at night (this is so there is a less likely chance of them being caught in the act) and that the self-harm gone wrong group were more likely to be found during the daytime (this...
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...Research with human subjects has a long and often troubled history in the United States (U.S.) and throughout the world. Chances are you already have heard of some of the most egregious and well-known examples of unethical research in the biomedical sciences, such as the experiments conducted by Nazi doctors and scientists on concentration camp prisoners during World War II, and the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) study titled "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male" (Tuskegee Study). These abuses led to the creation of codes of research ethics in Europe and the U.S. In the wake of the Second World War, the subsequent Nuremberg Trials on war crimes produced the Nuremberg Code, which outlined ten points for conducting ethical research with human subjects. Nearly two decades later, the World Medical Association (WMA) developed a code of research ethics known as the Declaration of Helsinki, published in 1964 and subsequently revised. This document is built on both the Nuremberg Code and the physician's code of ethics known as the Declaration of Geneva. In the U.S., news that researchers deceived and withheld treatment from subjects who suffered from syphilis in the Tuskegee Study led to the creation of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (National Commission or "the Commission"). The Commission was charged with establishing a code of research ethics for U.S. research involving human subjects. In 1979...
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...Joint Command and Staff Programme 38 Distance Learning Rank & Name: Major Lynne Chaloux Syndicate No: 1 Directing Staff: BGen Gagnon Course: JCSP 38 DL Assignment Code: D1/DS 541/EFF/LN-2 Assignment Name: Leadership Research Paper Convergence of Errors: Leadership Failures Contributing to Abu Ghraib Abuses ASSESSMENT Assessor: Marc Imbeault Mark: Comments: Convergence of Errors: Leadership Failures Contributing to Abu Ghraib Abuses Introduction The purpose of this persuasive essay is to reveal the key leadership factors contributing to events that occurred during Operation Iraqi Freedom at Abu Ghraib Confinement Facility in Iraq between October and December 2003. “The abuses at Abu Ghraib primarily fall into two categories: a) intentional violent or sexual abuse [against detainees], and b) abusive actions taken based on misinterpretations or confusion regarding law or policy.”[1] From the standpoint of “Leading the Institution,” it will be argued that authorities failed to develop of a coherent body of policy or procedures[2] regarding detainee operations, which would have served to appropriately and consistently guide actions in the field and thus enable success. Instead, policy was inconsistent, ambiguous and changing – resulting in confusion regarding morally and legally acceptable standards for interrogation and detention. These lapses in policy contributed...
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...Summaries #2 (pg. 25 - 54) William Peel was a rather small man with pleasing manners. William was planning to escape from his slave owner, Robert H. Carr in a rather unconventional way. He planned on boxing himself up and then being shipped off. William was escaping because his owner had recently been selling slaves and he was afraid that he'd be next. So, William was boxed up by a close relative and then shipped off. He was in the box for a total of 17 hours. He suffered great misery due to the tightness of the box he was confined in. After a long trip, the box arrived in Philadelphia where a devoted friend was scheduled to pick him up. They did run into a couple difficulties. The box was very heavy, seeing as it carried a man, and it...
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...16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 Define social psychology. Compare and contrast social cognition, social influence, and social norms. Describe the core social motives. Illustrate social categorization. Discuss how stereotypes and subjectivity impact personal perception. Explain the various types of attribution. Describe the components of attitudes. Illustrate the different ways to influence attitudes. Differentiate between conformity, obedience, and compliance. Describe the biological, psychological, and sociocultural aspects of prejudice, aggression, and attraction. Discuss the pros and cons of group influence on an individual. 16.5 Conformity and Obedience Conformity The Power of the Situation: The Stanford Prison Experiment Obedience Milgram’s Experiment Media Impact: The Impact of TV, Movies, Music, and Videogames Group Polarization Groupthink Individual Influence Factors in Attraction Competence Proximity Physical Attractiveness Similarity Reciprocity CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION...
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...chapter one Sociology: Perspective, Theory, and Method What sets human beings apart from all other forms of life? Why is sociology an important tool for your future? How should you respond to people whose way of life differs from your own? ISBN: 0-536-12116-8 Societ y: The Basics, Eighth Ed itio n by Jo hn J. Ma cio nis. Published b y Prentice -Hall. Co pyright © 2006 by Pear son Edu cation, In c. ISBN: 0-536-12116-8 L The sociological perspective shows us patterns of behavior common within a society. Here, a member of Brazil’s Pataxo tribe offers a traditional greeting to a visitor. Societ y: The Basics, Eighth Ed itio n by Jo hn J. Ma cio nis. Published b y Prentice -Hall. Co pyright © 2006 by Pear son Edu cation, In c. I f you were to ask 100 people, “Why do couples marry?” it is a safe bet that at least ninety would reply, “People marry because they fall in love.” Indeed, it is hard for us to imagine a happy marriage without love; likewise, when people fall in love, we expect them to think about marriage. But is the decision about whom to marry really so simple and so personal? There is plenty of evidence that if love is the key to marriage, Cupid’s arrow is carefully aimed by the society around us. In short, society has a number of “rules” about whom we should marry. What are they? Right off the bat, society rules out half the population because U.S. laws (despite recent actions in cities such as San Francisco and likely...
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... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Nature and the Scope of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Risk of Break-ins and Builder Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Selecting and Implementing the Preventive Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Monitoring Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Evaluating the Preventive Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Summary of the Results of the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Follow-up Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Lessons of the Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Conclusion . . . . . ....
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...Η ανθρώπινη συμπεριφορά επηρεάζεται από τους άλλους ανθρώπους με πολλούς διαφορετικούς τρόπους και σε διαφορετικά επίπεδα. Ένα βασικό κομμάτι αυτής της αλληλεπίδρασης οφείλεται στην κοινωνική επιρροή. Οι κοινωνική επιρροή αναφέρεται στον τρόπο που επηρεάζονται οι άνθρωποι από άλλους και αντίστοιχα οι άλλοι από αυτούς , σε μία διαρκή προσπάθεια να γίνουν αποδεκτοί από το υπόλοιπο σύνολο. (Strickland et all) O Myers (2010) αναφέρει σαν κοινωνική επιρροή τη συμμόρφωση, που περιγράφεται σαν την αλλαγή της πεποίθησης σύμφωνα με κάποιο άλλο άτομο, ενώ ενδόμυχα υπάρχει διαφωνία. Την υποταγή οριζοντάς την ως αλλαγή συμπεριφοράς με σκοπό την αποφυγή τιμωρίας ή την αποκόμιση κέρδους και τέλος την υπακοή που την προσδιορίζει σαν μία βαθιά γνωστική αλλαγή ακολουθώντας μία ρητή εντολή. Ο Milgram επηρεαζόμενος από τον ash(1951) (οπ.αναφ.Macionis,2007) που δημοσίευσε μία σειρά από πειράματα με θέμα την συμμόρφωση στο οποίο οι συμμετέχοντες προσαρμόζονταν σε λάθος κρίσης σε μία σειρά από ερωτήσεις επηρεαζόμενοι από την πλειοψηφία, προσπάθησε να αναπαράγει εκ νέου την μελέτη του Ash αλλά με ένα πείραμα που θα είχε σημαντικές συνέπειες στην απόφαση της συνέχισης η της μη συμμετοχής των συμμετεχόντων. Επίσης επηρεάστηκε σημαντικά από ένα ευρύτερο κοινωνικό ζήτημα, την σφαγή 6 εκατομμυρίων εβραίων από τους ναζιστές και το βιβλίο του Ardendt 1963 (Hogg & Vaughan 2011) με τίτλο Eichmann in Jerusalem που αναφερόταν στην δίκη του άμεσα υπεύθυνου αυτής της πρωτοφανούς σφαγής, τον Adolf Eichmann...
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...| Business Leadership and Human Values Seminar2 CreditsBU 131.601.F5Summer Session 2016Wednesdays 1:30-4:30pm -- June 8 – July 27 Harbor East Room 230 | Instructor Rick Milter, Ph.D. Contact Information Phone Number: 410.234.9422 milter@jhu.edu Office Hours Typically before class session or by appointment. Required Learning Materials This course is a series of thematic conversations about human values and your responsibilities as an emerging/aspiring business leader. There is no traditional textbook, but there is much reading. You are required to read The Moral Compass: Leadership for a Free World, a workbook by Lindsay Thompson available online as a PDF in Course Documents. You will find details about required learning materials in the Bibliography and Theme Briefs sections of the Syllabus. Course Description and Overview This course explores ethical leadership as a framework for enterprise value creation in a complex environment of competing economic and moral claims. Students examine the intrinsic ethical challenges of leadership and the concept of a moral compass as a foundation for responding effectively to the ethical challenges of corporate citizenship and value creation in a competitive global economy. (2 credits) Syllabus Table of Contents Page Topic 2 Bibliography & Learning Resources 6 Calendar, Seminar Structure, Theme Briefs, Content 42 Seminar Preparation Toolkit 48 Learning Objectives, Graded Assignments...
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...dictionary.com is: “A continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his or her social position.” On the other hand, per the American Heritage Dictionary, attribution is: “Something, such as a quality or characteristic, which is related to a particular possessor; an attribute.” Therefore, this section introduces with examples of social behavioral problems in the work place. Everyone is shaped by his or her experiences because of company culture, unique situations, personal history, and other individuals they work with. We all learn and grow as we learn through these experiences…… Story 1 – But Some Animals Are More Equal Than Others Summary of Material Our first story talks about the fact that there is a hierarchy of executives, managers, and workers within an organization. If we are well socialized in an organizational culture, we can see why certain people hold the jobs they have within that company. Usually, it is because they have certain special attributes which make them a good “fit” for that job. Therefore, we can attribute the abilities and motives of managers as the reason they have been given (earned?) the jobs which they now have. This perception can be self-fulfilling. That is to say, “the company must know what they’re doing or that person wouldn’t be doing it.” There are also symbols, rituals, and myths which help to explain attributions of...
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...animal Books by Elliot Aronson Theories of Cognitive Consistency (with R. Abelson et al.), 1968 Voices of Modern Psychology, 1969 The Social Animal, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1999, 2004; (with J. Aronson), 2008 Readings About the Social Animal, 1973, 1977, 1981, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1999, 2004; (with J. Aronson), 2008 Social Psychology (with R. Helmreich), 1973 Research Methods in Social Psychology (with J. M. Carlsmith & P. Ellsworth), 1976 The Jigsaw Classroom (with C. Stephan et al.), 1978 Burnout: From Tedium to Personal Growth (with A. Pines & D. Kafry), 1981 Energy Use: The Human Dimension (with P. C. Stern), 1984 The Handbook of Social Psychology (with G. Lindzey), 3rd ed., 1985 Career Burnout (with A. Pines), 1988 Methods of Research in Social Psychology (with P. Ellsworth, J. M. Carlsmith, & M. H. Gonzales), 1990 Age of Propaganda (with A. R. Pratkanis), 1992, 2000 Social Psychology, Vols. 1–3 (with A. R. Pratkanis), 1992 Social Psychology: The Heart and the Mind (with T. D. Wilson & R. M. Akert), 1994 Cooperation in the Classroom: The Jigsaw Method (with S. Patnoe), 1997 Nobody Left to Hate: Teaching Compassion After Columbine, 2000 Social Psychology: An Introduction (with T. D. Wilson & R. M. Akert), 2002, 2005, 2007 The Adventures of Ruthie and a Little Boy Named Grandpa (with R. Aronson), 2006 Mistakes Were Made (But Not By Me) (with C. Tavris), 2007 Books by Joshua Aronson Improving Academic Achievement, 2002 The Social Animal To...
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...HISTORY AND THEORY STUDIES FIRST YEAR Terms 1 and 2 Course Lecturers: CHRISTOPHER PIERCE / BRETT STEELE (Term 1) Course Lecturer: PIER VITTORIO AURELI (Term 2) Course Tutor: MOLLIE CLAYPOOL Teaching Assistants: FABRIZIO BALLABIO SHUMI BOSE POL ESTEVE Course Structure The course runs for 3 hours per week on Tuesday mornings in Terms 1 and 2. There are four parallel seminar sessions. Each seminar session is divided into parts, discussion and submission development. Seminar 10.00-12.00 Mollie Claypool, Fabrizio Ballabio, Shumi Bose and Pol Esteve Lecture 12.00-13.00 Christopher Pierce, Brett Steele and Pier Vittorio Aureli Attendance Attendance is mandatory to both seminars and lectures. We expect students to attend all lectures and seminars. Attendance is tracked to both seminars and lectures and repeated absence has the potential to affect your final mark and the course tutor and undergraduate coordinator will be notified. Marking Marking framework adheres to a High Pass with Distinction, High Pass, Pass, Low Pass, Complete-toPass system. Poor attendance can affect this final mark. Course Materials Readings for each week are provided both online on the course website at aafirstyearhts.wordpress.com and on the course library bookshelf. Students are expected to read each assigned reading every week to be discussed in seminar. The password to access the course readings is “readings”. TERM 1: CANONICAL BUILDINGS, PROJECTS, TEXTS In this first term of...
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