...What significance does the International Criminal Court play in the international system, and how effective is the court at deterring human right violations? Answering this question will require an in depth look at the formation of the International Criminal Court and the historical roots of international criminal prosecution. This paper examines the historical background of the court and the different organs within the International Criminal Court. Next, the paper examines the different models of accountability and analyzes the Individual Criminal Accountability model, which is primarily used today. The paper also helps explain why the international system relies heavily on prosecution to enforce human rights by looking at the: balance of power, transnational advocacy, and diffusion theories. Finally, the paper examines a case study analysis on Afghanistan and the implications an ICC investigation would have on the peace process. As of November 2017, the Office of the Prosecutor is considering opening an investigation into the criminal activity in Afghanistan and is awaiting a decision...
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...How has the development of fingerprinting techniques in forensics increased the succession rate of convicting criminals from the period of 1890-1950? Introduction The birth of forensic science within the use of the police force revolutionised how crime investigations were conducted, via the work of the forensic scientists, or also known as ‘forensic officers’. This work would consist of collecting evidence from a crime scene such as looking for fingerprints on either a suspected murder weapon used by the murder or on a touchable surface which is in the crime scene where the suspect laid their hand on. Furthermore this collectivisation of evidence from the crime scene could mean collecting; foreign fibres (unusual fibres that seem to look like that they do not belong their i.e. due to their different colour, type of fabric or thickness of the fibre.); retrieving bullets and firearms form the crime scene and any possible DNA samples that can be collected in the crime scene such as blood spatter on the walls of a room, where in this case the crime was committed. This evidence would then be sent to be analysed by more forensic scientists in different subdivisions to help led a path to a final suspect, thus leading the police to a quick and successful conviction of a criminal and bring justice to their crimes. Overall this revolution of the police force saw the birth of a new era of fighting crime throughout the whole of the country, as well as throughout the rest of the...
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...Truro Police Department CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION Policy Number: OPS-6.02 REFERENCE: TPDM Policy OPS-6.02.1 Effective Date: June 1, 2000 Revised Date: October 20, 2004 Accreditation Standards: Mass. Gen. Law: Chap. 90, Sec.22B, MRCP 14(a)(1)(A)(viii) Other: Comm. v. DiGiambattista, District Attorney’s Guidelines on Identification Procedures _________________________ POLICY: It shall be the policy of the Truro Police Department to conduct criminal investigations for the purpose of clearing crimes by arrest and/or complaint; to prosecute lawbreakers; and to recover stolen property. Whenever members of this department conduct an investigation, which requires the interrogation of a suspect, or an interview, connected therewith, all constitutional and statutory rights guaranteed under the law shall be afforded to the individual. The Truro Police Department will ensure that there is a screening of all reported offenses to assure adequate follow-up investigation whenever appropriate. Whenever possible, the District Attorney’s Guidelines on Identification Procedures with attached forms and checklists will be used when dealing with photo line ups, arrays, show ups and taped interrogations and identifications. (Revised October 20, 2004) PROCEDURES: 1. UNIFORM PATROLMEN CONDUCT PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS: Most preliminary investigations will be conducted by members of the patrol force since they are usually the first to arrive at the scene and can start the investigation without delay. Patrolmen...
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...Discuss three of the Questions for Discussion and Review on page 18 A criminal investigation is an official effort to uncover information about a crime. The goals of a criminal investigation are to determine if a crime has been committed, to legally obtain information and evidence to identify the person(s) responsible for committing the crime, and to legally arrest the suspect(s). The ultimate goal is a reduction in crime through punishing offenders by incarceration. I do not believe that incarcerating criminal offenders reduces crime from occurring. Criminal evidence is an exhibit or testimony regarding a crime. As I read about evidence, I learned that it can take many forms, and is typically used to establish that a crime has been committed and identify blame or fault in a crime case. I find it interested that police and other officials may use a variety of methods to conduct criminal investigations including working with their canines. They also may use various scientific techniques such as fingerprint and ballistics analysis. Criminal evidence and criminal investigation are conjoined with one another simply because in order to compile evidence a crime must be investigated. It is interested to mention that while the simple presence of police in an area may not prevent crime, aggressive patrol may make a difference. Proactive policing operations focus on the concentration of crime in certain offenders, places and victims. It includes going undercover, stopping and...
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...Criminal Investigation: Final Essay Criminal Investigation 2530 12/3/15 Question 1 The first stage of the criminal investigation process is crime detection. First responding officers must take notes, watch persons leaving/entering crime scene area, scan, assess and reassess for officer’s safety. Officers need to address medical care issue to the people that need it. They must control, identify, and secure initial interviews. They must establish crime scene boundaries. Officers must identify and preserve crime scene evidence like the groceries, handwritten note, phone, bloody shoe print, shoe print in the dirt, fingerprints on the woman, gun bullet, and fingerprints on the purse like in the sample crime scene. Officers would most likely be doing different things at different crimes scenes. They must notify and brief investigators on what happened; and they must review and prepare final documentation. The second stage of the criminal investigation process is the preliminary investigation. Investigators need to: establish a division of labor, obtain information from first responders, interview key individuals like witnesses, conduct a reassessment of the crime scene, canvass the crime scene area, examine the crime scene and process the crime scene. Investigators must also photograph the crime scene, sketch the crime scene, measure the crime scene, search the crime scene, and do a final walk through and release the crime scene for evidence pertaining to the crime scene...
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...Andrea Ritchie Final Exam Question 1: A widespread burden of drug sale crimes has continued to remain a global level problem of police focus. Police policyholders and lawmakers began examining existing resources and emerging police strategies to focus efforts on the sale of drugs on street corners by implementing directed police policies and hot spot strategies to crackdown on crime, ultimately to apprehend offenders and drive the level of drug use down. Several key components are involved in policing to evaluate the police policy/strategy being utilized: inputs, activities, outputs, objective outcomes, and subjective outcomes. Police resources/inputs were allocated and applied in City X through police activities to test policy evaluation of directed policing on street corner drug sales to reduce to amount of drug use. The policing activities consisted of directed police efforts collaborating undercover officers making drug purchases, while uniformed officers continued to sweep the same known hotspots of street corner drug sales. These actions account for a large portion of arrests for possession of drugs, in City X a portion of these offenders are then forced to show their innocence in court. The outputs resulting increased arrest rates and increased conviction of possession of drugs. With the influx of convicted offenders the rate of drug use in City X declined throughout the course of directed policing efforts, which concludes the objective outcome of this...
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...A).Identify two or three items from your review that are the most interesting to you and relevant to your professional goals, list them and sketch out why in preparation for producing your assignment submission. Several of the topics are intriguing to me. My professional goals include learning about drugs enforcement. Practical drug enforcement can be used in different law enforcement agencies. These agencies will include city, state, national, and federal agencies. I was interested in more than three but here are a few; I am interested in learning the different methods used for drug enforcement. Learning the different methods of drug enforcement will assist me when interacting with criminals. Drug enforcement can help prevent drugs for entering...
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...basics of what to do in investigations. These topics will start with the basic principles of an investigation then lead into the criminal investigation basics then learn the proper evidence acquisition and management the next step in the guide to helping you with the investigation process is employee and administrative investigations ending with personnel investigations. Investigation Principles Investigations are the examination, study, tracking, and the gathering of factual information (Sennewald-Tsukayama 2006). With this being said the investigation process is more of an art form than it is science, but science in many investigations plays a large part. The person that is doing the investigation is the gather of facts; this person must hypotheses and is able to draw a conclusion that is based on the information and the evidence. The basic principle in investigation is that the process is a comprehensive activity that involves the collection of information with the application of logic and the ability to use sound reasoning. The basic end result in any investigation is that it is a factual explanation of what has happened if the issue or incident is that of history, or what is occurring, or if the issue is of the present (Sennewald-Tsukayama 2006). There are two types of investigations to think of the first one is the constructive investigation these are the investigation that are preformed in a secret manner. This is type of investigation is done when the suspects...
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...Mid-Term Assignment Penny S. Weaver Kaplan University Mid-Term Assignment 1. What are the methods of inquiry & how are they used in criminal investigation? After researching through the chapters that we have been reading, I believe that the methods of inquiry is basically finding out and utilizing the concepts of the five W’s. I do believe after all of the reading that they are the: who, what, when, where, why, and also how a crime was committed. You basically using what I call the five methods to reconstructing a crime that has been committed. As an investigator, it would be my responsibility to use the five methods to the fullest of my potential along with gut instinct and plain common sense. Of course using your gut instinct and common sense will get to certain places, you always have go with the evidence that you have because that is what a case is mainly about. Evidence, such as DNA, is rock solid along with fingerprints. I believe that when you are using the methods of inquiry that you are really gathering facts and evidence for a case that you are investigating. Using the methods of inquiry is how I believe that an investigator would use to gather all of the information that is needed to find out what type of crime was committed, who committed the crime, when did the crime take place, where did the crime take place, why did this crime happened and also how did the crime happen. You are reconstructing a crime, so you have to have all of the facts...
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...FBI: A War on Terrorism The Federal Bureau of Investigation is often depicted as the suit wearing hard core heroes called in to crack the tough cases. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is a lot like that. There is more to the bureau than just the criminal investigation side. The FBI plays an active role in the war on terrorism. On September 11th 2001, the lives of Americans changed. Two planes were taking over by terrorist that smuggled razor blades on broad. The two high jacked planes then were flown into the Twin Towers in New York. The result was the loss of life for 3,000 Americans; the plane crashes were one of the most lethal attacks America has ever faced. After the heart wrenching and fear striking events of 9/11, the FBI has devoted a great majority of its resources into keep events like September 11th happening again. Within a year, the FBI established new websites, tip lines, and joint organizations to further anti-terrorist culminations. The FBI is currently in charge of more than a dozen agencies concerning terrorism. Many advocates say that the FBI is doing a great job with the war against terrorism. Critics of the FBI’s handling of security directly related to the prevention and/ or detection of possible acts or terrorism or terrorist fall into two categories: the FBI is not doing sufficient job of keeping the lives of American’s safe and secondly, the FBI is overstepping the constitutional boundaries in the so said name of terrorism prevention. By exploring...
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...NARCO-ANALYSIS AS A TOOL FOR CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION Project Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For The Degree of Master of Laws of the Mahatma Gandhi University. By NIJIL.D PREFACE . In India scientific methods have emerged as a tool for interrogation and extraction of information from uncooperative suspects and witnesses. But the legality of these methods is in peril, mostly because of the procedure involved and the nature of information obtained through these method. Most of these modern techniques are non invasive methods, which can detect deception without causing physical or mental injury to the subject. Narco-analysis is one of the important techniques among them. It makes use of scientific methods by which the medicine “truth serum” is injected to the convicts so as to prove the crime. But they often raise doubts regarding basic human rights and also about their legal validity. Also when some up holds it’s validity in the light of medical and legal principals and others rejects it on the ground of health hazards and a blatant violation of constitutional provisions. Thus the main issue regarding narco-analysis is its ultimate admissibility in court as forensic evidence and its useful in investigation scientific technique. Recently the supreme court of India in the case of Smt. Selvi and others v. state of Karnataka, has held that involuntary subjecting an accused, a suspect or a witness to narco-analysis...
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...related services. As defined under the law, a person is deemed engaged in the practice of Criminology if he holds himself out to the public in any of the following capacities: 1. As a professor, instructor or teacher in Criminology in any university, college or school duly recognized by the government and teaches any of the following subjects: (a) Law Enforcement Administration, (b) Criminalistics, (c) Correctional Administration, (d) Criminal Sociology and allied subjects, and (e) other technical and specialized subjects in the Criminology curriculum. 2. As law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant or agent in any government or private agency. 3. As technician in dactyloscopy, ballistics, questions documents, police photography, lie detection, forensic chemistry and other scientific aspects of crime detection. 4. As correctional administrator, executive supervisor, worker or officer in any correctional and penal institution. 5. As counselor, expert, adviser, researcher in any government or private agency on any aspects of criminal research or...
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...related services. As defined under the law, a person is deemed engaged in the practice of Criminology if he holds himself out to the public in any of the following capacities: 1. As a professor, instructor or teacher in Criminology in any university, college or school duly recognized by the government and teaches any of the following subjects: (a) Law Enforcement Administration, (b) Criminalistics, (c) Correctional Administration, (d) Criminal Sociology and allied subjects, and (e) other technical and specialized subjects in the Criminology curriculum. 2. As law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant or agent in any government or private agency. 3. As technician in dactyloscopy, ballistics, questions documents, police photography, lie detection, forensic chemistry and other scientific aspects of crime detection. 4. As correctional administrator, executive supervisor, worker or officer in any correctional and penal institution. 5. As counselor, expert, adviser, researcher in any government or private agency on any aspects of criminal...
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...liberties and rights are the characteristics which identify America among the rest of the world. In addition, the rights and freedoms of the countries residents is equally if not more important. The legal system of the United States is based on an adversarial; meaning that event through legal prosecution, the individual rights of the defendant is still protected by the system. Due Process is a concept which applies to both the accused and the party which is against the accused. The adversarial system states that the battle throughout the case between the state and the defense, the truth will ultimately prevail and justice will be served. Although the result of the case will remain lawful, it’s important for the competition between the two parties to remain lawful as well. Furthermore, it’s very important for the constitutional rights of the defendant to remain intact throughout the entire criminal procedure process. Due Process and the Rights of the Accused: The Criminal Procedure Process There must be an individual who has sufficient evidence to present in court which establishes a crime was committed by the defendant, is in progress, or will take place before entering the criminal justice system. Without probable cause an arrest cannot be made, and crimes would go unsolved while the criminals co-exist with the rest of the community. Probable cause is also efficient in protecting law-bidding citizens from being wrongfully prosecuted. Law enforcement, corrections, and the courts...
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...assertion of their power to conduct legislative inquiries, on the other. The particular facts and circumstances of the present case, stripped of the politically and emotionally charged rhetoric from both sides and viewed in the light of settled constitutional and legal doctrines, plainly lead to the conclusion that the claim of executive privilege must be upheld. Assailed in this motion for reconsideration is our Decision dated March 25, 2008 (the "Decision"), granting the petition for certiorari filed by petitioner Romulo L. Neri against the respondent Senate Committees on Accountability of Public Officers and Investigations, 1 Trade and Commerce,2 and National Defense and Security (collectively the "respondent Committees"). 3 A brief review of the facts is imperative. ROMULO L. NERI, petitioner, vs. SENATE COMMITTEE ON ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS AND INVESTIGATIONS, SENATE COMMITTEE ON TRADE AND COMMERCE, AND SENATE COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL DEFENSE AND SECURITY, respondents. RESOLUTION LEONARDO-DE CASTRO, J.: Executive privilege is not a personal privilege, but one that adheres to the Office of the President. It exists to protect public interest, not to benefit a particular public official. Its purpose, among others, is to assure that the nation will receive the benefit of candid, objective and untrammeled communication and exchange of information between the President and his/her advisers in the process of shaping or forming policies and arriving at decisions in the exercise...
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