...others by class, religion, sex, and race. While this concept occurs to everyone, and seems to be a normal part of human nature, negative ramifications such as poor self-esteem, depression, and stress may result if not directed in the correct manner. The concept of invidious comparison is one I can relate to well. For many years, I used to compare myself to those who had more money that I did. While I am ashamed to admit how shallow I was, this comparison brought me into a state of depression. It was during my depressed mode that I realized that I needed to take control of my thought process and realize that money wasn’t everything. After all, I was blessed with a wonderful husband and two awesome little boys. My life was rich, maybe not with money, but love. It was at this point in my life I learned invidious comparison could be prevented. While the concept of invidious comparison is difficult to control, the task can be completed by understanding and...
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...Understanding the Effects of Sexual Trauma Julie Johnson Liberty University Crisis Counseling 302-B04 March 8, 2015 Abstract Rape and sexual trauma are not just physical violations, but also violations of mental and emotional well-being that leaves the victim with a lifetime of emotional distress. Victims of sexual trauma are often left with devastating consequences that affect the physical, psychological, social and even financial part of their lives. Because the rate of sexual violence continues to increase, researchers study the side effects extensively. Adverse effects of sexual violence are individualized and very diverse, leaving victims with a broad range of impacts. This paper will define what sexual trauma is and the devastating effects it can leave on the lives of the survivors. It will cover different variables such as the psychological impact of the immediate, short term and long term as well as the physical, social, and financial effects of childhood and adult sexual trauma. This paper will hope to promote further discussions on the effects of sexual trauma left on the lives of the victim as to help any individuals and organizations that might work with the victims of such violent acts. The analysis of this report would aim to support individuals working with victims in the recovery process of sexual trauma from family support, spiritual support, and the counseling process. Understanding the Effects of Sexual Trauma According to Basile & Saltzman...
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...The phenomenon of interest (birth trauma and what it means to women) was clearly identified in the report. In the introduction the authors stated that women’s perception of birth trauma is quite different from the perception of the same phenomenon by health care providers. She also uses a term “in the eyes of the beholder” to emphasize that for every woman this phenomenon is unique. It is stated that PTSD after childbirth is quite prevalent and several studies support this fact. However, research is regarding the understanding of the birth trauma phenomenon from the woman’s experience lacking. The problem statement was worded clearly and directly and I wasn’t ambivalent about what problem will be discussed in the remainder of the article. Due to a lack of current literature on the subject and prevalence of PTSD after childbirth one can see the value in conducting such a study and the potential benefit to the profession of nursing. By understanding the perception of birth trauma to women, we as nurses will be able to facilitate better care, improve patients’ experience with childbirth, and prevent PTSD associated with childbirth. The methods used are not mentioned in the first paragraph but in a separate section following the research question where they are outlined clearly. The method of interviewing participants in focus groups is consistent with the naturalistic paradigm of qualitative research. The researcher clearly explained the reason behind choosing a qualitative...
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...anxiety disorder that occurs after exposure to a traumatic event, which triggers memories of the traumatic event and is characterized by intense fear, helplessness, and horror. 25-30% of victims of significant (extreme or severe) trauma develop PTSD. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD in this country is about 8%. That accounts for about 5 million adults. That is a lot of people and unfortunately, we do not pay a lot of attention to these people. We don’t think about them enough in our clinical settings. In fact, these people utilize a number of medical services. It is estimated that about 11.8% of person’s going to family care, in primary care settings, may have people with PTSD, but it’s not something that we think about and recognize in primary or specialty health care settings enough. It’s estimated that up to 50% of combat exposed military personnel have some form of PTSD. It occurs 2x as common in women, particularly because of the impact of sexual trauma on women. What is a trauma? Trauma can occur from: Witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event Trying to help someone with a traumatic event Rescue workers Clergy person Therapist The risk for developing PTSD varies depending on the severity and duration of the trauma and how the trauma was experienced by the person that was going through it. What are traumatic events? Natural disasters Automobile accidents Rape or sexual molestation – probably the #1 reason for PTSD symptoms in women Airplane crash Torture ...
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...to the World Health Organization List of Essential Medicines. Section 10 of the list stated “addition of TXA injection for the treatment of adult patients with trauma and significant risk of ongoing hemorrhage…the committee concluded that there is sufficient evidence to support the proposal that listing TXA may contribute to a reduction in this cause of death.” Trauma is the leading cause of death in people under the age of 45 in the United Sates. Furthermore, the most common cause of death that is associated in trauma patients is due to severe hemorrhaging. Normal clotting mechanisms consist of thrombin converting fibrinogen to fibrin, which helps control blood loss....
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...The association of Trauma and Somatic symptoms: the efficacy of Somatic Psychotherapy Review Literature The goal of this literature is to investigate the efficacy of utilizing Somatic Therapy for deeper understanding, and better treatment, of trauma impact, through the association of somatic symptoms with trauma exposure. A biopsychosocial perspective of conceptualizing the impact of trauma on individuals would contribute to a new perspective of this association with somatic symptoms- specifically ones that do not have identifiable medical pathology. The Association between past Traumatic events and later manifested Somatic Symptoms In an earlier review of the relationship between medical symptoms- without identified pathology- and psychiatric...
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...Rape & Rape Trauma Syndrome Dictionaries most commonly define rape as a sexual act committed by force especially on a woman. (The American Heritage College Dictionary. 1997 pg. 740) Until a few years ago it was limited to penial penetration of the vagina. Penal Code 261 defines rape as an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person not the spouse of the perpetrator without the lawful consent.(Roberson, 1998, p. 188) Penal Code 263 goes on to say that the fundamental wrong at which the law of rape is aimed is . . . the violation of a woman's will and sexuality. (Roberson, 1998, p. 190) All other sexual assaults are classified under varied names, yet the aftermath is usually the same. Rape is one of the cruelest forms of criminal violence. The victim suffers a profound injury. Rendered powerless by physical force, threats, or fear, after which being forced to submit to sexual acts, including vaginal penetration, oral copulation, sodomy, and penetration opening with a foreign object, the victim is left virtually alone. Rape is an intrusion into the most private and intimate parts of the body, as well as an assault on the core of the self. Despite whether the victim suffers any physical trauma, the psychological impact of a sexual assault is severe. Moreover, the painful, post-trauma symptoms that result from rape are long-lasting. Even those victims who appear to have recovered months or years later often find that an overwhelming sense of powerlessness and vulnerability...
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...Adolescent Cognitive Development After Trauma Raquel A. Figueroa Liberty University COUN 620-B02 Abstract In a generation of hopelessness, adolescents seek a purpose for their existence. They seek refugee from violence, abuse and maltreatment. The overwhelming pressure opens the door for instant gratification in drugs, alcohol, sexual activity, and fail to make appropriate adjustments in compromising circumstances. There is a correlation between traumatic experiences and adolescent cognitive development. A traumatic experience can alter an adolescent’s neural system and adversely affect the latter stages of brain development. Working with survivors of traumatic events requires an understanding of maladaptive behaviors, reactions and coping skills. Behavioral patterns emerge and become part of an adolescent’s personality. This paper will highlight the impact of traumatic experiences on adolescent cognitive development and their ability to foster an intrinsic knowledge of self. Maltreatment of adolescents has reached epidemic proportions within the United States. According to Bright (2008), “One in four children/adolescents experience at least one traumatic event before age 16” (p. 11). A study commissioned by Finkelhor, Ormrod, & Turner (2005) concluded the exposure to “physical abuse, sexual abuse, witnessing domestic violence, community violence, and natural disasters is a common occurrence among children in the U.S.” (p. 314). Reports of...
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...Psychology dictionary describes trauma as any unpleasant psychological or physical experience, which may have a detrimental influence usually of a long lasting nature on the development of the personality of a person. Examples are an accident or the death of a loved one .Trauma overwhelms the general feeling of control, connection and reason and replaces it with intense fear, helplessness, and loss of control and threat of annihilation (Van der Walt, 2007:7). With reference to the above definitions, with regard to trauma and traumatic experiences it is rather clear that Tina has been affected by these experiences. Her step brother has been sexually abusing her for a period of six months, thus she has been exposed physically and psychologically to trauma. It is clear that, her behaviour to avoid her stepbrother, displays fear and helplessness within her own home. If Tina is not assisted and supported by responsible and adults and caregivers the situation will affect her dramatically in time. She might later in life not trust anyone or see reason to trust people due to fear or loss of control. Her sense of support from family ,friends or teachers , will determine the sense of identity and belonging. Tina has the added pressure and stress coming from her mother who blames her for her father leaving them at 3 years old(which a is a traumatic experience on its own) and then to experience guilt for such a situation can leave one feeling a complete loss of control. As a result of her mother’s...
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...Positioning 7 Step 6- Placement of the Endotracheal Tube in the Trachea 8 Step 7- Post-intubation Management 8 1.4 Risks and benefits associated with RSI 9 Case 2 10 2.1 Discussion 10 2.2 Clinic plan and initial management 10 2.3 Notification of Arrival 11 Conclusion 11 Case 3 12 Introduction 12 Incident 1 12 Incident 2 13 Incident 3 13 Incident 4 14 Case 4 15 Conclusion 16 References 17 Introduction The basic concept of retrieval medicine is a combination of transfer and care of a patient from one medical institution, site of trauma, and pre-hospital management to a medical institution to provide higher and better level of care. The transfer and retrieval of severely ill and wounded patients entail high-risk activities (Ellis & Hooper, 2010). This paper looks into various case studies to determine the various control measures that might and should be put in place in various retrieval situations so as to increase patient safety and efficiency in pre-hospital care. This comprises of communication procedures, team resource management, audit and training important event analysis and the pre-hospital operating care clinical plan. Patients with severe fatalities put up poorly with transportation. Highly sensitive care is thus required to reduce the probability of occurrence conditions such as hypoxia or hypertension and general clinical deterioration. However, due to the effects that come with...
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...regulate bodily functions. When the body is exposed to a certain amount of pain the body goes into shock. This can be a life threatening situation or it can be the bodies’ response to the life threatening situation allowing a solders to keep fighting and things of that nature. If the damage the body may go into what is called a "comatose" condition. Where all nonessential function shuts down for repairs. This is due to the trauma that was experienced. Many of these actions are automated. This is because God has a system in the body to regulate the body. With that in mind PTSD is put into two different categories. They would be direct exposure and indirect exposure to an event. Direct events would be first hand experiences but the person. A point in time that the person felt significant risk of life and limb. An indirect traumatic event would be if an individual would witness a traumatic event. The mind has the same kind of defense mechanism. This is used to cope with severe mental trauma or mental stress. When a person goes through extremely powerful mental trauma that the mind cannot deal with the pain many things happen. One of those things is PTSD or post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. This report will look at this disorder from a biblical point of view using the lives of many people. Dreams The dilemma is what PTSD victims deal with frequently. PTSD is a reaction to some kind of stressor but definition. “PTSD is a disorder that has to do with the experiencing, witnessing...
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...Complexly traumatized youth frequently suffer from body dysregulation, meaning they over-respond or underrespond to sensory stimuli. For example, they may be hypersensitive to sounds, smells, touch or light, or they may suffer from anesthesia and analgesia, in which they are unaware of pain, touch, or internal physical sensations. As a result they may injure themselves without feeling pain, suffer from physical problems without being aware of them, or, the converse – they may complain of chronic pain in various body areas for which no physical cause can be found. Effects of Complex Trauma. (2014). Retrieved September 7, 2014. Think of what it is like for young children to be in traumatic situations. They can feel totally helpless and passive. They can cry for help or desperately wish for someone to intervene. They can feel deeply threatened by separation from parents or caretakers. Young children rely on a "protective shield" provided by adults and older siblings to judge the seriousness of danger and to ensure their safety and welfare. They often don't recognize a traumatic danger until it happens, for example, in a near drowning, attack by a dog, or accidental scalding. They can be the target of physical and sexual abuse by the very people they rely on for their own protection and safety. Young children can witness violence within the family or be left helpless after a parent or caretaker is injured, as might occur in a serious automobile accident. They have the most difficulty...
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...Trauma, Development, and Spirituality Crissy Bontrager Liberty University Trauma, Development, and Spirituality Trauma during childhood can arise from a variety of circumstances. These circumstances can include neglect, maltreatment, various forms of abuse, divorce, to name a few. The effects of trauma during childhood vary as to the type of trauma the child may have suffered. However, the development of a child can be affected by trauma. Looking into the affects of trauma one can see how development may be affected as well as how cultural differences and spirituality may help the child cope with the affects. Thus, one must take a closer look at trauma during childhood. One of the types of trauma a child may endure is the divorce of his or her parents. Children from divorced homes often struggle in school and have difficulty adjusting. The child may feel as though he or she must choose a side, or even feel responsible for the parents divorcing (University of Phoenix, 2014). The stress of ongoing trauma in a high conflict divorce can affect the neurobiology of the development of the child’s brain. Moreover, some children exhibit signs of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) when struggling with the trauma of divorce (University of Phoenix, 2014). Thus, the level of conflict within a divorce situation directly affects the level of stress or trauma the child may endure. Additionally, other types of trauma have damaging effects beyond PTSD. A child, who suffers from...
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...Clin Soc Work J (2014) 42:323–335 DOI 10.1007/s10615-014-0496-z ORIGINAL PAPER Trauma Through the Life Cycle: A Review of Current Literature Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner Alexandrea Josephine Calnan • Highlight every key term that refers to the following key concepts: 1) "trauma" generally a) "large T trauma" b) "micro-trauma" 2) "resilience" Published online: 31 May 2014 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 Abstract This paper provides an overview of common traumatic events and responses, with a specific focus on the life cycle. It identifies selected ‘‘large T’’ and ‘‘micro’’ traumas encountered during childhood, adulthood and late life, and the concept of resilience. It also identifies the differences in traumatic events and reactions experienced by men compared to women, those related to the experience of immigration, and cross generational transmission of trauma. Descriptions of empirically-supported treatment approaches of traumatized individuals at the different stages of the life cycle are offered. Keywords PTSD Á Large-T and micro-traumas Á Neurobiology Á Gender differences Á Immigrants Á Treatment approaches The past is never dead. It’s not even past. William Faulkner The conflict between the will to deny horrible events and the will to proclaim them aloud is the central dialectic of psychological trauma. Judith Lewis Herman S. L. A. Straussner (&) Silver School of Social Work, New York University, 1 Washington...
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...Brain Trauma on the Function and Development of Personality Student’s Name University Affiliation The trauma that occurred Research by Centre for Disease Control indicates that approximately 1.4 million people living in America sustains Traumatic brain injury every year, resulting to concussion trauma (Fowler & McCabe, n.d). Most of these people are children under the age of 14 years. The measurement of the severity of this brain trauma is through the establishment of the duration when the conscious is lost, the alteration of mental status like confusion, as well as in posttraumatic amnesia. The duration between the time of the trauma and the research study This study in a follow up of 30 years after the brain injury shows that patients who experience this type of brain trauma have high prevalence toll of Axis I as well as Axis II psychopathology. In the follow up, major depression, specific phobia, psychotic disorders, panic disorder, as well as alcohol abuse were the major diagnosis (Delisi et al, 2008). Most patients also show at least one personal disorder, with paranoid, schizoid and avoidant being the most rampant. From the study, a unique, disinhibited syndrome of organic personality is also common in these patients. The syndrome is specifically linked to the frontal lesions. The impact of the trauma on overall function According to Fowler and McCabe (n.d), the consequences of concussion trauma brain injury are often upsetting to the victims as well as to their loved...
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