...‘flight or fight’ response. Symptoms commonly associated with PD are: palpitations, accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling and shaking, fear of losing control, abdominal distress and fear of dying. Studies across the developed world have shown that PD prevalence is between 1.4% and 2.9%, with more women being affected by PD (Australia & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 2003). PD can lead to serious consequences which can result in recurrent panic attacks, alcohol and drug abuse or risk of attempting suicide, if not treated (Bouton, Mineka, & Barlow, 2001). The three treatment methods that will be assessed are: Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) augmented by panic surfing, a combination of CBT and pharmacotherapy using serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and short term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP). It will be argued that a combination of CBT and SSRI is the best treatment for PD. CBT is a method that involves a paradigm of a fight or flight response and the role of bodily hyper-vigilance. Panic surfing is used to reduce anxiety by ‘riding out the wave of anxiety’ instead of trying to control the symptoms. (Lamplugh, Berle, Milicevic, & Starcevic, 2008). In Lamplugh et al. study there were eighteen participants in the study, fifteen of which were women who attended the anxiety clinic. Their mean age was 35.6 years. Of the eighteen, 10 participants (55.6 %) were married, 4 participants (22.2%) had post secondary qualifications and 10 were in paid employment...
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...is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). CBT therapists believe maladaptive thoughts cause us to misinterpret reality leading to distressing emotions, physical symptoms and dysfunctional behaviour, which can cause depression. The aim of CBT is to identify and then alter these maladaptive thoughts as well as any dysfunctional behaviour, which may be contributing to depression. They will first look at how the negative schema affects current behaviour and try and teach individuals how to see the link between their thoughts, emotions and behaviour. This process is called ‘thought catching’. When the NAT’s are identified the therapist will often present evidence to challenge their negative thinking and think of other ways of explaining a situation using normal cognitions. The patient will be set homework where they may have to do a task/ experiment or have to write a diary which records emotions. In the case of a ‘task’ the therapist will set something the person can do such as taking the minutes at a meeting. They will then discuss the outcome of the task at the next session. CBT believes that by maximising the cognitive change you can maximise the effectiveness of the therapy session. CBT is a more active therapy compared to drugs with patients having to take a role in the treatment. There are usually between 16-20 sessions of which a person has a couple a week and then they may have booster sessions sparsely spread throughout the year. CBT has been found to be effective. Butler...
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... therefore, supports the use of psychological therapies, such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Family Intervention (FI) in ameliorating psychotic symptoms. As such we should consider our choice strategy when targeting psychotic symptoms,...
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...The only mediated subject variable was the age; 50 participants were selected for each defined age group using a computerized random selection process. Participants were ages 18 - 70 years, with a confirmed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnosis of Schizophrenia. All were generally healthy, were taking antipsychotic medication for their symptoms for at least 1 month prior to study, and did not use any recreational substance besides nicotine or caffeine. Every participant was a frequent smoker, with an average of 14 cigarettes smoked per day. Participants were informed of the study in full and signed consent forms, agreeing to begin a dose of the medication and attend CBT once per week. People with suicidal ideation, substance abuse other than nicotine or caffeine, another disease or illness, nicotine use other than cigarettes, or in another medical study were not used in the...
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...”Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) refers to a class of interventions that share the basic premise that mental disorders and psychological distress are maintained by cognitive factors”(Hofmann 2).CBT is a medley of cognitive and behavioral therapies, that work together to counter negative thinking through rhetorical means and behavioral adjustments. The concept behind CBT is that negative thoughts such as criticism, anxiety, grief, and devaluing one's demeanor, result in elevated susceptibility. CBT, essentially goes on to target and modify the way a person behaves, senses, and comes to realization, over a long-term period of time. Adolescent schizophrenia is an intriguing and perplexing disorder where the brain becomes extremely impaired. Some...
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...behavioural treatment programs for comorbid geriatric insomnia. Psychology and Aging, 17(2), 288-298. Rybarczyk et al. (2002) found that the literature addressing geriatric insomnia provides evidence of the efficacy of several behavioural treatments, but that most research with this population has excluded those with comorbid medical illness. Thirty-eight geriatric patients with comorbid insomnia and medical illness participated in this randomised controlled trial, which allocated them to either cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT), home-based audio relaxation treatment (HART), or delayed-treatment control conditions using stratified random allocation. Seven self-rate or self-report and one actigraphy measures assessed between- and within-group differences at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 4-month follow-up. The CBT included weekly group sessions with behavioural and cognitive components, relaxation training, and sleep hygiene education. The HART participants received audiotape recordings with four relaxation and sleep-training programmes and a guidebook with behavioural components. Control participants completed the same interval assessments as the treatment groups and were offered HART at the end of 6 months. The study found differential improvement between the CBT and control groups at post-treatment and follow-up on five of seven sleep measures and a clinically significant difference for sleep efficiency between the HART and control groups at post-treatment. It concluded...
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...Micro Assessment 2 Abstract This Micro Assessment is about a client named Jane Doe that presented at CPS in Copperas Cove after having an altercation with her husband. Jane is a young mother that has a history of mental health and anger management issues. She has been married for just over a year. The client and her husband have a history of arguing and fussing in front of the children. Jane Jane was arrested after grabbing a knife and trying to stab her husband with the knife. When she did not succeed at stabbing him with the knife Jane went upstairs and overdosed on several pills. She was taken to the hospital and was immediately signed out by her mother that works at the hospital. Because of her leaving the hospital against doctor’s advice, CPS was called to remove Jane’s children from the home for their safety. This Micro Assessment will give detailed history about Jane and give suggested client-directed treatment plans for her treatment options. Micro Assessment 3 Assessment Demographics: Name: Doe, Jane Age: 20 years old Name(s) of Parent(s)/Guardian(s): Peggy Sue Williams Client/Family Members present at assessment: Jane Doe, John Doe, and Peggy Sue Williams ...
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...Outline and evaluate one biological therapy and one psychological therapy for schizophrenia (8+16 marks) Schizophrenia, a psychotic disorder in which an individual has lost touch with their sense of reality, has been treated both biologically, with therapies such as drug therapy, and psychologically with Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Both of these therapies are used extensively for an individual with the disorder, reflecting the view that no single approach can appropriately explain and treat schizophrenia single-handedly. When treating schizophrenia biologically, drug therapies are the most commonly used type of therapies. Within drug therapies, antipsychotics are the drugs which are the most appropriate for treating the disorder, as they help the patient gain a better subjective feeling of wellbeing and allow them to function within society adequately. Antipsychotics can come in typical forms, which includes drugs such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol. These drugs, work on the assumption that schizophrenia is caused by too much of the neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger within the brain) dopamine. The way in which they act is by binding too, but not stimulating the dopamine receptors (notably the D2 receptors on the receiving end of the synapse). This means that the dopamine itself cannot bind to the receptor, as it is already occupied and so a lower level of dopamine enters the synapse. This lowers the overall levels of dopamine in the brain, combatting the positive...
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...Major Depressive Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Argosy University Abnormal Psychology Brandy Rhodes 12/08/11 Abstract: Major depression disorder is a wide and complex disorder than many Americans suffer from. This paper will review the research and material of major depression disorder and the effective treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy. Although there are several types of therapy available to treat depression and other mood disorders, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been one of the most widely used and thought to be very effective in treating the disorder. First the paper will review what the disorder is and the criteria needed to diagnosis one with major depressive disorder and then we will take a look at how CBT helps the client overcome the signs and symptoms of the disorder. Lastly the paper will follow up with why CBT is thought to effective with treating major depressive disorder. Major Depressive Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Many clients’ that are seen in today’s clinics suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD) which is one of the most common disorders. “Major depressive disorder has a life time prevalence of 15.8 % (Mor and Haran, 2009). Many times MDD is characterized by early onset with development occurring throughout the life span. MDD is a disorder characterized by extreme depressed mood that lasts at least 2 weeks and includes cognitive symptoms such as feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and indecisiveness;...
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...Adolescent Treatment Approaches Adolescent treatment of substance abuse disorders was initially conducted through approaches used in the treatment of adults, with substance abuse disorders. It came to light in the 1980’s that the approaches used in treatment of adults, did not adequately address, pertain, or appropriately aid adolescents (Winters, Botzet, & et al, 2011). Adults and adolescents possess different manifestation elements of substance abuse, therefore through assessment, an adolescent will be referred to one of five criteria levels for suggested treatment approaches to be used. The five criteria levels for suggested treatment approaches, as well as, the approaches will be discussed and examined in the following. The five levels...
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...were diagnostic hyperinflation and over-medication in treatments caused by the guide of this manual. Also, the problem of its ambiguous language was still not solved. Lastly, the purpose of the DSM-5 was questioned because critics doubted whether the DSM-5 was a guide for psychiatrists or a tool for making profits. First, the changes from the DSM-4 to the...
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...Article #1 The title of the article, “Psychological treatment of insomnia in hypnotic-dependent older adults”, by Soeffing et al. (2008), gives an accurate portrayal of the research topic, as the wording is very understandable. The title clearly identifies the intended population of older adults, as well as reveals the key independent variable of cognitive behavioral therapy that is suggested to affect the dependent variable of insomnia. The title encompasses the idea that the population of older adults who take hypnotics for insomnia will be exposed to some sort of psychological treatment. The abstract is well organized and summarizes the main sections of the study. It contains the most relevant and extensively used terms and ideas from the article. The problem statement of this study is clearly presented and identifies that insomnia is a condition that can have detrimental effects on many older adults, and therefore, Soeffing et al. (2008) found the importance in developing new interventions to improve insomnia in older adults who are habitual users of sleep medications. The purpose of this study seeks to evaluate whether the psychological treatment of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) will have an effect on older adults that suffer from insomnia and chronically use hypnotics. Many of these older adults are comfortable with their sleep medication regimen; however, introducing CBT as a second line of treatment could lead to further improvement of their sleeping patterns...
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...Base Medical Library, Lackland AFB, Tex A cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) that emphasizes exposure-based treatment is the most effective intervention for adults with acute stress disorder (ASD) (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, meta-analysis of limited-quality randomized controlled trials [RCTs]). Exposure-based therapy reduces symptoms in adults with ASD more than CBT that focuses on cognitive restructuring; both therapies are better than no treatment at all (SOR: B, a limited-quality RCT). Avoid drug treatment within 4 weeks of appearance of symptoms, unless distress is too severe to be managed with psychological treatment alone (SOR: C, consensus guideline). Evidence summary ASD refers to a constellation of psychological symptoms that can occur within 4 weeks after a traumatic event.1 (For more on ASD, see http://www.psychologynet.org/dsm/stress. html.) Patients with symptoms that persist beyond 4 weeks or develop after 4 weeks are diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Approximately 12.5% of people who experience a traumatic event develop ASD, and 10% develop PTSD, although not all patients who develop PTSD have preceding ASD.2 Early identification and treatment of ASD can decrease the percentage of patients who go on to develop PTSD.2 Exposure-based therapy works better than cognitive restructuring A 2009 meta-analysis of small, limited-quality RCTs noted that CBT based on re-exposure to memories of the traumatic event, when started within...
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...cognitive psychology was called the “cognitive revolution.” Some say this was a time in which behaviorism declined and cognitidsm became a dominant force. However, others have concluded that there was an increase for the trend of cognitive psychology however there was not a decrease for the trend of behavior psychology (Virus-Orega 2013). Behaviorism and cognitive psychology can be combined to create Cognitive behavioral therapy to treat Post-traumatic stress disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective way to treat multiple types of trauma. These traumas include trauma from terrorism for example the 9/11 terrorist attack, war trauma, sexual assault, and traffic accidents (Kar 2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy is said to be...
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...alcohol treatment facility. We talk a lot about cognitive development and the concerns we have with our clients as it relates to their disease of addiction. We need to know what changes in intellectual abilities, mental activities, and behaviors through which knowledge of the world is attained. This requires an understanding of us as counselors, to know what the variety of factors are including, biological, social, environmental, experiential, and motivational as well as the emotional life of each of our clients’. When we know this information, we are best able to examination their needs and understand the ways in which their cognitive and moral development have hindered their lives. As a result, we are then able to treat the problem and get into the solution. At Stella, we do this by treating our clients in a number of different ways. According to Piaget, he believed the environmental factors played a large role in the psychological development, in general, and cognitive development. As a counselor, we see this everyday with our clients’. They come into treatment with different environmental factors that play a major role in their addictions. As a result, we see that in their behaviors and attitudes. Piaget’s work identifies important elements that in today’s society is still viewed upon as relevant and well respected. Because I believe it to be relevant to this chapter as it relates to Cognitive Development, below, I will introduce how Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is used...
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