...CHAPTER 2 2.1 International guidelines USA Heritage Documentation Program Secretary of the Interior’s Guidelines for Architectural and Engineering Documentation (USA) state the following guidelines on how to produce architectural and engineering documentation. The Guidelines are organized as follows: Definitions. The following definitions are used in conjunction with these guidelines: Documentation—measured drawings, photographs, histories, or other media that depict historic buildings, sites, structures, objects or landscapes. Field Photography—photography other than large-format photography (usually 35mm), intended for the purposes of producing documentation. Field Records—notes of measurements taken, field photographs and other recorded information intended for the purpose of producing documentation. Large-Format Photographs—photographs taken of historic buildings, sites, structures, objects, or landscapes where the dimensions of the negatives are either 4″ × 5″, 5″ × 7″ or 8″ × 10″ and where the photographs are taken with appropriate means to correct perspective distortion. Measured Drawings—drawings produced according to HABS/HAER/HALS guidelines depicting existing conditions or other relevant features of historic buildings, sites, structures, objects or landscapes. Written Data—inventory forms, data sheets, historical reports, or other original, written works of varying...
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...built to protect China’s northern border in the 3rd century BC, and for impressive stone and earthen fortifications built along a different northern border in the 15th and 16th centuries AD, long after the ancient structure had mostly disappeared. Ruins of the later wall are found today along former border areas from Bo Hai (a gulf of the Yellow Sea) in the east to Gansu Province in the west. The Great Wall is visited often near Beijing, at a site called Ju-yong-guan, and at its eastern and western extremes. The Great Wall is probably China's best-known monument and one of its most popular tourist destinations. In 1987 it was designated a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Great Wall is not a single, continuous structure. Rather, it consists of a network of walls and towers that leaves the frontier open in places. Estimates of the total length of the monument vary, depending on which sections are included and how they are measured. The Great Wall is about 2,400 km (about 1,500 mi) long, according to conservative estimates. Other estimates cite a length of 6,400 km (4,000 mi), or even longer. Some long-standing myths about the wall have been dispelled in recent decades. The existing wall is not several thousand years old, nor is it, as has been widely asserted, visible with the naked eye from outer...
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...“A world heritage site is a place (such as a forest, mountain, lake, monument, building, etc,) that is listed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as being of special importance to the common heritage of humanity,” as quoted from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and cultural organization (UNESCO) in Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu. A quite significant tourist travel destination would be Machu Picchu for many reasons. One such reason would be that it is one of the most beautiful places a person can visit. Another reason to visit Machu Picchu would be the rich history behind it. Not only is the history behind it rich, but the history of finding it is also quite amazing. Due to all of these significant items it is caused that Machu Picchu is a significant travel destination....
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...8-week Pre-sessional Research Essay 15th August 2012 To What Extent is Negative Heritage a Benefit to Society？ UCL Language Centre Student: QIFAN WANG Tutor: MARK BAILEY Date: 16/08/2012 Word count: 1854 words Introduction Cultural heritage, including monuments, groups of buildings and sites, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science(1972, UNESCO Convention World Heritage), is inherited from past generations, maintained in the contemporary era and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. While seemingly uncontroversial and due to its significant position and profoundly influential value, human beings are exploring ancient civilization and preserving cultural heritage. However, we should recognize that not all heritage represents a positive memory , the uncritical interpretation of heritage is indeed omit negative factors of the past. In order to distinguish heritage more thoroughly, we use the term “negative heritage” which is defined as sites that may be interpreted by a group as commemorating conflict, trauma and disaster (Rico 2010), more specifically, Meskell deems that negative heritage is a conflicting site that becomes the repository of negative memory in the collective imaginary (Meskell 2002, 558). Unlike other heritage which can win widespread appreciation and permanent admiration, negative heritage refers to death, wars, religious conflicts and culture clashes. Controversies of...
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...95% of the statues on Rapa Nui are made out of volcanic tuff. The statues are examples of monumental carving with 961 maoi at more than 210 sites. The moai are erected on ‘image’ ahu located along the coast. ‘Image’ ahu are monuments that have a platform, a ramp on the inland side leading to a leveled court and in most circumstances wing-like construction extended out laterally from one or both ends of the platform. The moai would be placed on a pedestal on the platform and would face inland. The ahu would have been the center of social and spiritual life for the community. The construction of ahus started as early as AD 1300 to 1400 and construction and remodeling would have gone on until the end of the 17th century. The 2003-2004 UNESCO-JAPON project at the site complex at the ahu Ura Uranga te Mahina. The goal of the research was to establish chronological patterns of use and discard at Ura Uranga, find more evidence on stone working methods and distinct stages of shaping and examine what the statues can tell us about statues uses and attached meanings. Based on the characteristics of the three Ahu at Ura Uranga it was determined that Ahu three was built first, then Ahu five and finally Ahu four. Ahu three shows the most damage of all three from tsunamis as well as being partially buried by the reconstruction of Ahu four. No statues intact or otherwise were found at Ahu three, which suggests that Ahu three may have been built before people in Rapa Nui started erecting...
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...Malaria is the leading death, illness, and poor growth in developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is a parasitic disease spreading through mosquito bites that involve high fevers, flu-like symptoms, and death. The World Health Organization (2012) reported over a million deaths are attributable to Malaria and 90% of all deaths caused by the disease occur in sub-Sahara Africa. According to the 2012 report from the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimation of 600,000 deaths occurs every year in Sub Sahara Africa, in which a child dies each minute. These young victims are mostly children under five years of age. Many techniques have been put into place to help eradicate the disease, but a lack of well-targeted education systems, which is one of the most effective tools, remains a serious challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa Despite the availability of such many strategies, there is a need to propose a new study that will outline how we can make significant difference in the education systems by the way we use Mobile Technology. Summary To ensure the management, and control of the disease, the data collection will help determine if the disease has a direct correlation to the level of social education, to the lack of adequate resources, good governance in the political arena, lack of Health care services or the financial burden from the affected families? In combination with other research, the recommendation provided by this study will help sustain economic and social...
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...The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article XXVI: Right to Education The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted in 1948 and one of the articles, article XXVI deals with protection of the fundamental rights, right to education: (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. The right to education is a universal right and is recognized as a human right. It includes the right to free, non biased and non political primary education for everyone, to make secondary education at least accessible to everyone and make access to higher education. The right to education also provides the obligation to avoid discrimination at all educational levels and to improve quality of education. Furthermore, the European Court of Human Rights defined „education...
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...follow as scheduled. From the 7th week, the assigned students are expected to present their findings on the selected topic. The class discussion will be followed after the students' presentation. 2. References Kim, Young Hoon. 2013. Understanding World Heritage in Korea: From Dolmen Tombs to Heaven’s Gate. Seoul: Jimoondang. Kim, Young Hoon. 2014. Understanding Korean Everyday Llife. Seoul: Jimoondang. Kim, Choong Soon. 2007. Kimchi and IT: Tradition and Transformation in Korea. Ilchogak Publishing co., Ltd. The Center for Information on Korean Culture. 2006. Exploring Korean History through World Heritage. Hollym Corp., Publishers. Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea, http://english.cha.go.kr/ UNESCO World Heritage, http://whc.unesco.org/ UNESCO Memory of the World...
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...“Once you crossed the gate to the Camp , There was no chance to get out of there alive”.- Chaim Hirszman.Memorials and monuments show, in part, the ways that communities and people have answered these questions. The gallery of images below exhibits a variety of memorials and monuments that have been constructed to remember the Holocaust. The introduction that follows explores the complex questions that memorials raise about how we choose to remember history. Memorials raise complex questions about which history we choose to remember. Some people distinguish between the two, saying that memorials are a response to loss and death and that monuments are more commemorative and celebratory . “Thou shalt not be a victim, thou shalt not be a perpetrator,...
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...Memorialize “The Discussion of Monuments” As a matter of fact when building monument many things have to be taken into consideration; such as the location, the size, and the materials that they may use when they are building it. The reason why monument are so remembered is because of all the things that the builders take into consideration like the size of the monument they are building. The Abraham Lincoln is one of the most seen monuments because of the size and where it is at. Since the Abraham Lincoln monument is so important it shows that the builders had to take many things into consideration. People who built the monuments had to take many things into consideration when building a monument, like the size and place. If people take the location, size,...
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...volcanic crater are thought to be the reason for such a high number of land animals having been fossilized. It wasn’t until 1875 that the first fossil, a crocodile, had been discovered. Since then, numerous fish and sea creatures, thirty one plant species, 45 mammals, and 43 species of bird have been discovered. Some even had stomach contents and tissue still intact. There is no doubt that the area is extremely important to the world of science. In 1971, the Messel Shale Pit almost became a waste dump, but thankfully the plans for the dump fell through. It wasn’t until 1991 that the site was purchased by the Hessen State for over 35 million marks. The site had contributed so much to science and education due to the fossil findings, that the UNESCO, or United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, declared it a world heritage site in 1995. It was the first and only site to have ever been declared such strictly due to its fossils. The site is still being excavated today, and is also considered a tourist attraction in the area. There is also a museum that can be visited...
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...------------------------------------------------- Guillermo Orozco Gómez (Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, 1954) Es licenciado en Ciencias de la Comunicación por la Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara Doctor en Educación por la Universidad de Harvard. Es miembro de la Academia Mexicana de Ciencias y del Sistema Nacional de Investigadoresnivel III. ha desempeñado como coordinador del grupo de trabajo sobre estudios de la recepción de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Investigadores en Comunicación fue catedrático de la UNESCO en las ciudades de Bogotá y Barcelona. Actualmente es jefe del Departamento de Estudios de la Comunicación Social de la Universidad de Guadalajara. es un académico mexicano enfocado en los estudios sobre recepción de los medios y alfabetización audiovisual. Audiencias Orozco introdujo la idea de audiencias segmentadas en lugar de un televidente imaginario único. Para las empresas de medios, la audiencia se define como un conjunto de cifras que representan a la sociedad de acuerdo con su exposición y sus preferencias. Para los anunciantes, son los consumidores potenciales de los productos a quienes se debe persuadir para la compra. * Orozco apunta que, desde una perspectiva de la comunicación, la audiencia son sujetos comunicantes capaces de escuchar, leer y ver de forma inteligente, crítica y productiva; aunque también son capaces de desconectarse del mundo. * Para él, la audiencia también es un grupo de sujetos culturales...
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...Challenges and opportunities in recovering looted relics ----Starting from the auction in Paris of two Chinese bronze animal heads Introduction On February 25th, 2009, Christie’s, as the world’s largest auction house, proceeded the sale of two bronze animal heads, which were initially owned by China but lost in time of war, in Paris from the collection of the deceased fashion designer Yves St Laurent, fuelling great wrath of Chinese people. A NGO called APACE, together with a newly-established group of Chinese lawyers, applied to the “Tribunal de Grande Instance” (a court in Paris) for the “property preservation” of the two relics in order to sabotage the auction, yet the litigation was rejected since the judge held that the complainant doesn’t have the direct claim right. [1] Besides, Chinese government and individual collectors like Cai Mingchao also made their move against this auction, but China still scarcely makes any material progress in the restitution of the looted legacies throughout. [2] Such case reveals great challenges for countries like China to get back missing or stolen artefacts due to multi-faceted legal problems, and their harvests are often not in proportion with efforts paid. On the other hand, propelled by a huge profit, illegal antique trade has been showing a rampant trend in recent years. Its annual turnover is the second highest in all illegal dealings, merely lower than drug trade. [3] Given the lax law system on the protection of cultural relics...
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...Nicolas Poussin was born to Jean Poussin and Marie de Laisement on June 15, 1594 in Les Andesys, Normandy. His father was a nobleman who served in the Tavanes regiment under Kings Charles IX, Henry III, and Henry IV. Due to a lack of monarchial funds during this time, Jean had to cover the cost of his armor, horse, and other necessities which ultimately left him poor by the time he left the regiment. Although Nicolas’ family was considered impoverished nobility, Nicolas was educated in Latin, letters and the sciences. Nicolas was gifted in drawing and his gift was recognized by Quentin Varin while he visited Les Andesys in 1611 and 1612, ultimately Varin became his first teacher. In 1612 Nicolas left for Paris, while in Paris he studied anatomy, perspective, and architecture and worked with the minor masters Georges Lallemand and Ferdinand Elle. (Verdi) During this time Nicolas was introduced to engravings after the masters of the Italian Renaissance, this work inspired so much that he made two unsuccessful attempts to visit Rome. In 1622 Nicolas created six large tempura painting for the Jesuits, which resulted in him receiving a commission for a painting in the Notre Dame chapel. Nicolas’ Jesuits paintings caught the attentions of Giambattista Marino and he commissioned Nicolas to create a series of drawings based Ovidian mythology. Nicolas went to Rome in 1624 and remained there for the rest of his life. Giambattista introduced Nicolas to Marcello Sacchietti who was one of...
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...Victoria Pompei Acts of terror during the Korea War Many visit the Washington Mall without ever having seen the Korea War memorial, which is indicative of how misunderstood the Korea War is, hence its other name : The Forgotten War. Overshadowed by the Lincoln monument just a few feet away, this memorial commemorates the American men who served during the war that took place between 1950 and 1953. Nineteen stainless steals statues stand in a triangle form, surrounded by bushes and on their right a wall representing the 38th parallel. These statues evoke feelings of sorrow and anguish unlike any other monuments on the Mall, but what it fails to do is recall the lives lost due to acts of terror committed by US troops during that time....
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