...deposits of organic material such as plants and animals which has decayed converting it into crude oil, coal, natural gas or heavy oils cause by exposure to heat and enormous amounts of pressure over millions of years. b. Fossil fuels are formed by the enormous amount of pressure the organic material is under of millions of years and as it decays it converts into different fossil fuels such as the ones listed above. a. Three examples of fossil fuels are crude oil, coal and natural gas b. In Australia, crude oil is refined to make up petrol and diesel which fuels most of our vehicles and without it we wouldn’t be able to run cars and buses to transport people around. A small percentage,...
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...INTRO: Coal is mined in every state in Australia. Mainly in Queensland, New south wales and Victoria. About 75% of mines of coal in Australia are exported to mostly to eastern Asia. The coal exported to eastern Asia is mainly used in electricity generation. There are 4 important uses of coal production. Coal mining has many negative impacts on the environment, it can also have severe physical health effects. Economically black coal is a great resource, there have been reports that over 48.8 billion tonnes of the black coal has been sold. Over 96% of these sales were from New South Wales and Queensland. PARAGRAPH 1: There are many types of coal production. However there are only 4 significant uses of coal. Firstly, steel production (liquid fuel), Cement manufacturing. Thermal coal or which is commonly known as steam coal is used for power generation. Lastly, coking coal is in the use of steel production PARAGRAPH 2: In cement manufacturing coal is used as an energy source during the production. Energy is needed in copious amounts to make cement....
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...MPF53 FINANCE “Review the proposed Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) in Australia and critique its impact on financial management decisions” BY Xiao Nie Yang Song Date: 20th April 2010 Introduction In today’s society, all countries in the world will experience climate change in coming decades because of increasing carbon pollution (climate change 2007). In order to reduce the carbon pollution, ETS and CPRS will be proposed in the world wide and Australia. This essay is to focus on revising the proposed carbon pollution reduction scheme and point out its impact on financial management decision. In the first place, there is a brief summary about the CPRS scheme in detail. In the second place, there is an analysis about major and minor financial management decisions. In the final place, the impacts of CPRS on its financial management decision will be raised. All in all, the conclusion is a summary of the aim of the essay and how to achieve this aim. The CPRS scheme The emissions trading scheme (ETS) in Australia is called Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS). Australia is very vulnerable to the effects of climate change. They recognize that human activity is causing the climate change and also Australia is one of the biggest polluters on a per capita basis. The CPRS will help reduce Australia’s carbon pollution by putting a price on carbon for the first time in Australia’s history. The carbon price means that goods that...
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...the requirement. Coal seam gas which has widely been used in industry is considered as an new energy. Therefore, coal seam gas is playing a vital role in many countries. For instance, coal seam gas industry can provide outstanding economic revenue for Australia (Hamawand , Yusaf, & Hamawand, 2013, p. 552). However, the extraction of coal seam gas encounters opposition because it would bring serious contamination to farmland and environment . This essay will outline the merits of exploiting the coal seam gas which may replace the conventional energy and to reduce contamination. It will also discuss the negative effects of developing the coal seam gas industry on farming and the environment. Coal seam gas is the substaintial energy that can substitute the traditional energy and decrease environmental pollution. First of all, the refining of coal seam gas can lower the environmental pollution. For example, the new Kenya water treatment plant can help changing coal seam gas water to recycle, and thus could reduce the water pollution (GE; advanced technology to produce beneficial water from booming coal seam gas industry in Australia, 2011). Furthermore, the development of coal seam gas can decrease the air pollution. If the discharge of greenhouse gases were limited from burning fossil fuel, the extensive disposal of coal seam gas for coal would obtain a considerable reduction in terms of Australia’s carbon footprint (Chen & Randall, 2013, p. 7). Coal seam gas is a comparatively...
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...renewed interest in nuclear power as a means of providing for the world’s energy needs. Discuss the implications for Australia’s mining industry? Australia is the world’s largest coal exporter and has the second largest deposit of coal in the world. Although the world is currently in the throes of a global financial crisis, Australia’s economy one of the few in the developed world to stay afloat has been buoyed considerably by its exports industry, particularly that of coal. Despite Australia’s promise to reduce carbon emissions by 5% in accordance with its commitment to the Kyoto protocol, the coal industry has been lucky enough to avoid almost all penalties that other industries are set to receive under the proposed carbon emission trading scheme . This combined with Australia continuing to stall further international discussions on combating climate change has earned Australia the reputation of “A nation of climate sinners” . It is obvious that despite a lot of rhetoric on the importance of addressing climate change, the Australian government is not willing to commit to solving the global challenge of climate change to an appreciable degree while such a large part of the Australian economy is at stake. For the Australian government to fully commit to its promises on combating climate change, a way to free the Australian economy of its coal dependence needs to be found. The world is in a new era of energy production where it is no longer a question of which energy technology will...
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...Introduction: Coal seam and shale gases are two commonly found forms of unconventional gas in Australia. Gas is a fossil fuel and is considered cleaner than coal as it produces up to 70% less greenhouse emissions when burned (Gardner, 2015). Coal seam and shale gases are also cheaper than other renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar. Coal seam and shale reserves are widely found across Australia, particularly in Eastern Australia. Fracking, or more commonly known as Hydraulic Fracturing, is the technique used to extract coal seam and shale gases from rock as it improves the flow of gases that are difficult to access (Pearson, 2015). With the ability to use the fracking method to extract coal seam and shale gases, the mining industry considers this a viable and practical mining technique. However, there are debates on the social and environmental impacts of this mining practice. What is Fracking: Fracking is the process by which heavy machinery drills down into the hard rock layer below the earth’s surface. Fluid is then injected into the ground through a pipeline, while methane gas and chemicals are used to hold open the cracks in the rock layer (Dong, 2014). High pressure water mixture, containing sand and chemicals, is then directed at the rock, releasing the gas inside. It is a procedure that has been available for over 60 years (globally), as an alternative to the traditional unconventional gas extraction methods, but was not considered a cost effective method...
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...plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils. How fossil fuels are formed: Fossil fuels are formed over time where sand, sediment and rock bury the organic matter, it eventually forms large quantities of fuels by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Different types of fossil fuels form depending on what combination of animal and plant debris was present, how long the material was buried, and what conditions of temperature and pressure existed when they were decomposing. For example, oil and natural gas were created...
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...dirty energy Alternative Annual Report 2011 Contents Introduction Coal BHP Billiton in Colombia: Destroying communities for coal BHP Billiton in Indonesia: Going for Deadly Coal in Indonesia BHP Billiton in Australia: When too much in uence is never enough BHP Billiton Australia: Coal mine workers ght back - Queensland BHP Billiton Australia: BHP battle with farmers - New South Wales Oil and Gas and Greenhouse Gases BHP Billiton globally: Re-carbonising instead of decarbonising BHP Billiton in Australia: Hero or destroyer? Uranium BHP Billiton in Australia: “Wanti” uranium – leave it BHP Billiton in Australia: Irradiating the future BHP Billiton in Indonesia: Mining for REDD a false solution to climate change Solutions? Less mining, more reuse and recycling? Moving into rare earths? Footnotes BHP Global mining operations – dirty energy investments 1 3 4 7 8 10 10 11 12 13 15 18 19 20 22 Introduction “More than 30 million people were displaced in 2010 by environmental and weather-related disasters across Asia, experts have warned, and the problem is only likely to grow worse as climate change exacerbates such problems. Tens of millions more people are likely to be similarly displaced in the future by the effects of climate change, including rising sea levels, floods, droughts and reduced agricultural productivity. Such people are likely to migrate in regions across Asia, and governments must start to prepare for the problems this will create.” – Asian Development...
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...beef, lamb and pork as well as grains, coal and cotton. The land’s origins trace back to the Aboriginal people...
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...January 21st 2013 Australia’s economic growth relies on Asia’s continuing demand for resources Many countries in Europe and US are dealing with fiscal crises, banking sector instability and serious downside growth risk. Fortunately, Das (2012) point out that Australia has a great probability in the future to face global economy problems. Australia is rich in natural resources, and because of their natural resources, it helps Australia to show a great performance in economic sector (Das, 2012). Australia’s economy activity keeps increasing, also added by the amount of demand for exports from China. With the large demand of exports from China, it proposes new opportunity in diversifying trade relations from European Market. Unfortunately, Australia is too depending itself on Asian demand. If decreases happen in demand from China, it will affect headline GDP growth. From now on, the intention of this discussion is to Australia’s economic growth, which relies on Asia’s continuing demand for resources. Nowadays, Australia’s growth is really depending itself to china’s demand. Plumb, Kent, and Bishop (2012) mention that the boom in the resource sector is one of the sectors that got an effect from strong growth in Australia. Plumb, Kent, and Bishop (2012) say that there are three overlapping phases that this boom has. But he believes that someday the demand for commodities will be easier because development of economies in the Asian region will shift from goods to services. Some...
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...11159249 11174354 11282047 10679140 Page 1 Table of Contents: 1. Business Description 2. Whitehaven Coal Ltd’s Performance Vs ASX200 Energy Index 2.1 Profitability Ratios 2.2 Asset Utilization Ratios 2.3 Capitalisation Ratios 2.4 Market Ratios 3. Quality of Financial Data 4. Revenue & Profitability Growth Forecast 4.1 Industry Life Cycle 4.2 Sustainable Growth Rate 4.3 Macroeconomic and Technological Factors Affecting Growth Rate 5. Business Risks: Porter’s 5 Forces 5.1 Threat of New Entrants 5.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 5.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers 5.4 Threat of Substitutes 5.5 Rivalry Among Existing Competitors 6. Recommendation Pg 3 Pg 3 − 5 Pg 5 Pg 6 Pg 7 − 8 Pg 9 Page 2 1. Business Description ASX Ticker: WHC Current Share Price (5th April 2012) Market Capitalisation Shares Outstanding Revenue from Ordinary Activities FY11 NPAT FY11 Diluted EPS (cents) Whitehaven Coal Ltd is an Australian listed company whose main $5.67 operations involve developing and operating coalmines in NSW. $2, 814m 496m and the development of the Narrabi underground mine. Initial Currently, its focus is on coal production in the Gunnedah Basin resource assessment by WHC projected that the Gunnedah Basin is $622.19m able to support at least 1.5 million tonne per annum (Mtpa) $9.95m production of open-cut coal for the company itself. That makes 2 WHC the biggest coal producer in the Gunnedah Basin. Source: Australian Securities Exchange 2. WHC’s Financial Performance...
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...produce industrial products. For example, in Australia coal mining is one of the labour intensive industries. According to Australian Coal Association (Coal & the Community), black coal mining is one of Australia’s most important industries that creates employment, low-cost fuel and important source of export revenue. (ii) Coal mining industry is labour intensive because this particular industry requires a large number of human labours to run heavy machinery and work in large factories to produce the goods. (iii) Economies of scale is where the long-run average cost declines as production increases in simple explanation where a manufacturing company saves money as its produce higher quantities of its product. In this case, mining industry are likely to develop economies of scale because it has the ability to mass produce products. (iv) In coal mining industry in Australia there numbers of firms in mining industry, however there are four major companies that dominates coal mining industry – Rio Tinto, BHP Billiton, Xstrata and Anglo American – together account for well over half of total Australian black-coal production. b. (i) Capital intensive industry refers to industry that requires substantial amount of capital in the production of goods. In Australia one of the capital-intensive industries is automotive industry. (ii) Automotive industry is capital intensive because in order to make cars it requires the workers to use expensive equipments that must be properly maintained...
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...Definition of coal: • caustobiolitică a sedimentary rock that comes from vegetal incarbonizarea. • the transformation is slow in the absence of atmospheric oxygen at elevated pressures and temperatures that depend on the depth at which the plant is accumulation. Classification of coal: Coal (7000-9000 kcal / kg): anthracite, coal Quality coal (2600-5000 kcal / kg) brown coal, lignite, peat Historically the use of coal Late nineteenth century - coal had a role in the development of industry (coal century). Widely used as fuel for steam engine - James Watt (creator of the first motor efficiency). The widespread use of coal: Getting coke resulting from the high temperature carbonization process, the distillation of coal in the absence of oxygen. The coke used as fuel in the steel (for obtaining one ton of steel requires 600 kg coke). The material or by-product in the manufacture of iron, calcium carbide and other industrial thereof. Fuel for power generation and chemicals. construction materials fuel for power stations and cement factories (3/4 of the demand for coal) Chemical Industry Getting paints, plastics, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, etc.. Pharmaceutical industry. Domestic heating fuel Synthetic Fuel Coal Liquefaction Evaluation of coal resources: 1913 - International Geological Congress in Turin (7100 billion tons) - North America 68% -...
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...capacity and the energy mix for India Source | Percentage | Coal | 57 | Hydro | 18.6 | Renewable | 12.25 | Gas | 8.9 | Nuclear | 2.2 | Oil | 0.56 | Sector | Percentage | State | 40 | Central | 29 | Pvt | 29 | 1. Energy is the prime mover of a country’s economic growth. Availability of energy with required quality of supply is not only key to sustainable development, but the commercial energy also have a parallel impact and influence on the quality of service in the fields of education, health and, in fact, even food security. 2. According to a report by IEA (International Energy Agency), India needs to invest a total of 800 billion dollars in various stages by 2030 to meet its energy demand. India accounts to around 2.4% of the annual world energy production, but on the other hand consumes 3.3% of the annual world energy supply. And this imbalance is estimated to surpass Japan and Russia by 2030 placing India into the third position in terms of annual energy consumption. Therefore, after summing up all the energy issues, energy security has been identified as the only tool to overcome the energy concerns. 3. According to Integrated Energy Policy, for a 9% growth over a sustained period, imports of crude oil in 2031-32 may be between 362-520 million tonnes with import dependence of 91%-94%. For natural gas, it may be 25-135 (Mtoe), which means an import dependence of 20%-57% of supply. Coal imports may be between 300- 736 (Mtoe), which may be an import...
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...Wesfarmers Coal division, with mining interests throughout Australia, is part of Wesfarmers Limited, a major diversified Australian public company. They only produce thermal (steam) coal and metallurgical (coking) coal, with the latter being exported (Figure A). As shown in Figure B coking coal is priced much higher than thermal coal. The firm’s coal interests include the Curragh mine in Queensland’s Bowen Basin, the Premier Coal mine at Collie in Western Australia’s south west, and a 40 per cent interest in the Bengalla mine in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales. Before analysing the challenges, it is beneficial to examine the market Wesfarmers operates in. The marketplace for coal is domestic, with the majority exported on the global market. The coal industry can be described by the classic perfect competition model via the following characteristics (Earl & Wakeley, 2005: 226-227): • Large number of potential buyers (global market) • Large number of potential competitors. World Coal Institute estimates that recoverable coal reserves are in more than 70 countries and supply will last approximately 155 years (World Coal Institute: 2007). • Large number of current competitors. Each competitor sells a perfect substitute for Wesfarmers coal. • There is no price regulation in the coal industry. According to Earl and Wakeley (2005: 227), these characteristics would make Wesfarmers a price-taking firm which has no control of the price it charges for coal. It has...
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