...Tainted Idols In today’s society the use of drugs to enhance one’s performance is becoming a common trend in professional sports. These drugs help athletes to compete at a higher level. Not only do these professional athletes break many records and win trophies, they are making more money than ones who choose not to use performance enhancing drugs. Since salaries have increased in professional sports, so has the use of these drugs. While performance enhancing drugs were apparent in the past, they have become increasingly evident in the modern era, tainting the integrity of professional sports. The use of performance enhancing drugs has been around for many years. In World War II these drugs were given to German soldiers to increase their strength and aggressiveness (Edwards, 2006). However, these drugs became evident in the 1960 Olympic Games after a Dutch cyclist died. In 1963, a ban was placed on a list of prohibited drugs by the International Olympic Committee to prevent performance enhancing drugs from being used in sports. This list of prohibited drugs has grown substantially since (King, 2009). Even though there is growing evidence of serious health risk that come along with the use of performance enhancing drugs, they are still being produced and used at a rapid rate. Others would argue that use of performance enhancing drugs dates back thousands of years. There are stories of athletes ingesting ground horse hooves and sheep testicles for ancient Olympic Games to gain...
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...To what extent is winning the motivation for athletes to take performance enhancing drugs despite the risks involved? Abstract Drugs in sport is an ongoing problem which I believe will never be completely abolished from the sporting world. We have definitely come a long way since the early days of drug use with the introduction of governing bodies such ad WADA to help control the testing of athletes and the detection of illegal substances, however I do not think we will be able to completely remove this ’drug culture’ from the sporting world. Therefore having experienced first-hand the drug testing practices involved in detection after competing in the world youth championships this year I was interested to look into the motivation behind athletes who choose to cheat and risk their future career both athletically and their career after retirement having been branded as a 'cheat’ within their sport. I will do this by looking into the history of drug use in sport and the enhancements the drugs provide to performance to try to understand why athletes risk their careers to simply win. Contents | | Abstract | 2 | Introduction | 2 | Drugs in sport; a modern problem? | 3 | Drugs in sport: what are they? * Amphetamines * Anabolic steroids * EPO * Diuretics * Caffeine | 3-6 | Drugs in sport: health...
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...The use of performance-enhancing drugs by professional athletes also known as “doping” has been acknowledged a problem since the 1960’s. The issue has gained prominence in the last ten years according to Bay area laboratory Cooperative (BALCO) investigators. There are several types of performance-enhancing drugs including; anabolic steroids, stimulants, human growth hormone and supplements. Anabolic steroids are synthetic that help build fat into muscle faster to help an athlete become stronger and faster as a player to help dominate the sport they are staring in. Tetrahydrogestrinone, also called (THG) is the type of steroid purportedly used by many high-profile athletes, some athletes that caught using these drug; track star Marion Jones...
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...ceases to accept an offer until it is absolutely necessary to turn the opportunity down. The students constantly feel obligated to make their day eventful and Edmundson feels absolutely repulsed by the thought of that, what ever happened to reading a book in bed on a Saturday? Edmundson argues, “They live to multiple possibilities” (Edmundson) with an intense negative tone though. ‘Multiplying possibilities’ sounds remarkable, as if students are working to the best of their ability with the resources they can utilize, but Edmundson believes students are increasing their opportunities so much that they do not even have any opportunity to become successful. If scholars constantly look for greater options, they will not succeed in any of them. Referring back to his article written a few years prior to “On the Uses of a Liberal Education: As Lite Entertainment for Bored College Students” , Mark Edmundson used to believe students were too entranced with television and focusing in on one thing, the times have changed quickly though. Edmundson currently thinks the opposite, with use of the internet students can literally do up to 20 things at once and visit multiple places while never leaving their desks! Simultaneously adolescences will text, skype, type an essay, have one head phone in with music playing, with Twitter, Facebook, and their emails all up on separate tabs, while the game is playing on the television in the background and Edmundson sees all these activities going as a...
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...with the saying “separate but equal” which entailed that although whites and blacks have segregated spaces they are equal, which was not the case. Black or colored” facilities, schools, transports and drinking fountains were not nearly as high quality as the ones for whites. Jim Crow Laws were...
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...1.2.1. Formal Institutions9 1.2.2. Informal institution – the doping market112 1.3. Governance14 1.4. Resource Allocation and Employment16 2. Decision-making process16 2.1. Prize money and Doping17 2.2. Health and Doping22 2.3. Size of Punishment and Probability of Detection 23 2.3.1. Doping game: introduction26 2.3.2. Theoretical example using real numbers 30 2.4. Number of participants and Doping 34 2.5. Conclusion 37 3. Policy advices38 3.1. Efficiency Comparison 38 3.2. Application of Criminal Law 41 Conclusion42 Bibliography44 Appendix A: Interview with Filippo Simeoni49 Appendix B: Interview with Axel Dekker55 Abstract Sports victories are often strived to at the cost of sportsmen’s integrity, reputation, health, security, or even life. The tendency to use performance-enhancing drugs is shaped by factors characterizing the institutional framework. In particular, the prize money, health costs, severity and frequency of punishment, and number of participants are expected to play a crucial role in the decision making process of an athlete concerning doping, therefore their significance will be shown empirically. This will lead to the designing of the policy necessary to create a level playing field in professional cycling. Turns out that a mix of increased controls, review of the list of prohibited substances, and application of criminal law in doping...
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...Sport MarHeting Quarteriy, 2006, 15, 184-189, © 2006 West Virginia University Nike's Corporate Interest Lives Strong: A Case of Cause-Related Marketing and Leveraging Colleen McGlone and Nathan Martin ( involved in CRM, as well as addresses ethical dilemmas that may arise when these campaigns are being considered by both corporations and non-profit organizations. Nike's Corporate Interest Lives Strong: A Case of Cause-Related Marketing and Leveraging Sport Sponsorship Corporate sponsorship of athletes, facilities, and events is not a new phenomenon in the sport marketing wodd. Sponsorship appears td be everywhere, from sponsored stadiums and fields to apparel and clothing. This surge in sponsorship has not only increased the expense of sponsorship, but it has also created an environment where cutting through advertising clutter has become more difficult. With changing consumer habits and the need to target specific lifestyle segments, corporations are looking to use s]5ort sponsorship more frequently as a means to meet a variety of objectives (Belch & Belch, 1995; Shimp, 1997). Specifically, sport sponsorship is "a business relationship between a provider of funds, resources, or services and a sport event or organization, which offers in return specific rights that may be used for commercial advantage" (Howard & Crompton, 2004, p. 434). Of all the commercial advantages a corporation may seek to exploit through sport sponsorship (e.g. image building, brand building,...
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...Mario Prieto 7/25/2014 Mr. Ogrodowski English 102 Research Paper Marijuana Legalization Marijuana is the most used drug in the world; it’s as popular as it is polarizing. It’s been said to have medicinal benefits for the ill. Can it kill a human being? If it can kill, than why is it illegal? Why not legalize it, that way crimes will go down? All these are questions that have been asked when discussing the hot debate that is marijuana. While there is no clear answer to any of these questions, there is a variety of opinions out there in respect to marijuana. Marijuana has carried a big stigma for a long time. Back in the 20th century, not a lot was known about marijuana. We as humans tend to be afraid of the unknown, therefore we feared marijuana and what damages it could cause. As of today, 23 states have legalized marijuana, with Colorado being the state that gets the most recognition (ProCon.org). Those for the legalization of pot are devoted to this plant and go way back to 1965, where Beat Poet Allen Ginsberg led a march for marijuana legalization outside the New York Women’s House of Detention in Lower Manhattan (Lee, Martin A). Passionate protesters waved posters and shouted out slogans in one of the more renowned moments of the 1960s (Lee, Martin A). This protest launched the inaugural event of the New York chapter Committee to legalize pot, the group was led by Ginsberg and Poet Ed Sanders; these protests would be...
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...Analyzing Psychological Disorders Alexa A. Perivolotis PSY/240 June 20th. 2014 Psychological disorders affect more people then we realize. Someone you know could be silently suffering and you would have no idea. Diagnosing and treating mental disease is tricky because it can present itself in so many different fashions and at different stages in people’s lives. Many different areas of the brain play a role in mental disease. Each day we learn more and more about the physiological and the biological relationship of mental disease that goes on in the brain. This knowledge helps to better diagnose and treat patients. Hopefully one day we will know enough to be able and determine an individuals risk for these diseases from a simple blood test or scan. One mental disease suffered by many is Schizophrenia. This disorder present’s itself with both positive and negative symptoms. A positive symptom is classified as something that represents excess or distortion of normal function. This includes symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speech or thought, inappropriate affect (failure to react with appropriate emotion to positive or negative events), or odd behavior such as repeating tasks or remaining motionless. Negative symptoms are classified as something that represents reduction or loss of normal function. These symptoms include affective flattering which is the reduction or absence of emotional expression, alogia or reduction of speech, avolition or reduction...
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...[pic]Drug dependence - Overview Alternative Names Drug addiction; Addiction - drug; Dependence on drugs Definition of Drug dependence: Drug dependence means that a person needs a drug to function normally. Abruptly stopping the drug leads to withdrawal symptoms. Drug addiction is the compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects. A person may have a physical dependence on a substance without having an addiction. For example, certain blood pressure medications do not cause addiction but they can cause physical dependence. Other drugs, such as cocaine, cause addiction without leading to physical dependence. Tolerance to a drug (needing a higher dose to attain the same effect) is usually part of addiction. Causes, incidence, and risk factors: Drug abuse can lead to drug dependence or addiction. People who use drugs for pain relief may become dependent, although this is rare in those who don't have a history of addiction. The exact cause of drug abuse and dependence is not known. However, a person's genes, the action of the drug, peer pressure, emotional distress, anxiety, depression, and environmental stress all can be factors. Peer pressure can lead to drug use or abuse, but at least half of those who become addicted have depression, attention deficit disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, or another mental health problem. Children who grow up in an environment of illicit drug use may first see their parents using drugs. This may put them at a...
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...with Drugs . The effect of a drug is caused solely by its pharmacological properties and effects. . Some drugs are instantly addictive . The gateway/ stepping stone theory - the use of 1 drug leads to the use of other more dangerous drugs What are drugs ? Krivanek's definition : Drugs are substances that are introduced into the body knowingly but not as food. Therefore illicit drugs, legal recreational drugs and legal but regulated pharmaceutical drugs that aren't recreational at all. - Whether if a drug is considered bad and is prohibited depends on the culture of the society in a particular period. What is culture ? The definition of culture = Through Roger keesing and Andrew Strathern's definition it is a system of shared ideas, rules and meanings that underlie and are expressed in the ways that human live. - This includes : law, beliefs, political economy, media and popular culture - this perceives ideas about what is normal and abnormal to society. " Culture is always changing and contested, not unified" Enthography as a method for studying drug use It is a process of observing, recoding and describing other peoples way of life through intimate participation the community being studied". - Participation observation, involving yourself in the life of the community , taking up the life of the other person, observing their actions, asking questions and learning what questions to ask. Zinberg's theory of drug use Effect of drug use...
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...The Effect of Modern Drugs on Today’s Youth Children and the Law Seminar It’s nearing finals time and students across campus are beginning to feel the anxiety with exams over the horizon. While many students hit the books to quash this feeling, others search for something more. Whispers soliciting a need for Adderall resonate throughout the halls. These students don’t have prescriptions for their drug of choice, but this doesn’t deter them. They know that the risk in purchasing and ingesting this “study buddy” is far outweighed by the extreme focus and potentially high exam scores it may bring. It’s not that these students are ignorant of the law; it is quite the contrary. These situations are now so commonplace that today’s youth perceives the law to be a technicality in their search to find a means to an end. This pervading attitude should come as no surprise to most adults. For as long as human history has been recorded, drugs have defined and reflected the attitudes of their era. In the 1920’s, alcohol was placed under prohibition and Americans were looking to every which way to circumvent this federal regulation. In the 1930’s, reefer madness swept the country and marijuana was criminalized. The 1960’s marked the era of a rising counter-culture fueled by the psychedelic drug LSD. Even the cocaine boom of the 1970’s and 1980’s define a period of American history marked by high crime rates and an evolving nightlife. Today’s society is no different. In many ways, people...
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...about me, about the lives I serve b. Everyone can learn all my best effort c. Celebrate differences d. Many truths in the world e. Multi-disciplinary makes largest impression f. Analysis of power and privilege needed g. Disagree with being… h. Stay on top of things to always justify i. Show every side, let them decide j. Get thicker skin k. Good intentions are not enough l. First step begins with helping the hurt m. I must be the change Question: According to contemporary anthropologists, is race a stable category for organizing and differentiating the people of our world? (L, F-2) No its not According to the instructor, what is the first multicultural step for educators to make? (L) a. Become aware and educated on the cultures they will be dealing with. Realize that racism exists and that, if teachers are white, they have benefited from it. According to the instructor, is it wise for educators to officially adopt the concept of “color blindness” as a professional model to...
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...building all sorts of things, an interest that followed him throughout his professional life. • He received his PhD in psychology from Harvard University in 1931 and eventually returned to Harvard after teaching in several universities. • He had two daughters, one of whom is an educational psychologist and the other an artist. • Skinner was a prominent spokesperson for behaviorism and can be considered the FATHER OF THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY. • Skinner championed radical behaviorism, which places primary emphasis on the effects of environment on behavior. • Skinner was also a determinist; he did not believe that humans had free choice. He acknowledged that feelings and thoughts exist, but he denied that they caused our actions. Instead, he stressed the cause-and-effect links between objective, observable environmental conditions and behavior. • Most of Skinner’s work was of an experimental nature in the laboratory, but others have applied his ideas to teaching, managing human problems, and social planning. Science and Human Behavior best illustrates how Skinner thought behavioral concepts could be applied to every domain of human behavior. • In Walden II (1948) Skinner describes a utopian community in which his ideas, derived from the laboratory, are applied to social issues. • His 1971 book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, addressed the need for drastic changes if our society was to survive. Skinner believed that science and technology held the promise for a better...
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...Sports, Youth and Character: A Critical Survey Robert K. Fullinwider* Institute for Philosophy & Public Policy University of Maryland * rkf@umd.edu CIRCLE WORKING PAPER 44 FEBRUARY 2006 CIRCLE Working Paper 44: February 2006 Sports, Youth and Character: A Critical Survey TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION....................................... 3 a. methodological limitations..................... 4 b. conceptual and theoretical infelicities...... 5 II. THE LESSONS OF SPORT......................... 5 III. BASICS................................................ 6 a. too much too early?.............................. 8 b. competition’s role understood ............... 11 c. competition, participation, and fun......... 12 d. not enough?........................................ 14 IV. WHAT CAN WE CONCLUDE?.................... 15 V. THE MICROWORLD OF PARTICIPATION...... 17 VI. APPENDIX A......................................... 19 a. Shields and Bredemeier...................... 19 a.1. moral maturity: what are psychologists looking for?............ 22 a.2. game thinking............................. 24 a.3. moral confusion........................... 25 b. Stoll, Lumpkin, Beller, and Hahm.............. 27 It has been recognized for centuries that sport can contribute to education values that make for the development of character and right social relations . . . . [Within this contribution] there are many intertwined and interwoven threads of influences...
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