...* What is the job of the central nervous system (CNS)? The central nervous system, also known as the CNS, consists of three(3) major components of the human body: * Brain – the brain is made up of three(3) parts: the cerebrum, the diencephalon, and the hindbrain. * Nerve Tissue – this part of the CNS is comprised of neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters. * Spinal Cord – protected by vertebrae in the back, the spinal cord is made up of fiber tracts and spinal nerves. (Pedersen DD; PsychNotes: Clinical Pocket Guide, 3rd ed, F.A. Davis Company, 2011, Ch. 9, pg. 1) One of the two major divisions of the human body’s nervous system, the central nervous system is responsible for integrating sensory information and responding accordingly. In other words, its job is to get information from the body and send out instructions to the body. * What is the job of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? The peripheral nervous system, or PNS, is made up of two(2) components of the human body: * Afferent System – this system is made up of somatic and visceral sensory neurons. * Efferent System – this part of the PNS controls the somatic nervous system (somatic motor neurons), as well as the parasympathetic nervous system, both of which are made up visceral motor neurons. (Pedersen DD; PsychNotes: Clinical Pocket Guide, 3rd ed, F.A. Davis Company, 2011, Ch. 9, pg. 2) The other major division of the human body’s nervous system, the peripheral nervous system...
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...of our thinking, feeling, and acting is the nervous system. The nervous system is the physiological network of intercommunicating cells that forms the basis of our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact with the world. The brain is the supreme organ of the nervous system and it is the organ that most directly controls our thoughts, emotions, and motivations. The Organization of the Nervous System The Central Nervous System (CNS) o The nervous system consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. o The central nervous system has two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. Both parts are encased in bone for protection and further protected from shocks by cerebrospinal fluid which circulates throughout the brain and the spinal cord. o The brain responds to information it receives from the rest of the body. Communication within the brain is two-way; (1) the brain receives and processes information and (2) then forwards the information with instructions on how to respond. o In the brain, a network of individual cells called neurons receives information and transmits it to the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a slender, roughly cylindrical rope of interconnected fibers, enclosed within the spinal column, that transmit information from sensory neurons to the brain and from the brain to motor neurons. o One function of the spinal cord is to collect information from the peripheral nervous system and transmit it to the brain and back again...
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...College Author Note This paper is being submitted on XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX General Psychology. A Tour of the Brain The brain is the control center of the human body. It is protected by the skull and is made up of three main parts, the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the Brainstem. The brain is the boss of the body, it runs the show and controls just about everything one does, even when one’s asleep. (Kidshealth, n.d.) During this brief tour guide of the brain, one will see how the brain fits into the Central Nervous System, how the main parts work together, and what would happen if one of those main parts were damaged. In humans, the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which consist of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which contains all the nerves that run everywhere in the body. The brain and the spinal cord serve as the main processing center for the entire nervous system, and control all the workings of the human body. They work together to let messages flow back and forth between the brain and the body. The biggest part of the brain is cerebrum. The cerebrum is the thinking part of the brain and it controls the voluntary muscles, the ones that move when you want them to. When one is thinking hard, trying to solve a math problem or trying to figure out a video game, one is using the cerebrum. (Kidshealth, n.d.) The cerebrum is made up two sides, the left and right hemispheres. The right...
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...My job in the medical field that I picked is a neurosurgeon. A neurosurgeon is a surgeon that operates on the central nervous system. The central nervous system (or CNS for short) is made up of the spinal cord and brain, the two nerve transfer areas in our bodies. The spinal cord is very important, if it's damaged you can become paralyzed, meaning you lose all feeling and motion in that area of your body. There is many different parts of being paralyzed. There is paraplegic, meaning you lose feeling and motion of your legs. There is also tetraplegic meaning you lose feeling and motion of your arms. There is many more types of paralias but my job as a neurosurgeon is to do my best to repair the spinal cord as quickly and as efficiently as I...
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... Most animals regulate their body temperature at a particular level. For humans it is 37°C. If the temperature is too high the body will apply different mechanisms to decrease its temperature. E.g. sweating and dilation of blood vessels. If the temperature is to low the body will counteract to increase the temperature. E.g. shivering, constriction of blood vessels and goose bumps. This is a negative feedback system which allows us to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the process of keeping a constant internal condition. How do we keep things the same? To keep our body at a constant temperature we need three things: receptors, a processing centre and effectors. Thermoreceptors in the skin detect changes in external temperature. They pass this information on to the processing centre in the brain called the hypothalamus which is a tiny gland in the brain. An important job of the hypothalamus is to regulate body temperature. Your body’s reaction to heat loss is involuntary and controlled by the hypothalamus. When it receives the message from the thermoreceptors it automatically triggers changes to effectors. The effectors are tiny muscles called arrector pili found attached to the hair follicles. When stimulated, these muscles will contract and cause the...
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...Multiple Sclerosis Laney B. Pope Health Science 1 Honors Hobbton High Sch L. Pope 2 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a long-lasting disease that can affect the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve of the eye. MS occurs when the immune system attacks a fatty material called myelin, which wraps around nerve fibers to protect them. Without myelin, nerves become damaged resulting in the brain being unable to send signals through the body. (WebMD). There are four types of MS; Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS), Secondary-Progressive MS (SPMS), Primary-Progressive MS (PPMS), and Progressive-Relapsing MS (PRMS). Each type of MS is named according to the way the disease acts on the body over time. The severity and type of MS depends on the size and location of...
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...CHAPTER 1: The Science of Psychology 1. Who founded the first Psychology laboratory and when was it (HINT: it was in Germany)? What else was he known for? a. First Lab 1879- Leipzig, Germany. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of psychology as discipline. Conscious experience and building blocks, trained many early psychologists 2. Identify the following, and the one or two main names (if applicable): Structuralists, Functionalists, Gestalt Psychology, Behaviorism Psychoanalysis, Humanistic Psychology, Cognitive Psychology b. Structuralists: Titchener- Wundt’s student. Wanted to examine the structure of mind and organization of basic elements of sensations, feelings, and images. “Structure of the mind” Example: I see a square as composed of four separate lines. Introspection: observing ones own conscious reactions. c. Functionalism- William James- first American psychologist. “Mental associations allow us to benefit from previous experience.” Deals with function, what does consciousness does to us, what is the purpose etc. d. Gestalt psychology- Max Wertheimer. Objects are well-organized structures, whole objects instead of parts. Ex. A square is a Square e. Behaviorism psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud. Founded psychoanalysis in early 1900s, focused on unconscious thoughts in determining behavior. Psychoanalysis- feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called unconscious. f. Behaviorism- John Watson, B.F. Skinner. We can predict behaviors...
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...sclerosis: What is it? SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To inform my audience of the possible causes of Multiple sclerosis and how the disease effects the body. THESIS STATEMENT/CENTRAL IDEA: Multiple sclerosis is a disease that affects the body’s central nervous system, which results in a myriad of symptoms. Although its specific cause is unknown, it is thought that a person’s distance to the equator, smoking, viruses, and genetics may be possible triggers for MS. INTRODUCTION: 1. I never got to see my grandma walk. By the time I was born she was basically wheelchair-ridden and had live-in nurses to care for her. I actually called her Boo-Boo because I didn’t understand why she couldn’t walk. My parents told me it was because...
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...vision problem, etc almost daily. Then sometime, you feel dizzy, vertigo, loss of balance, involuntary muscle spasms, and difficult to move around. You may feel depress and mood swings in addition to these symptoms. What is wrong with you? You are at the age where as young adults with full energize life ahead, ready to take charge of an independent life and assume a various social roles and economic responsibilities like a new career after college and graduate school, begin an intimate romance relationships, or maybe starting a family of your own (Falvo, 2009). What you are experiences are the common symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a Central Nervous System (CNS) disease which affects over 400,000 Americans, and every week about 200 people are diagnosed. Worldwide, it affects about 2.5 million people (NewsRx Health and Science, 2012). Its exact cause is unknown, however the common thought is some unknown virus or gene defect is the blame. To really understand Multiple Sclerosis we will need to look at it definition and history, the statistics of number people afflicted with it, what are the social-psychological challenges of the disease. We will also need to look at what kind of research projects and experiments have been done regarding the disease, what kind of help and support that the community have to offer to its patients, and the interventions impact on MS. Multiple Sclerosis, just the name itself is very revealing: multiple, is more than one, and sclerosis, which...
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...Term 1 topics (30% of the exam): • Skeleton • Muscles • Nervous System • The Brain Skeleton and Muscles • Skeletal system is all the bones in the body and the tissues that connect them • Average human has 206 bones • Bones: - Composed of living cells - Has protein called collagen, which makes it strong (Collagen: strong fibers) - Contain calcium sulphate and phosphorous which makes it hard - 2 types: compact bone (outer layer, dense and hard), spongy bone (inner layer, consist of fine struts of bone, forms the red bone marrow) • Cartilage (soft bone): - Firm but softer than bone, cartilage is rubbery while bone is firm - Has collagen but no mineral salts - Smooth slippery surface acts as a cushion, reduces friction • Function of bones: - Enables movement (eg: raising of arm, breathing movement in the ribs, chewing of the jaws) - Storage minerals - Support the body, keep it off the ground and keeps the body shape - Where blood production happens (red marrow of some bones such as vertebrae produce both red and white blood cells) - Protection (brain-skull/cranium, heart, lungs and liver-rib cage, spinal cord-vertebrae) • Structure of the skeleton (just important ones): 1. Vertebral column - Also called backbone or spine or spinal column - Consists of 33 individual vertebrae - Cartilage allows the...
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...Respiratory system Nose | Air enters and leaves the respiratory system through the nose. It warms and moistens the air before it reaches the lungs, and helps remove unwanted particles, like dust and soot. | Trachea | The trachea is also known as the windpipe. It is a bony tube, which connects the nose and mouth to the lungs, hence is an important part of the respiratory system in vertebrates | Lungs | The lungs take in oxygen, which the body's cells need to live and carry out their normal functions. The lungs also get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of the cells. | Nervous system Brain | The brain is like a central computer that control bodily functions. It is protected by the skull to reduce damage. It is divided into many parts, including the cerebrum and brain stem. It stores and sorts out information before sending out any necessary commands. It is the centre of control and its job would be incomplete without the spinal cord. | Nerves | Each nerve is connected to a particular area and is responsible for connection to and from different regions of the body. ‘Multiple sclerosis’ is a problem which can damage nerves and prevent signals to travel from them. | Spinal cord | The spinal cord is a long bundle of nerve tissues. It is protected by the vertebrae so it doesn’t get damaged. There is also fluid that helps protect nerve tissue, keeping it healthy by removing waste products. The brains job would not be possible without the spinal cord. | Sense...
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...Running Head: FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME 1 FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME 2 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most recognizable form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). FAS is characterized by a pattern of minor facial anomalies, prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, and central nervous system abnormalities. Those born with FAS often have behavioral and learning difficulties. The consequences of the damages caused by the mother's drinking is lifelong (Wattendorf & Muenke, 2005). To date, there has been no extensive population-based studies done (Vaux & Chambers, 2012). However, data in one sample demonstrated that approximately 1 in 100 children have alcohol-related effects. In high-risk pregnancies, predicted incidences of fetal alcohol syndrome are approximate and differ because of varied definitions of heavy drinking and inconsistent methods of diagnosis. For this reason, rates range from 4% to as much as 44%.The estimation of FAS in the United States is 1-2 cases per 1000 live births (Wattendorf & Muenke, 2005) . Fetal alcohol exposure is the leading known cause of mental retardation in the Western world. The term Fetal Alcohol Syndrome was first published in a 1973 article in the British medical journal The...
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...cardiomyopathy, liver disease and the increase of unemployment from excessive alcohol drinking. Today alcohol counts for a large percentage of accidents and deaths among people each year and is responsible for half of all accidental deaths and suicides. It has always been evident that alcohol has an effect on brain function. Alcoholism and binge drinking are the leading cause of death in America, and according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) about two thirds of men and about one half of women in America drink alcohol. And aside from intoxication, drinking alcohol can cause memory loss, seizures, headaches, and blackouts. While all body systems feel the affect of alcohol, the CNS (central nervous system) is particularly sensitive. Science Net Link states alcohol as a depressant of the CNS, that makes nerve cells in the brain less excited causing them to slow down. Science Net Link also points out that alcohol affects our brain’s chemistry as well by altering levels of neurotransmitters, which are the chemical messengers that transmit signals throughout the body to control our thoughts, behavior, and emotions. Dr. George Kruick on Healthline.com states that drinking too much could also alter levels of certain nutrients in the body, which includes...
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...A Laboratory Manual for Human Anatomy And Physiology First year Diploma in Pharmacy (PH) Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT CELL,MSBTE,MUMBAI. LABORATORY MANUAL DEVELOPMENT FOR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY Particulars Education Technology Consultant Project Institution Shri. D.M.Makone, Team for design Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir's, Institute of Industrial And Pharmaceutical Technology, Panchavati,Nashik-422 003 November-2005 - May 2006 Principal,Shri.Vilas M.Aurangabadkar I.I.P.T. Panchavati,Nashik - 422 003 Shri. Bhaurao K.BacchavI.I.P.T., Panchavati, Nashik - 422 003 1. Shri. Bhaurao K.Bacchav I.I.P.T.,Panchavati,Nashik 2. Shri. Avinash R. Bhutada Shri.D.F.Lodha, Pharmacy College, Chandwad 3. Shri. Nadeem A. Logade, AIT's Institute of Pharmacy, Malegaon. Project Period Chief Project Coordinator Project Coordinator Subject Experts © 2006, Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, 49, Kherwadi, Aliyawar Jung Road, Bandra (East), Mumbai-400 051 Maharashtra State, India. No part of this Laboratory Manual be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from MSBTE Mumbai. MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Certificate This is to certify that, Mr./Ms./Mrs. Roll No. of First Year Diploma in pharmacy (Institute) has Completed the term work satisfactorily in Human Anatomy and Physiology PR. ( 0809) for the academic year 200 to 200 as prescribed in the curriculum. Place...
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...Biol 121 lecture introduction 23rd feb : Pass program Little groups * Learning notes topics discussions * Informal * opens Friday 27th feb 5.00 Studies: How the body works Anatomy Gross anatomy – internal structures Microscopic anatomy- study of cells, study of tissues (microscope) Physiology- cellular physiology – e.g. nerves and muscle fibres Integrative physiology- different tissues and organs, functions e.g. cardiovascular Levels of organisation e.g. tissues, organs, organ systems organism levels Go through link called echo – access lecture recordings My unit- weekly feedback quiz Biology and chemistry lessons Textbook folder mastering a&p Lecture d 3rd week on a Tuesday Labour day (Monday) good Friday Assessments In class tests (30%) Quiz a (10 %) quiz b (20%) Worksheet questions (30%) Final exam 40% See unit outline for due dates, methods, extensions Quiz a Week 3 (early feedback) 30 mins to complete Opens 3pm Tuesday 10th Closes 3am Thursday 12th Quiz b Week 7 semesters Week 3 up to lecture 16 (muscles) 60 mins marked out of 50 Worksheet questions (30%) due week 11 of sem Set of questions provided online in week 8 Week 1-10 Final exam Mix mcq and sa Material from whole semester Higher weighting of 11 &12 Feedback about progress: Quizzes weekly Review assessments EIP BIOL 121 TUTORIAL 1 CHEMISTRY: Reading: pages 53-61 notes * Science of structure that...
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