...had only limited abilities to change the course of disease today can they intervene in ways that most fundamental processes of life and death. Ethical dilemmas in medicine are no longer considered the sole region of professionals. Professional code of ethics offers some guidance, but they are usually unclear and uncertain about what to do in specific situations. These codes assume that whatever decision is to be made is up to the professional not the patient. Today patients, families, and clergy want to become involved in ethical decisions. In large societal decisions such as how science medical resources, including high technology machinery, newborn intensive care units, and the expertise of doctors. While the doctors and patient relationships and individual cases are still prominent in bioethics. Bioethics began in 1950’ s as an intellectual movement among a small of doctors who started to examine the questions raised by the new medical technologies that were starting to emerge as the result of heavy costs of public funds in medical research after the war. That was joined by a number of scientists who has become disillusioned with what they saw. Still dominate in the field; today bioethics is an interdisciplinary effort with political scientists, nurses, and allied health professionals, contributing their special perspectives to the ongoing debates. The other relativistic view rejected by normative ethics is the ntion that whatever feels good is good. In this...
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...believed in the greatest good for the greatest number, and believed that quantity (rather than Mills belief in quality) played the main role in deciding whether an act was good or not, as the one providing most pleasure for most people, whilst providing least or no pain, is seen as the best choice by Bentham. To decide the value of happiness created with such act, Bentham would apply the Hedonic calculus, with 7 criteria which help to calculate pain and pleasure generated by the act. Intensity would be applied to see how intense the pleasure or pain is, duration to see how long will the pleasure or pain last, certainty to see what is the probability that the pleasure or pain will occur, propinquity to see of how far off in the future is the pleasure or pain, fecundity to see what is the probability that the pleasure will lead to another pleasure, purity to see what is the probability that the pain will lead to other pain in the future and extent to see...
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... Trials have been established to test the organs of pigs and whether or not they have what humans need. Statistics say they are the right size, and we as humans already have the infrastructure to breed them in large numbers. Although some scientists are struggling to get human bodies to accept pig organs, others are attempting the more ambitious task of engineering human organs from scratch. Solid organs such as the lungs, heart, liver and kidneys pose a greater challenge. These organs pose a greater challenge in the ways that they are bigger, contain multiple cell types, and have a complex architecture and an extensive system of the most important component which are the blood vessels. Organ engineering offers a different solution to the crisis of organs. After decades of research and time, both xenotransplantation and organ engineering are in the middle of clinical trials involving further simple tissues and organs, however complex organs like lungs or liver remain a distant yet achievable goal. The important question in relation to the engineering of the lungs is whether tissue-engineering technologies will reach the point of an organ being perfectly matched before genetic engineering allows the first transgenic pig hearts or lungs to be successfully engineered in patients. To conclude, David Sachs, an immunologist at Massachusetts General Hospital states “I consider xenotransplantation still the nearest-term, best hope for solving the organ shortage, but in the long run...
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...Bio Transplant Case Part A - If he goes public: What parts of the company will be affected? The whole company and its culture would be affected. Senior managers would have to communicate with the public about company’s vision. Managers and staff might divert their attention to quarterly reports and stock price movements. Public relations staff Only about 40% would remain in control by insiders How will his ability to operate be affected? Disclosure might affect BioTransplant’s competitiveness. It would require a lot of time to do the roadshow, to explain/communicate his vision to the shareholders and he won’t have as much time to do his day to day activities. Part B - Argue why he shouldn’t do an IPO: Costs: Direct costs of an IPO: Underwriting costs Costs filing SEC, providing audited financial statements Costs too much to conduct road trips to market the offering Indirect costs of an IPO: Costs associated with training and maintaining the public relations staff Change in company’s culture Disclosure Management would have to pay attention to quarter reports instead of long-term objectives. Management would have to spend time to explain the company’s vision to new shareholders who are unfamiliar with biotransplant business. Other Reasons why shouldn’t do an IPO: Still had enough cash in the short run It would be hard to find a professional underwriter in biotechnology field. It would be uncertain how much BioTransplant can raise due to DNX...
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...have used animals for different uses. They have been used for food, clothing farm work and a variety of other uses. So using them to test new medical advances is different. Animal testing for medical purpose help saves lives and future generations. Animal testing should be continued for the use within the medical field. The ancient Greeks believed that animals were created by the gods to be used however people wish. The Bible says God gave man dominions “over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping things that creeps on the earth” (Genesis 9:1-3). The ancient Greeks and Romans influenced the laws of western civilization. The western civilization had no laws saying what you could not do to an animal no matter how cruel or unnecessary the act was (Thorburn). To some people animals have no rights at all while to others animals have rights and should not fell unnecessary pain and suffering. The people who believe animals have no rights; and use them just for their benefits but there is a line that should not be crossed animals do have feelings and some rights. The new movement of animal right groups has some good points like human like primates should not be used in testing like chimpanzees. The first law put in place by western civilizations was in the Massachusetts Bay colony. The law states that it is illegal to exercise any tyranny or cruelty towards any animal which are kept for use by humans (Thorburn)...
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...IPR plays a very vital role in protecting Biotechnology transfer rights and provide the proper mechanism for the sustainable use of its components as well as the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biodiversity. Basically, the Biotechnology defined as “any technological application,” applies to products, not procedures. In furtherance to that, the pharmaceutical industry developing immeasurably in the field of biotechnology and IPR is the only instrument which can protect the foremost rights arising out of transferring the Biotechnology. As I mentioned earlier that technology is the application of knowledge to solving specific problems or unpretentious meeting identified needs. In respect to the aforementioned topic, biotechnology transfer appreciates as ‘the technology transfer in which the application of technologies in new geographic or product areas, generally involving adaptation to local needs and conditions.’ According to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the convention intently giving special attention and it is only because of its specific references within the Convention. Biotechnology, defined therein as “any technological application,” applies to products, not procedures. Due to the diversity of product traits, biotechnology cannot be treated as a single entity, but rather must be addressed as a composite of products with individual specific attributes and transfer processes. Technology transfer activities that are based on...
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...Answer the following questions. Q1. With proper examples, describe how you have benefited from the biotechnology applications. Since ancient time, biotechnology applications have been used. For me, I think that I am very much benefited in the field of food and beverages. This is said so because we have been using microbes in making bread, cheese, yogurts and also alcoholic drinks. In agriculture field, fruits and vegetables are being modified in order to have a better taste, have a longer shelf life, better texture and colour or even having the resistant to some disease or pests and a lesser usage of pesticides. Thus, biotechnology applications in agriculture are able to bring a healthier diet as lesser pesticides are being used, a sufficient demand of food to the nations and a more environment friendly plantation. Besides, now in the 21st century, the advancement of biotechnology in medical field has brought tons of benefits to people. For an example, diabetes are now being able to be controlled better by having a synthetically produced insulin through the recombinant plasmid inserted into a bacteria- Escherichia coli. Insulin that is able to be produced in a large amount and a much lower cost to be compared to the extraction from cattle or pigs which is the previous method in getting insulin. Moreover, Dr. Michio Kaku which is a physicist and also a futurist have shown us in his video about the scientists are now trying to repair and grow human organs and tissues...
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...So are the even more recent attempts to reframe and expand the number of bodies available for donation by implementing DCD (donation after cardiac death) in cases where total brain infarction does not occur, but the hope of recovery to consciousness and a life worth living is (close to) zero. Giving away one’s organs when one does not need them any more (when one is dead, or, perhaps rather, “dead enough”) is increasingly framed by states as a gift one cannot refuse to give, provided that one has been properly informed about what the decision means to those in need of an organ. Framed in this manner, the refusal to donate becomes viewed as irrational. What rational person would want to keep something that he or she does not need when others are in desperate need of that very thing? As a consequence, all citizens’ willingness to give the “gift of life” of organ donation can be presumed. Organs are too precious to be wasted because people are irrational or egoistic, or simply because they do not want to think about their own death before they pass away. This is the message sent worldwide by the metaphor of the “gift of...
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...Is Organ Donation Free? 19 Things You Should Know About Being an Organ Donor David McNew/Getty Images News/Getty Images George Carlin once joked that he’d never become an organ donor because, if he ever got into a serious accident, the paramedic would be “looking for parts” instead of trying to save his life. A good routine, but also a documented urban legend. Doctors will, of course, do everything within their power to save you when you need it — but if what you need is an organ, there’s only so much they can do. There’s a worldwide organ shortage, and it’s not unlikely that you’ll need one some day. In fact, from a statistical standpoint, you’re more likely to require a transplant at some point during your than you are to become a donor. In the spirit of National Transplant Week, here 19 things you probably didn’t know about organ donation. 1. Somebody is added to the organ donor list every 10 minutes. 2. Roughly 18 people die every day while waiting for an organ transplant that never comes. That’s 6,570 people per year. 3. Tons of celebrities have received organ donations, including Steve Jobs, Tracy Morgan, Lucy Davis, and Natalie Cole. Homeland’s Mandy Patinkin even had two (a corneal transplant in each eye). 4. There’s an ongoing ethical dilemma surrounding alcoholics who need liver transplants. Usually, people with alcoholic liver disease are required to demonstrate six months’ of sobriety prior to receiving a transplant; however, only 30 percent of people who’ve...
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...hold that the embryo - genetically human and a potential person - deserves our full respect and protection. Others hold that while the embryo may be genetically human, it has (particularly at early stages) none of the characteristics of persons. It is not conscious; it is not self-aware. It is a cluster of cells with no independent ethical status. Still others hold an in-between view, arguing that while the early embryo clearly is not a person (and so clearly does not warrant the ethical status of a human adult or child) it is a part of the human life-cycle, part of the human story, and so ought (like a human corpse) to be treated with a degree of respect. This seems a reasonable compromise. Yet just how much respect embryos deserve, and what sorts of research (if any) might...
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...Ethical Issues in Transgenic Mice and the Benefits on Human Welfare Presently, there has been a breakthrough in molecular biology with engineering transgenic animals. Transgenic animals are animals that carry genes from another species. This technology has created transgenic animals such as mice, rats, horses, chickens, goats, pigs, sheep and cows. The use of this technology brings with it ethical issues. This issue needs to be considered by stakeholders, to ensure that all parties are aware of the issues at stake and can make a valid contribution to this current debate regarding the creation and use of genetically engineered animals. Even though there have been many ethical issues surrounding transgenic animals it has benefited humans’ health and could cure various diseases. The majority of transgenic animals that were produced were mice, which is the animal that started this technology. The first successful transgenic animal was the mice via viral infection in the 1970’s. During the 1980’s the first transgenic mice via microinjection, which is the most performed technique. In 1985, the first transgenic sheep, rabbits, pigs and cattle were created, and in the 1990’s transgenic farm animal companies were seen as bioreactors and organ donors. The main logic of genetically altering animals is some transgenic animals are produced for specific economic traits. An example could be that a transgenic goat was created to produce milk containing specific human proteins that led to the...
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...kidney was taking place. Starting in the early 20th century Alexis Carrel began testing kidney transplantation by auto-transplantation of dog kidneys onto their neck. He discovered that the kidneys would successfully re-profuse however would interrupt the urine output causing the dog to die days later. Kidney transplantation is still very far away from being able to complete a human to human transplant. Later, in 1914 Murphy discovered that mice that underwent a splenectomy had a more successful transplant. Carrel then concluded from this that if they could find a way to slow down the actions of the bone marrow and spleen, then the chances of a successful transplant would be much higher. This is essentially what immunosuppressant does today. The first xenotransplantation of the kidney took place in 1954 at the Brigham’s hospital in Boston under the direction of Joseph Murray and Peter Bent between two identical twins. This helped to avoid any rejection problems and further surgeries between twins were a success. Currently immunosuppressants are still being developed to help further patient care. Over the last 100 years the kidney transplant went from being just a thought to a full reality. Kidney failure has always been a condition which has plagued humanity. However in the last few centuries treatments have been devised to help treat kidney failure. Dialysis and transplantation are some of the common treatments yet don’t give a permanent solution. New technologies...
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...cell‐derived equivalents would restore normal function. On the other hand, the use of hES cells is highly controversial because they are derived from human pre‐implantation embryos. To date, most embryos used for the establishment of hES cell lines have been spare embryos from IVF, but the creation of embryos specifically for deriving hES cells is also under discussion. The most controversial variant of this is the transfer of a somatic cell‐nucleus from a patient to an enucleated oocyte (unfertilized egg) in order to produce hES cells genetically identical to that patient for ‘autologous’ transplantation (so‐called ‘therapeutic’ cloning); this may prevent tissue rejection. The question ‘Can these cells be isolated and used and, if so, under what conditions and restrictions’ is presently high on the political and ethical agenda, with policies and legislation being formulated in many countries to regulate their derivation. The UK has been the first to pass a law governing the use of human embryos for stem cell research. The European Science Foundation has established a committee to make an inventory of the positions taken by governments of countries within Europe on this issue (European Science Foundation, 2001). In order to discuss the moral aspects of the isolation and use of hES cells, which is the aim of the present article, it is first...
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...maxims of Confucius or religious beliefs. The most general way to define “ethics” is that “moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior” (American English in Oxford Dictionary). Bioethics is a pretty young interdisciplinary study, which is considered with ethical questions related to the relationships among human beings, animals, and environments in the late twentieth century. Based on this, bioethics derived three main subdisciplines, which are medical ethics, animal ethics, and environmental ethics. Although each sub-discipline has particular study area in bioethics, there still are overlaps of ethical considerations and approaches. This makes it difficult to easily discuss ethics questions such as stem cell research, xenotransplantation, the ethical status of animals and the ethical status of the environment. Further discussion about the vital issue of moral status solutions is necessary at the same time. In the rapid development of the natural sciences and biotechnology has greatly promoted better living conditions and improve the living standards of people around the world. On another hand, there are opposite consequences, like water and air pollution, nuclear waste, tropical deforestation, as well as large-scale livestock farming, as well as special innovative technologies, such as gene technology and cloning, resulting in doubts and even fears about the future of humanity. Blank legal system, for example, for abortion and euthanasia, many people are very...
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...Layne Hazam English 101 Prof. Anderson Aug 7, 2010 Attack of the Clones I recall sitting around the dinner table with my family as a teenager and engaging in riveting debates about the numerous possibilities cloning had for our world. In recent years, due to sports injuries and other battle wounds, these possibilities have become increasingly personal for me, even as the technology and the debates have rapidly advanced. It seems that since the discovery of fire humanity has attempted to imitate and manipulate phenomena that nature has had billions of years to develop and perfect. Cloning is a perfect example of such attempts. In nature, cloning is the process by which genetically identical organisms are produced by way of asexual reproduction. With some success, scientists have been working on ways to reproduce this phenomenon through biotechnology, in a laboratory setting. In biotechnology, cloning refers to the process used to create copies of DNA, cells, or entire organisms. Each of these forms of cloning will be described in this paper, which will then explore the issues surrounding cloning from biological, technological and public health standpoints. Molecular cloning, or DNA cloning, is the process of making multiple copies of an isolated sequence of DNA fragments (Strachan & Read, 1999). This form of cloning is most often used in biological research, but is also used in more practical applications such as genetic profiling and protein production. In practice, techniques such as this are often used ...
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