...The Use of Classical Conditioning in Advertising IT Carlow Consumer Insights Y3 12/10/2012 April Brophy Introduction Classical conditioning in advertising has been used by firms who sell products to get consumers to purchase from them instead of their competition. (CALVIN BIERLEY, 1985) This essay will briefly explain what classical conditioning is. It will examine the problems with experiments on classical conditioning in advertising and briefly look at two experiments which try to overcome these problems in testing classical conditioning in advertising. The first experiment will look at the effects of background features in advertising by Gerald J.Gorn. The second experiment will investigate whether consumer attitudes towards a product can be conditioned and it will examine weather classically conditioned attitudes can be stronger with larger numbers of trials. The essay will then look at what advertisers need to remember when using classical conditioning and then give examples of companies that use classical conditioning in their advertising campaigns. Classical Conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov by accident while he was researching the digestive system of dogs where he presented food to the dog. Pavlov noticed that the dog would start to salivate when he just walked into the room even without food in his hand. Pavlov’s main belief was that learning occurred through association. The dog associated Pavlov with the food and would then salivate. It occurs...
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...Quotes 41 Topics for Discussion 43 Plot Summary Roy G. Basch is a new intern in internal medicine at a hospital called the House of God. He begins his internship under the tutelage of the Fat Man, a second year resident who has some crazy ideas as to how to take care of patients. According to the Fat Man, there are two types of patients: the dying young and gomers. Gomers are elderly, demented patients from outside nursing homes who barely qualify as being human and who, the Fat Man says, never die. Only the young are sick enough to die at the House of God. Roy starts his internship fairly scared. He meets his fellow interns, Potts, Hyper Hooper, Chuck, Eat My Dust Eddy and the Runt—all scared and new to internship and patient care. Roy gets assigned duty with Chuck and Potts under the Fat Man on an internal medicine ward. Each takes turns being on call, and he is third in line the first week. Before being on call, he learns of several of the Fat Man's rules like "Gomers never die" and "Gomers go to ground". He learns about the hierarchy of the House of God—from private doctors down to the lowly intern. He learns about "buffing" charts so they make the patient and the doctor look good and about "turfing" patients—sending them...
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...marketplace with its bloated pension funds and financial issues.1 In November 2012, the company filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy to receive permission from the government to close its business and sell off its assets.2 The deal was accepted by the bankruptcy courts and a judge then agreed to hand over all the Hostess Brands foods to different buyers.3 This was not the snack food company’s first bankruptcy. During the 2004–2009 bankruptcy period, Hostess closed nine of its 54 bakeries and more than 300 outlet stores. In addition, Hostess’ work force declined from 32,000 to 22,000 employees. The company also dropped some regional brands and operating agreements, such as the agreement to produce Sunbeam Bread for the northeastern U.S.4 Why did it happen? A major reason behind the bankruptcy was Hostess’ failure to adapt its product lines to changing consumer tastes when their market shares started decreasing a decade ago.5 Company owners should have adapted more to consumer taste shifts and added new products. It also could have kept its high-performing products, such as the popular Twinkie, but reinvented other products, such as Wonder Bread, to be more natural with added nutritional benefits.6 Even if these measures were made though, it is still unsure if Hostess could have survived. The root of the company’s previous bankruptcy and most of its financial issues had to do with its $2 billion in unfunded pension liabilities that due to its decreased revenue it was unable...
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...Social isolation activates areas of cingulate cortex (also associated w/ physical pain) * We seek to conform to a group (evolutionarily) Social Facilitation: The presence of others enhances our performance 1897 – 1st social psych experiment – bicyclist’s bike faster when racing others rather than the clock Social Disruption: Presence of others worsens performance (usually when task is difficult Attribution Assigning a cause to someone’s behavior (Why you are acting the way you are) Internal Attribution Saying that the cause of a behavior is because of an internal personality (This person acts this way because that’s the way she is) External Attribution Attribute cause of behavior to something external (The person is acting this way because of an external reason- life problems) Fundamental Attribution Error Lee Ross (1977) Tendency to overuse the internal attribution for other behavior, but underused it for yourself (for ourselves, we use the external attribution) Social Comparison theory Leon Festinger (1954) We evaluate our own beliefs, reactions, behaviors by comparing them to others. Can lead to mass hysteria When entire group behaves irrationally Most likely when situation is ambiguous “Collective delusions” entire group is convinced of something false Conformity Tendency to conform behavior as a result of group pressure Solomon Asch 1950s Confederates people who are really researchers but act as research participants to...
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...Bel Brand: The Laughing Cow Challenge Author Note This paper was prepared for Principles of Marketing Bel Brand: The Laughing Cow Challenge Introduction Bel Group was established in 1865 by Jules Bel, a French cheese maker, who discovered that melting cheese and butter would significantly extend the shelf life of cheese. Since its establishment in Jura, France, as a subsidiary of Fromageries Bel, the group has successfully expanded its own corporation to 5 continents. 31 countries. It is currently being sold in over 120 countries and continues to enjoy successful growth with 2.7% sales growth in 2013 (http://www.bel-group.com/en/group/key-figures). Bel’s Flagship brand was discovered by Léon Bel in 1865 and was called, “La Vache Qui Rit”, or “The Laughing Cow”. According to bel-group.com “The global success of Bel's brands can be illustrated by the 10 million portions of The Laughing Cow® consumed every day in the world, the equivalent of 1.5 billion square of Kiri® produced and nearly 4 million rounds of Leerdammer® sold in 2012.” Florent Champagnat, a replenishment process manager of Bel Group in 2012, described the Laughing Cow, as “an easy to carry wedged cheese, especially convenient for families with young children.” He also described the brand as “innovative for its time”, and as one of the reasons for its rapid successful rise. The company’s success has extended to other brands, including Babybel/Mini Babybel, Kiri, Leerdammer, and Boursin, to...
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...notmyessay Wesleyan University WesScholar Division I Faculty Publications Arts and Humanities 1995 Anna Karenina: Tolstoy 's Polemic with Madame Bovary Priscilla Meyer Wesleyan University, pmeyer@wesleyan.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/div1facpubs Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts and Humanities at WesScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Division I Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of WesScholar. For more information, please contact dschnaidt@wesleyan.edu, ljohnson@wesleyan.edu. Recommended Citation Priscilla Meyer. "Anna Karenina: Tolstoy's Polemic with Madame Bovary" Russian Review 54.2 (1995): 243-259. Anna Karenina: Tolstoy's Polemic with Madame Bovary PRISCILLA MEYER D id Tolstoy intend a dialogue with Flaubert's Madame Bovary when he wrote Anna Karenina? Boris Eikhenbaum agrees with the French critics who found traces of Tolstoy's study of French literature in Anna Karenina, though he emphasizes the complexity of Tolstoy's struggle with the tradition of the "love" novel.' George Steiner long ago concluded that "all that can be said is that Anna Karenina was written in some awareness of its predecessor."2 But the evidence of that awareness is so abundant and suggestive that it is worth examining the possibility of a more detailed dialectic than Eikhenbaum and Steiner suppose.3 Tolstoy arrived in Paris on 21 February 1857. Less than...
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...Wesleyan University WesScholar Division I Faculty Publications Arts and Humanities 1-1-1995 Anna Karenina: Tolstoy's Polemic with Madame Bovary Priscilla Meyer Wesleyan University, pmeyer@wesleyan.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/div1facpubs Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Priscilla Meyer. "Anna Karenina: Tolstoy's Polemic with Madame Bovary" Russian Review 54.2 (1995): 243-259. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts and Humanities at WesScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Division I Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of WesScholar. For more information, please contact dschnaidt@wesleyan.edu, ljohnson@wesleyan.edu. Karenina: Anna Tolstoy's Polemic Madame Bovary PRISCILLA MEYER with id Tolstoy intend a dialogue with Flaubert's Madame Bovary when he wrote D Anna Karenina? Boris Eikhenbaum agrees with the French critics who found traces of Tolstoy's study of French literature in Anna Karenina, though he emphasizes the complexity of Tolstoy's struggle with the tradition of the "love" novel.' George Steiner long ago concluded that "all that can be said is that Anna Karenina was written in some awareness of its predecessor."2 But the evidence of that awareness is so abundant and suggestive that it is worth examining the possibility of a more detailed dialectic than Eikhenbaum and Steiner suppose.3 Tolstoy arrived in Paris on 21 February 1857. Less than...
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...philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines The Afterlives of the Noli me tángere Anna Melinda Testa-de Ocampo Philippine Studies vol. 59 no. 4 (2011): 495–527 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncommercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at philstudies@admu.edu.ph. http://www.philippinestudies.net A N N A M E L I N D A T E S TA - D E o C A M P o The Afterlives of the Noli me tángere Filipinos rarely read the Noli me tángere in the original Spanish, but it lives on in translation, a second life or afterlife, as Walter Benjamin puts it. During the American period, the first English translation, An Eagle Flight, based on the first French translation in 1899, was published in 1900. The second English translation, entitled Friars and Filipinos, appeared in 1902, and it was made by Frank Ernest Gannett, then secretary to Jacob Schurman, chair of the First Philippine Commission. Politics intruded in the translations; the omissions and additions recreated...
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...the 1960’s Vietnam became the first war to be televised, resulting in a large disapproval rating on the war. However, the American people saw the truth and gave their opinion. Today the media is nowhere near the ideal news coverage, being characterized as corporate, concentrated and conglomerate. News Media is a profit making enterprise owned by a few companies. So what changed? How did the media evolve into something so filtered by the government? In this Literature Review I will cover how international affairs and war coverage quality has drastically declined to fit corporate news norms. It sacrifices quality over quantity, framing the American people. News media in a democracy should provide a forum for diverse views and provide the people with the truth of what is happening around the world, (McLeod 2009). That is what I would like shed light on in this paper. News framing, agenda setting and priming are broadly examined by Scheufelel and Tewksbury (2007) to see how all three are related and what the potential relationships can infer about the effects of mass media. This is an important analysis as these three components of the subtle effects model can greatly impact how people interpret what the press puts out. In the 1970’s Newman (1973) and Gerbner and Gross (1974) both had similar assumptions that the news media had a relatively strong effect on its audience because of the bent messages sent out during broadcasts. Neumann blamed biased conservative journalists for influencing...
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...Myth and Scripture resources for Biblical Study Susan ackerman, Old testament/hebrew Bible editor number 78 Myth and Scripture conteMporary perSpectiveS on religion, language, and iMagination Edited by dexter e. callender Jr. SBl press atlanta copyright © 2014 by SBl press all rights reserved. no part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted by the 1976 copyright act or in writing from the publisher. requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the rights and permissions office, Society of Biblical literature, 825 houston Mill road, atlanta, ga 30329 uSa. library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Myth and scripture : contemporary perspectives on religion, language, and imagination / Dexter E. Callender, Jr., editor. p. cm. — (Society of Biblical literature resources for biblical study ; number 78) includes bibliographical references and index. iSBn 978-1-58983-961-8 (paper binding : alk. paper) — iSBn 978-1-58983-962-5 (electronic format) — iSBn 978-1-58983-963-2 (hardcover binding : alk. paper) 1. Myth in the Bible. 2. Bible. old testament—criticism, interpretation, etc. i. callender, dexter e., 1962– editor of compilation. ii. callender, dexter e., 1962– author. Myth and Scripture : dissonance and convergence.. BS520.5.M98 2014 220.6'8—dc23 2014002897...
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...UNIVERSIDAD AUTNOMA DE NUEVO LEON FACULTAD DE CONTADURIA PUBLICA Y ADMINISTRACION Introduction to Law Research Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman Loera was born in La Tuna, Badiraguato, Sinaloa, México on on April 4, is a former Mexican drug lord who headed the Sinaloa Cartel, a criminal organization named after the Mexican Pacific coast state of Sinaloa where it was formed. El Chapo was born into a poor rural family and lived six hours away from the closest city. Educated only to the 3rd grade and began selling marijuana with his father at a young age. At 15 he started selling it on his own and quickly made enough money to support his entire family. He built his mother a sprawling home in their rural hometown. She's a devout Catholic and "the only one who can change one of his decisions with a word." In 1993 he was arrested in Guatemala, but eight years later escaped from the maximum security prison in the Mexican state of Jalisco. In November 1995, he managed to win a transfer to the Puente Grande prison, near Guadalajara, where he remained as he faced trial for 10 different charges, including drug-trafficking and homicide. Then, on January 19, 2001, Guzmán managed to escape -- according to the Mexican government’s official record, by hiding in a dirty-laundry cart which guards eventually led to the gate of the penitentiary. But an ex-accomplice, Noé “El Gato” Hernández, has told journalists that El Chapo’s escape wasn’t nearly as daring as the Mexican Justice Department has made...
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...Strategies for Tuberculosis Control from Experiences in Manila: The Role of Public-Private Collaboration and of Intermittent Therapy INAUGURALDISSERTATION zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel von Christian Auer aus Bottmingen (BL) Basel, Mai 2003 Genehmigt von der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel auf Antrag von Herrn Prof. Dr. Marcel Tanner und Herrn Professor Dr. Klaus M. Leisinger Basel, den 6. Mai 2003 Prof. Dr. Marcel Tanner Dekan DEDICATION In memory of Aling Tess and Mang Tony, former neighbours of mine, victims of tuberculosis, the unrestrained killer that terminates daily the lives of 5000 people. With the sincere hope and plea that some findings and thoughts of this dissertation will contribute to reducing tuberculosis and poverty. “The appalling global burden of tuberculosis at the turn of the millennium, despite the availability of effective control measures, is a blot on the conscience of humankind. For developing countries, the situation has become desperate and the "cursed duet" of tuberculosis and AIDS is having a devastating impact on large sections of the global community. The vital question is, can despair be turned to hope early in the next millennium?” John Grange and Almuddin Zumla, 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Summary Zusammenfassung Abbreviations i iii vii...
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...STALIN, THE GREAT PURGE, AND RUSSIAN HISTORY: A NEW LOOK AT THE ~EW by MARSHALL SHATZ Paper No. 305 1984 CLASS' STALIN, THE GREAT PURGE, AND RUSSIAN HISTORY: A NEW LOOK AT THE 'NEW CLASS' ~ MARSHALL SHATZ Paper No. 305 1984 Marshall S. Shatz received his B.A. from Harvard College and his M.A., Certificate of the Russian Institute, and Ph.D. from Columbia University. He edited The Essential Works of Anarchism (New York: Bantam Books, 1971; Quadrangle Books, 1972) and is the author of Soviet Dissent in Historical ¥erspective (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980). He is Professor of History, University of Massachusetts at Boston. 1 STALIN; THE GREAT PURGE; AND RUSSIAN HIsroRY: A NEW IOOK AT '!HE • NEW CLASS' Though nearly fifty years in the past; Stalin •s Great Purge of the 1930s still loans as one of the nost enigmatic events of the twentieth century. Whether we think of the Great Purge as a IOOre or less continuous process fran the assassination of Kirov in 1934 to Ezhov's replacement by Beria as head of the secret police at the em of 1938; or limit it to the EzhoVshchina of 1937 and 1938; When the terror reached its peak; operation is astounding. the sheer nagnitude of the The nuniber of arrests; deportations; imprisonments; and lives lost in these years is impossible to measure; and attempts to do so have varied wildly. Even the lOi/est estimates; however; are staggering.l It ...
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...Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 The phenomenon of programmed cell death raises a number of questions. Why are cells generated only to die? By what mechanisms do they die? How is it determined during development which cells die? C. elegans is well suited for studies that attempt to answer these questions. This nematode has fewer than 1000 somatic cells, and fixed patterns of cell divisions, migrations, and deaths generate individuals of invariant anatomy (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Kimble and Hirsh, 1979; Sulston et al., 1983). Thus, specific developmental events can be examined reproducibly and at the resolution of single cells. In addition, the short generation time (3 days at 20%) and large brood size of C. elegans facilitate genetic manipulations (Brenner, 1974; Herman and Horvitz, 1980). We describe here the isolation and characterization of mutations that prevent the initiation of programmed cell death in C. elegans, causing cells that would normally die to survive instead. These mutations define two genes, ted-3 and ted-4, that may be involved in determining which cells express the fate of programmed cell death. Summary The wild-type functions of the genes ted-3 and ted-4 are required for the initiation of programmed cell deaths in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The reduction or loss of ted-3 or ted-4 function results in a transformation in the fates of cells that normally die; in ted-3 or ted-4 mutants, such cells instead survive and differentiate, adopting fates that...
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...15 Organizational Change LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Describe the elements of Lewin’s force field analysis model. 2. Outline six reasons why people resist organizational change. 3. Discuss six strategies for minimizing resistance to change. 4. Outline the conditions for effectively diffusing change from a pilot project. 5. Describe the action research approach to organizational change. 6. Outline the “Four-D” model of appreciative inquiry and explain how this approach differs from action research. 7. Explain how parallel learning structures assist the change process. 8. Discuss three ethical issues in organizational change. 444 Part Four Organizational Processes Umpqua Bank’s transformation from a sleepy community bank to a regional leader illustrates many of the strategies and practices necessary to successfully change organizations. It reveals how CEO Ray Davis created an urgency to change, minimized resistance to change, built the new model from a pilot project that was later diffused throughout the organization, and introduced systems and structures that reinforced employee behaviors consistent with the new banking model and company culture. Although Umpqua’s transformation sounds as though it was a smooth transition, most organizational change is messy, requiring considerable leadership effort and vigilance. As we will describe throughout this chapter, the challenge of change is not so much in deciding which...
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